输变电建设项目环境影响评价的认识与实践

结合输变电环境影响评价工作实践，从输变电环评的法律、法规出发，阐述了输变电环评工作的重点内容，在此基础上论述了输变电建设项目环评中应执行的法律、法规、产业政策与清洁生产、规划相符性、环境功能区划、公众参与等“6＋2”原则，并结合实践进行了分析，提出了输变电建设项目环境影响评价中应注意的环境保护目标、公众参与等主要问题。     

化工建设项目环境影响评价中的热点问题

分析了化工建设项目环境影响评价工作中的热点问题。指出化工生产的环境风险是可控的;环评报告书中应将环境风险的预防作为风险评价的重点，同时要积极推进责任关怀，将企业每年度外排的各种污染物的数量及削减量如实公布，让公众了解企业在预防污染方面的进步和尚存的问题。提出了精简环评报告书的途径：编写环评报告书简化本;突出环评报告书的重点，将污染预防和治理措施作为环评报告书最重要的章节之一;评价环境影响预测的准确性等。     

严格把好预审关 切实提高环评质量——关于环评报告书的编制工作浅谈

本文针对当前环评工作中存在的主要问题,就如何改进环评预审工作及提高环评报告书的编制质量提出了一些建议。环境影响评价制度是建设项目环境保护管理工作的一个重要组成部分,而对环评报     

浅谈环境影响评价中的公众参与

环评中实行公众参与不仅是环评本身的需要，同时也是现阶段我国民主制度的体现。对环评中公众参与的产生、发展、与可持续发展的关系、国内外公众参与的现状、国内环评中公众参与存在的问题进行了探讨，并对环评中实行公众参与提出了几点建议。     

燃煤电厂“烟塔合一”技术在环评技术评估中存在的问题与建议

介绍了国内外燃煤电厂“烟塔合一”技术的应用现状，阐述了我国已评估“烟塔合一”燃煤电厂的特点，重点对我国采用此技术的项目环评技术评估情况进行了分析，并针对评估中存在的预测结果不确定及复核困难、环境影响认识不统一等问题提出了相关建议。     

从加快审批速度的要求看加强环评单位管理的必要性

分析了在真正实现建设项目环境保护第一审批权以后，加快审批速度方面的各种可行的做法，提出了加强对环评单位的管理和创造公平竞争的环评环境是加快审批速度的关键所在。     

城市电网规划环评中相关规划的协调性分析

通过定量、半定量及定性指标相结合的方式提出了城市电网规划环评中相关规划协调性分析的三级指标体系,旨在强化和完善电网规划环评协调性分析的内容,提升规划环评的有效性,真正发挥规划环评在决策源头和决策过程中影响规划、完善规划的作用。     

规划环境影响评价中公众参与方法实践与探讨

规划环评是我国环评领域的一个新方向，公众参与是规划环评中的一个重要组成部分。从实践出发，以浙江省2010年电力发展规划及2020年展望的能源类规划环评为案例，对专项规划环评的公众参与作了初步探讨。并提出了提高专项规划环境影响评价公众参与有效性的建议。     

中国电力规划环评的发展与建议

从中国电力工业及电力环境保护现状出发,结合中国能源资源的特征,分析得出中国电网的特点.系统介绍了中国电力规划环评的发展与演变,结合一些典型的电力规划环评实践,分析规划环评的作用及目前电力规划环评中存在的问题,并提出相应的建议.     

《建设项目环境影响评价机构资质管理办法》颁布

为进一步推进环评制度改革、加强环评机构管理，国家环保总局即将颁布新的《建设项目环境影响评价机构资质管理办法》。这是继清理帮顿环评机构、实行环评工程师资格全国考试等措施后，国家环保总局将环评职业资格和机构资质结合起来进行的又一次重大制度改革。新办法颁布实施后，原来的《建设项目环境影响评价资格证书管理办法》市即废止。新办法的内容已由过去的5章21条增为现在的7章41条，充分体现了《环境影响评价法》和《行政许可法》中的主要精神。     

