论废水生化处理可行性评价

通过实验，验证了毒性对生物氧化速度的影响，并阐述了用微量呼吸测压法，氧参数法，摇床及模型间歇反应法，亚甲兰退色反应法测定废水表现毒性及生物可降解性的方法，利用这些方法对废水的可生化性作出科学评价，为选择适宜的处理方法提供了依据。     

活性艳蓝KN-R染料废水的电解氧化及其毒性削减

以Ti／RuO-IrO2为阳极、不锈钢板为阴极，采用电解法处理活性艳蓝KN—R染料废水（简称染料废水）。研究了电解过程中主要因素对染料废水色度去除率的影响，并对处理后废水的生物毒性和可生物降解特性进行了评估。结果表明：在pH为8、NaCl溶液浓度为0．050mol／L、电流密度为10．42mA／cm2、极板距离为3cm的条件下，电解15min染料废水色度去除率达100％；电解120min后，水样的发光细菌相对发光度提高至60．88％，活性污泥耗氧速率常数较原水提高了103％，说明染料废水的毒性得到了有效削减，可生化性得到明显改善。     

运用生物发光技术快速检测水体中毒物的初步探索

用自制的微弱光测试仪和华东师大生物系微生物教研室研制的海洋发光细菌冷冻干燥试剂,研究了石油化工废水中常见的六种有害物质对发光细菌的发光强度的抑制。探索运用发光强度抑制百分率来估求出单一的和综合毒物含量的可行性,进而对上海石化总厂各分厂的废水排放口的水样进行初步评价。     

关于有机化学污染物与有机化工废水的生物毒性及生物降解性的初步研究(上)

本文综述了国内外关于有机污染物和有机化工废水的生物毒性与生物降解性方面的某些研究成果和发展趋势,并讨论了测定和评价生物毒性的方法,提出了一些有关生物降解性的看法。     

焦化废水生化出水中芳香族污染物深度处理技术的研究进展

焦化废水生化出水中芳香族污染物种类众多，有较强的生物毒性，必须进行深度处理。本文综述了焦化废水生化出水深度处理技术的研究进展，比较了各种技术对焦化废水生化出水中芳香族污染物的去除能力，讨论了使用中存在的问题，展望了优势技术的发展方向和应用前景。     

国内简讯

纯氧生物流化床处理甲醇废水模试成功甲醇废水由于含醇、醛等有机及无机物,不仅毒性大,而且其COD、BOD值也相当高,多年来一直未找到合适的治理方法。兰化公司研究院环保所就纯氧生物流化床法处理兰化公司化肥厂甲醇车间废水课题,进     

高浓度有机废水处理技术

系统介绍了国内外各种高浓度有机废水物化和生物处理技术的工艺、原理，对其适用条件、优缺点、功效和应用前景进行了分析与探讨，并结合我国高浓度有机废水排放现状，提出了治理技术的研究重点是厌氧生物法。     

石化废水溶解性有机物的组成特征及生物毒性

分析了石化综合污水处理系统的运行情况，考察了丁苯橡胶废水的污染物组成与生物毒性对生产废水、气浮出水的影响。结果表明，在各类生产废水中，丁苯橡胶废水含盐、含N、含P且富含芳香类有机物，是导致生化处理单元受冲击、出水超标的主要原因；在生产废水、丁苯橡胶废水和气浮出水的溶解性有机物（DOM）中，亲水性有机物（HiM）的DOC占比分别为82%、60%和51%，疏水性有机物的DOC占比分别为18%、40%和49%。表征结果显示，丁苯橡胶废水与气浮出水中DOM的特征峰相似，主要污染物质同源。急性毒性分析结果表明，疏水中性有机物（HoN）的毒性最强，疏水酸性有机物（HoA）次之。建议对丁苯橡胶废水进行单独预处理，从源头上消减有毒物质的含量，减轻对后续生化单元的冲击。     

硒的环境污染特征及其防控技术

从硒的化学性质、毒性与人类健康、污染来源和分布4个方面,综述了硒及其对环境的污染和危害,总结了含硒废水的膜处理技术、共沉淀法、吸附法、化学还原法、生物还原法和人工湿地法的机理、影响因素和优缺点,为后续硒污染特征研究及污染控制技术提供新思路。     