Determination of the Burning Characteristics of a Slick of Oil on Water

The burning rate of a slick of oil on a water bed is characterized by three distinct processes, ignition, flame spread and burning rate. Although all three processes are important, ignition and burning rate are critical. The former, because it defines the potential to burn and the latter because of the inherent possibility of boilover. Burning rate is calculated by a simple expression derived from a one-dimensional heat conduction equation. Heat feedback from the flame to the surface is assumed to be a constant fraction of the total energy released by the combustion reaction. The constant fraction (χ) is named the burning efficiency and represents an important tool in assessing the potential of in situ burning as a counter-measure to an oil spill. By matching the characteristic thermal penetration length scale for the fuel/water system and an equivalent single layer system, a combined thermal diffusivity can be calculated and used to obtain an analytical solution for the burning rate. Theoretical expressions were correlated with crude oil and heating oil, for a number of pool diameters and initial fuel layer thickness. Experiments were also conducted with emulsified and weathered crude oil. The simple analytical expression describes well the effects of pool diameter and initial fuel layer thickness permitting a better observation of the effects of weathering, emulsification and net heat feedback to the fuel surface. Experiments showed that only a small fraction of the heat released by the flame is retained by the fuel layer and water bed (of the order of 1%). Ignition has been studied to provide a tool that will serve to assess a fuels ease to ignite under conditions that are representative of oil spills. Two different techniques are used, piloted ignition when the fuel is exposed to a radiant heat flux and flash point as measured by the ASTM D56 Tag Closed Cup Test. Two different crude oils were used for these experiments, ANS and Cook Inlet. Crude oils were tested in their natural state and at different levels of weathering, showing that piloted ignition and flash point are strong functions of weathering level.     

Review of the kinetics of alkaline degradation of cellulose in view of its relevance for safety assessment of radioactive waste repositories

The degradation of cellulose (a substantial component of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste) under alkaline conditions occurs via two main processes: a peeling-off reaction and a basecatalyzed cleavage of glycosidic bonds (hydrolysis). Both processes show pseudo-first-order kinetics. At ambient temperature, the peeling-off process is the dominant degradation mechanism, resulting in the formation of mainly isosaccharinic acid. The degradation depends strongly on the degree of polymerization (DP) and on the number of reducing end groups present in cellulose. Beyond pH 12.5, the OH^- concentration has only a minor effect on the degradation rate. It was estimated that under repository conditions (alkaline environment, pH 13.3-12.5) about 10% of the cellulosic materials (average DP = 1000-2000) will degrade in the first stage (up to 10⁵ years) by the peeling-off reaction and will cause an ingrowth of isosaccharinic acid in the interstitial cement pore water. In the second stage (10⁵-10⁶ years), alkaline hydrolysis will control the further degradation of the cellulose. The potential role of microorganisms in the degradation of cellulose under alkaline conditions could not be evaluated. Proper assessment of the effect of cellulose degradation on the mobilization of radionuclides basically requires knowing the concentration of isosaccharinic acid in the pore water. This concentration, however, depends on several factors such as the stability of ISA under alkaline conditions, sorption of ISA on cement, formation of sparingly soluble ISA-salts, etc. A discussion of all the relevant processes involved, however, is far beyond the scope of the presented overview.     

Calculation of carbon balances for evaluation of the biodegradability of polymers

Establishing carbon balances has been proven to be an applicable and powerful tool in testing biodegradability of polymers. In controlled degradation tests at a 4-L scale with the model polymer poly(-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), it was shown that the degree of degradation could not be determined with satisfactory accuracy from CO₂ release alone. Instead, the course of degradation was characterized by means of establishing carbon balances for the degradation of PHB withAcidovorax facilis and a mixed culture derived from compost. Different analytical methods for determining the different carbon fractions were adapted to the particular test conditions and compared. Quantitative determination of biomass and residual polymer were the main problems in establishing carbon balances. Amounts of biomass derived from protein measurements depend strongly on assumptions of the protein content of the biomass. Selective oxidation of biomass with hypochlorite was used as alternative, but here problems arose from insoluble metabolic products. Determination of soluble components with the method of chemical oxygen demand (COD) also includes empirical assumptions but seems acceptable if the dissolved carbon fraction is in the range of some 10% total carbon. Results confirm both analytical assays and theoretical approaches, in ending up at values very close to 100%, within an acceptable standard deviation range under test conditions comparable to standard test practice.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Third National Meeting, June 6–8, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts.     

Study of Aging Characteristics of Ternary Blends of Polyethylenes—II

Six film samples of low-density polypropylene (LDPE)/linear LDPE (LLDPE)/high-density polypropylene (HDPE) with varying ratios of LDPE (20–45 ... wt%) and LLDPE (25–50 wt%) having a fixed amount of HDPE at 30 wt% were prepared by blown film extrusion technique. The samples were aged at four different temperatures, 55°, 70°, 85°, and 100°C, for four different time periods in the interval of between 150 hours and up to 600 hours. The change in the structure of various constituents and the formation of various oxygenated (peroxy and hydroperoxy) and unsaturated groups during thermo-oxidative degradation was discussed by infrared spectroscopy. The visiosity-average molecular weight was found to have decreased slowly in the initial aging hours and temperatures, whereas it decreased by 10% with its previous value tensile strength that is, 100°C when aged for 600 hours. The tensile strength of the sample first increased by 67% at 55°C and 89% at 70°C up to 450 hours, whereas the values increased by 52.5% at 85°C and 33.9% at 100°C when aged for 150 hours and then decreased. The percentage elongation at break increased by 2.7% at 55°C and 10.7% at 70°C for 150 and 300 hours of aging, respectively, whereas the percentage decreased when aged at 85°C and 100°C for up to 600 hours of aging. The values of gel content (percent) increased and initial degradation temperature decreased with aging time and temperature.     

Model of technological alternatives of production of sodium chromate (VI) with the use of chromic wastes

This article presents a mathematical model which describes the sodium chromate (VI) production process with the use of chromic waste as a substitution of natural raw materials. This model is a function of selected process parameters common for all of the examined alternatives and based on equations of material balance. Optimization of the elaborated technological alternatives of the production process with use of recycling of chromic waste has been evaluated by determining the extreme value of the quality indicator WJ. This indicator defines the quantity of waste created in the process. Optimization results enabled the selection of the optimal technological solution from all of the alternatives possible for use in industrial practice. Negative values of the indicator prove that there is the possibility of introducing to the process a larger quantity of waste than the one obtained in the process and transported to the storage heaps.     

化学品生物降解性的评价与预测

介绍了有机化学物质生物降解性的测定方法及其预测方法研究概况，并讨论了生物降解性评价的发展前景。     

鼓泡式反应器高径比对氨法烟气脱碳性能的影响

以N2和CO2混合气模拟燃烧烟气，研究了鼓泡反应器的高径比以及反应条件对氨法烟气脱碳性能的影响。实验结果表明:在相同高径比的条件下，CO2吸收率随氨水质量分数的增加、反应温度的升高而逐渐增大，随进气CO2体积分数和模拟烟气流量的增加而逐渐减小;CO2吸收率随高径比的增加而增大，在高径比为3.98、氨水质量分数为28%、进气CO2体积分数为10%、模拟烟气流量为1.0L/min、反应温度为40℃的条件下，CO2吸收率最高可达100%。     

GGH换热元件堵塞原因分析及解决措施探讨

分析了湿法脱硫系统中GGH换热元件堵塞的原因及对系统运行的影响,并结合目前GGH使用状况给出了解决措施,为脱硫系统安全运行提供参考。     

Mechanism of Microbial Degradation of Slow-Release Fertilizers

Methyleneureas are condensation products of urea and formaldehyde of different molecular mass and solubility; they are used in large amounts both as resins, binders, and insulating materials for industrial applications, as well as a slow-release nitrogen fertilizer for greens, lawns, or in bioremediation processes. In the present study, the microbial breakdown of these products was investigated. The nitrogen was released as ammonia and urea, and the formaldehyde released immediately oxidized via formiate to carbon dioxide. The enzymatic mechanism of metabolization of methyleneureas was studied in microorganisms isolated from soil, which were able to use these compounds as the sole source of nitrogen for growth. A strain of the Gram-negative bacterium Ralstonia paucula (formerly Alcaligenes sp. CDC group IVc-2) completely degraded methylenediurea and dimethylenetriurea to urea, ammonia, formaldehyde, and carbon dioxide. The enzyme initiating this degradation (methylenediurease) was purified and turned out to be different from the previously described enzyme from Ochrobactrum anthropi with regard to its regulation of expression and physicobiochemical properties. Fungal degradation of methyleneureas may occur via the formation of organic acids, thus leading to a nonenzymatic degradation of methyleneureas, which are unstable under acidic conditions.     

Effect of Degree of Substitution of Octenyl Succinate Starch on Enzymatic Degradation

Octenyl succinate starch of degree of substitution (ds) 0.03, 0.07, and 0.11 was synthesized in an aqueous medium. These compounds were then tested for the susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. The multiple-enzyme regime of -amylase, amyloglucosidase, and pullulanase was chosen for the evaluation. This combination of enzymes had been proven to degrade 99.5% of unmodified starch to glucose and hence was chosen for this study. It was found that even small amounts of subsituent caused a considerable decrease in the extent of degradation. The net extent of degradation decreased with increasing ds. Surprisingly, the amount of glucose from all three substituted substrates was quite similar, suggesting the effect small amounts of subtituent had on the enzymatic activity.