铁炭微电解-生化法处理电镀废水

采用铁炭微电解-生化法处理含铬电镀废水（简称废水），铁炭微电解法处理废水时，考察了进水pH、Cr^5浓度、废水停留时间对废水预处理效果的影响；生化法处理废水时，考察了搅拌转速、废水停留时间对废水处理效果的影响。在进水pH约为3、废水在铁炭微电解反应柱内的停留时间为30min、生物反应器内搅拌器的搅拌转速为40r／min、废水在生物反应器内的停留时间为3h的最佳工艺条件下，废水经铁炭微电解一生化法连续处理后，出水中Cr^6＋、Cu^2＋和Ni^2＋的质量浓度分别为0．05，0．08，0．06mg/L，其去除率分别为99．0％，99．7％，99．3％，出水水质达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》的要求，且不存在二次污染问题。     

An ecotoxic risk assessment of residue materials produced by the plasma pyrolysis/vitrification (PP/V) process

Plasma is the fourth state of matter, following the three states of solid, liquid and gas. Experience has amply demonstrated that solids exposed to the oxygen-deficient plasma flame are converted to liquid, and liquid exposed to the same flame is converted to gas. A low amount of vitrified solid residue material usually remains at the end of this process. Plasma pyrolysis/vitrification (PP/V) has been demonstrated as a safe, efficient, cost-effective technology for the treatment of wastes, including hazardous wastes. Besides the low amounts of gaseous byproducts that PP/V produces, the solid vitrified residue presents a low leachability of pollutants. Studies have been performed in many countries in order to assess the leachability of chemical substances. But from the results of identified studies, none has reported results on the ecotoxicological properties of the leachates. The aim of this study was to contribute to the assessment of ecotoxic risk of four different vitrified materials. Vitrified samples of contaminated soils, municipal solid wastes, and incinerator bottom ashes were submitted to the European leaching pre-standard test number prEN 12457-2. The leachates were analyzed for 22 chemical parameters. The biological characterization comprised the assessment of bioluminescence inhibition of Photobacterium phosphoreum bacterium, growth inhibition of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata algae and the germination inhibition of Lactuca sativa vegetable. The chemical and ecotoxicological results were analyzed according to the French proposal of Criteria on the Evaluation Methods of Waste Toxicity (CEMWT) and a Toxicity Classification System (TCS). The chemical and ecotoxicological results indicated a low leachability of pollutants and a low toxicity level of leachates. All samples studied were as below the TCS class 1 level (no significant toxicity observed) and as non-ecotoxic for CEMWT. Therefore, the environmental ecotoxic risk of the analyzed vitrified samples was determined to be very low.     

Removal of Cinnamic Acid Derivatives from Aqueous Effluents by Fenton and Fenton-like Processes as an Alternative to Direct Biological Treatment

The removal of various phenolic acids (p-coumaric, caffeic and ferulic acids), typically found in wastewaters of agricultural origin, from model effluents by chemical and biological means has been investigated. Chemical oxidation processes comprising hydrogen peroxide and a homogeneous or heterogeneous copper or iron catalyst were employed over a wide range of experimental conditions. Chemical oxidation is capable of removing most of the total organic carbon initially present in the effluent at relatively mild treatment conditions (i.e. reaction times up to 120 min and temperatures up to 80°C), while removal rates generally increase with increasing temperature, H₂O₂ and catalyst concentrations. The anaerobic degradability and toxicity of p-coumaric acid has been assessed using the biochemical methane potential and anaerobic toxicity assay respectively. p-Coumaric acid, at concentrations below about 1 g/L, is not toxic against methanogens and slowly degrades over a period of about 35 days at 35°C. In light of this, chemical oxidation may provide a promising alternative to direct biological treatment for either the partial or complete removal of phenolic acids at reasonable treatment times; the implications for wastewater treatment are discussed.     

Carbon speciation in ash, residual waste and contaminated soil by thermal and chemical analyses

Carbon in waste can occur as inorganic (IC), organic (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) each having distinct chemical properties and possible environmental effects. In this study, carbon speciation was performed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), chemical degradation tests and the standard total organic carbon (TOC) measurement procedures in three types of waste materials (bottom ash, residual waste and contaminated soil). Over 50% of the total carbon (TC) in all studied materials (72% in ash and residual waste, and 59% in soil) was biologically non-reactive or EC as determined by thermogravimetric analyses. The speciation of TOC by chemical degradation also showed a presence of a non-degradable C fraction in all materials (60% of TOC in ash, 30% in residual waste and 13% in soil), though in smaller amounts than those determined by TGA. In principle, chemical degradation method can give an indication of the presence of potentially inert C in various waste materials, while TGA is a more precise technique for C speciation, given that waste-specific method adjustments are made. The standard TOC measurement yields exaggerated estimates of organic carbon and may therefore overestimate the potential environmental impacts (e.g. landfill gas generation) of waste materials in a landfill environment.     

Toxicological evaluation of the chemical oxidation methods for landfill stabilization

As the stabilization criteria for landfill sites, only chemical criteria for the leachate discharges from the landfill sites have been used in Japan and many other countries. Recently, chemical oxidation has been developed as a method for the early-stabilization of landfills. However, by-products that are difficult to detect by chemical analysis can be produced by this method. Therefore, toxicity tests are useful tools for detecting the changes of leachate quality after application of this method. The heat source in the A landfill was analyzed by organic position inquiry technology, and ozone-treated leachate was sprayed back to the heat source in the landfill. Toxicity changes of the leachate after the spray were monitored using Microtoxtrade mark, ToxScreen-II, and DaphTox tests. The hardly-degradable organic matter was efficiently removed and toxicities of the leachate in the heat source decreased after the application. These toxicity results were significantly related to chemical oxygen demand (COD) changes. Thus, it was concluded that the toxicity tests were effective for monitoring the leachate quality after applying the chemical oxidation method for landfill stabilization, and its incorporation to establish the criteria for early-stabilization of landfill sites needs to be considered.     

Toxicity of waste gasification bottom ash leachate

Toxicity of waste gasification bottom ash leachate from landfill lysimeters (112 m(3)) was studied over three years. The leachate of grate incineration bottom ash from a parallel setup was used as reference material. Three aquatic organisms (bioluminescent bacteria, green algae and water flea) were used to study acute toxicity. In addition, an ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assay was performed with mouse hepatoma cells to indicate the presence of organic contaminants. Concentrations of 14 elements and 15 PAH compounds were determined to characterise leachate. Gasification ash leachate had a high pH (9.2-12.4) and assays with and without pH adjustment to neutral were used. Gasification ash leachate was acutely toxic (EC(50) 0.09-62 vol-%) in all assays except in the algae assay with pH adjustment. The gasification ash toxicity lasted the entire study period and was at maximum after two years of disposal both in water flea (EC(50) 0.09 vol-%) and in algae assays (EC(50) 7.5 vol-%). The grate ash leachate showed decreasing toxicity during the first two years of disposal in water flea and algae assays, which then tapered off. Both in the grate ash and in the gasification ash leachates EROD-activity increased during the first two years of disposal and then tapered off, the highest inductions were observed with the gasification ash leachate. The higher toxicity of the gasification ash leachate was probably related to direct and indirect effects of high pH and to lower levels of TOC and DOC compared to the grate ash leachate. The grate ash leachate toxicity was similar to that previously reported in literature, therefore, confirming that used setup was both comparable and reliable.     

Toxicity of leachate from bottom ash in a road construction

A test road constructed with municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash was monitored over a period of 36 months. Using chemical and toxicological characterisation, the environmental impact of leachates from bottom ash was evaluated and compared with leachates from gravel used as reference. Initial leaching of Cl, Cu, K, Na, NH4-N and TOC from bottom ash was of major concern. However, the quality of the bottom ash leachate approached that of the gravel leachate with time. Leachates from the two materials were compared regarding the concentration of pollutants using multivariate data analyses (MVDA). A standardized luminescent bacteria assay using Vibrio fischeri did not show any toxicity, most likely because saline contamination can mask the toxic response and stimulate luminescence in these marine bacteria. A mung bean assay using Phaseolus aureus revealed that the toxicity of bottom ash leachate collected at the very beginning of the experimental period (October 2001 and May 2002) might be attributed to the following components and their respective concentrations in mg l(-1): Al (34.2-39.2), Cl (2914-16,446), Cu (0.48-1.92), K (197-847), Na (766-4180), NH4-N (1.80-8.47), total-N (12.0-18.5), and TOC (34.0-99.0). The P. aureus assay was judged as a promising environmental tool in assessing the toxicity of bottom ash leachate.     

Chemical speciation of carbon in municipal solid waste incinerator residues

Incinerators do not achieve a complete mineralization of organic constituents of municipal solid waste. The solid residues (bottom ash, boiler ash and air pollution control residues) contain carbon which can be determined as total organic carbon (TOC). This work focuses on the TOC composition and its significance to the genesis and diagenesis of the solid residues. An analytical procedure is presented to characterize carbon species by different chemical and microscopic analytical methods. The procedure is based on two steps. In the first step a quantitative classification of TOC into four different carbon species (elemental carbon, water extractable organic carbon, dichloromethane extractable organic carbon and non extractable organic carbon) is performed to obtain a first survey of the TOC composition. Based on this survey a further characterization of individual carbon species is performed. The results of the qualitative and quantitative characterization of carbon species allow to postulate hypotheses on the influence of organic carbon on the long-term behavior of the solid residues.     

Environmental and economic life cycle assessment for sewage sludge treatment processes in Japan

Life cycle assessment for sewage sludge treatment was carried out by estimating the environmental and economic impacts of the six alternative scenarios most often used in Japan: dewatering, composting, drying, incineration, incinerated ash melting and dewatered sludge melting, each with or without digestion. Three end-of-life treatments were also studied: landfilling, agricultural application and building material application. The results demonstrate that sewage sludge digestion can reduce the environmental load and cost through reduced dry matter volume. The global warming potential (GWP) generated from incineration and melting processes can be significantly reduced through the reuse of waste heat for electricity and/or heat generation. Equipment production in scenarios except dewatering has an important effect on GWP, whereas the contribution of construction is negligible. In addition, the results show that the dewatering scenario has the highest impact on land use and cost, the drying scenario has the highest impact on GWP and acidification, and the incinerated ash melting scenario has the highest impact on human toxicity due to re-emissions of heavy metals from incinerated ash in the melting unit process. On the contrary, the dewatering, composting and incineration scenarios generate the lowest impact on human toxicity, land use and acidification, respectively, and the incinerated ash melting scenario has the lowest impact on GWP and cost. Heavy metals released from atmospheric effluents generated the highest human toxicity impact, with the effect of dioxin emissions being significantly lower. This study proved that the dewatered sludge melting scenario is an environmentally optimal and economically affordable method.     

高盐有机化工废水中COD与TOC的相关性

以COD为指标评价废水的有机物污染程度存在诸多不足，而TOC能更好地反映废水中有机物的含量。以高盐有机化工废水为研究对象，利用多级活性炭吸附工艺对其进行预处理，对原水、吸附出水、再生液中COD与TOC的相关性进行了分析。分析结果表明：在一定范围内，原水COD与TOC满足关系式COD = 56.537 7+ 0.967 04TOC；废水在吸附处理过程中，COD与TOC仍呈线性相关关系，但不同工段需各自建立独立的回归方程；TOC测定结果的精密度较好，且远优于COD直接测定的精密度，回收率范围98.59%~110.69%；利用线性回归方程根据TOC测定结果预测COD，预测结果准确、可靠、精密度好。     

Sequential (anaerobic/aerobic) biological treatment of Dalaman SEKA Pulp and Paper Industry effluent

In the pulp and paper industry, lignin and other color compounds are removed by chemical agents in bleaching process. Use of chlorine-based agents results in production of degradation products which include various chloro-organic derivatives. Since these new compounds are highly chlorinated, they cause a problem in the treatment of pulp and paper industry wastewaters. Chemical precipitation, lagooning, activated sludge, and anaerobic treatment are the processes used for treating pulp and paper effluents. Furthermore, a combination of these processes is also applicable. In this study, the effluent of Dalaman SEKA Pulp and Paper Industry was examined for its toxic effects on anaerobic microorganisms by anaerobic toxicity assay. Additionally, this wastewater was applied to a sequential biotreatment process consisting of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket as the anaerobic stage and a once-through completely mixed stirred tank as the aerobic stage. Results indicated that: (1) Dalaman SEKA Pulp and Paper Industry wastewater exerted no inhibitory effects on the anaerobic cultures under the studied conditions, and (2) application of a sequential biological (anaerobic/aerobic) system to treat the Dalaman SEKA Pulp and Paper Industry wastewater resulted in approximately 91% COD and 58% AOX removals at a HRT of 5 and 6.54 h for anaerobic and aerobic, respectively.