青海大规模光伏发电发展问题探讨

分析了目前青海省光伏发电发展现状,探讨青海省大规模发展光伏电站面临的主要问题,并就问题的解决方案从技术措施和政策支持等角度予以阐述。为保证规模化光伏电站接入青海电网后电网的安全、稳定、经济运行提供了重要的理论支持和实践指导,对青海省光伏产业的发展乃至节能减排目标的实现起到重要作用。     

青海省光伏电站接入电网调度模式探讨

青海省太阳能资源丰富,开发利用潜力巨大。根据青海省柴达木盆地＂千万千瓦级＂光伏发电基地发展规划,预计2010年青海省光伏发电总装机容量将达到20万kW,2020年远景规划装机容量超过750万kW,2030年远景规划总装机容量达到2 000万kW。但是,青海省光伏发电也面临着诸如光伏电站调度困难等技术、经济问题,必须妥善解决。针对青海省光伏电站接入电网调度模式开展相应工作,意图对青海省并网光伏电站及电网的安全、稳定、运行提供有益指导。     

节能与综合利用司组织召开废旧光伏组件回收利用工作交流会

为贯彻落实《固体废物污染环境防治法》,推进废旧光伏组件等新兴固废综合利用,2022年5月12日,工业和信息化部节能与综合利用司召开线上工作交流会。来自光伏组件生产企业、光伏电站运营企业、废旧光伏组件回收利用企业、有关行业协会、研究机构的代表参加会议。会上,有关专家介绍了我国光伏装机情况及增长趋势,分析了废旧光伏组件产生规模和来源渠道。相关企业分享了废旧光伏组件回收拆解技术研发、产业化应用等方面的进展。     

基于可拓理论的光伏发电项目质量评价研究

为了进一步推广和发展光伏发电项目，将新兴学科的可拓理论引入光伏发电项目质量评价之中，在物元理论和可拓分析的基础上，构建了光伏发电项目可拓评价指标体系和模型，通过计算各项指标相对于各评价等级的关联度，对待评价项目进行了优劣排序。以3个陕西省2012年光伏发电项目为例，论证了该模型合理可靠，实证结果很好的反映了光伏发电项目的质量，为项目决策提供科学的依据。     

运用清洁发展机制促进垃圾填埋气的减排利用

介绍了垃圾填埋气的产生及目前国内填埋气的减排与收集利用技术现状，分析了清洁发展机制（CDM）在我国运用的前景；探索实施CDM项目引进资金和先进技术，利用垃圾填埋气发电的方案可行性。     

“十二五”节能环保产业发展规划

节能环保产业是指为节约能源资源、发展循环经济、保护生态环境提供物质基础和技术保障的产业，是国家加快培育和发展的7个战略性新兴产业之一。节能环保产业涉及节能环保技术装备、产品和服务等，产业链长，关联度大，吸纳就业能力强，对经济增长拉动作用明显。加快发展节能环保产业，是调整经济结构、转变经济发展方式的内在要求，是推动节能减排，发展绿色经济和循环经济，建设资源节约型环境友好型社会，积极应对气候变化，抢占未来竞争制高点的战略选择。     

“十二五”期间发展循环经济要注意解决的问题

论述了我国“十二五”期间发展循环经济、绿色经济应重视解决的5个问题。指出要优化利用能源．从源头治理污染，节能减排，保护生态环境。     

节能减排的现状分析及其路径选择

处理好发展经济与保护环境的关系，尤其是项目建设与节能减排的关系，这是实现可持续发展的关键。近年来，一些地区和城市，把节能减排作为促进科学发展的重要手段，推进经济可持续发展，取得了可喜的成绩。但是，也存在着不少障碍。在肯定对节能减排初见成效的基础上，对节能减排障碍进行了剖析，为了加大节能减排与环境保护力度，阐述了国家节能减排的行业政策，提出了节能减排的十项路径选择。     

加快发展循环经济应当注意的三个问题

借鉴国内外的经验与实践，详细论述了我国加快发展循环经济应当注意的三个问题：要与推进节能减排紧密结合；要注意工业化进展程度的影响；要重视发挥行业组织的作用。     

天津设立1000万元“节能减排专项资金”

天津滨海高新技术产业开发区近期出台了《天津新技术产业园区企业实施节能减排鼓励办法（试行）》（以下简称“《办法》”，设立1000万元“节能减排专项资金”，鼓励区内企业积极实施节能减排，并将对表现突出的企业给予最高100万元单项奖励。     

Review of the kinetics of alkaline degradation of cellulose in view of its relevance for safety assessment of radioactive waste repositories

The degradation of cellulose (a substantial component of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste) under alkaline conditions occurs via two main processes: a peeling-off reaction and a basecatalyzed cleavage of glycosidic bonds (hydrolysis). Both processes show pseudo-first-order kinetics. At ambient temperature, the peeling-off process is the dominant degradation mechanism, resulting in the formation of mainly isosaccharinic acid. The degradation depends strongly on the degree of polymerization (DP) and on the number of reducing end groups present in cellulose. Beyond pH 12.5, the OH^- concentration has only a minor effect on the degradation rate. It was estimated that under repository conditions (alkaline environment, pH 13.3-12.5) about 10% of the cellulosic materials (average DP = 1000-2000) will degrade in the first stage (up to 10⁵ years) by the peeling-off reaction and will cause an ingrowth of isosaccharinic acid in the interstitial cement pore water. In the second stage (10⁵-10⁶ years), alkaline hydrolysis will control the further degradation of the cellulose. The potential role of microorganisms in the degradation of cellulose under alkaline conditions could not be evaluated. Proper assessment of the effect of cellulose degradation on the mobilization of radionuclides basically requires knowing the concentration of isosaccharinic acid in the pore water. This concentration, however, depends on several factors such as the stability of ISA under alkaline conditions, sorption of ISA on cement, formation of sparingly soluble ISA-salts, etc. A discussion of all the relevant processes involved, however, is far beyond the scope of the presented overview.     

Calculation of carbon balances for evaluation of the biodegradability of polymers

Establishing carbon balances has been proven to be an applicable and powerful tool in testing biodegradability of polymers. In controlled degradation tests at a 4-L scale with the model polymer poly(-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), it was shown that the degree of degradation could not be determined with satisfactory accuracy from CO₂ release alone. Instead, the course of degradation was characterized by means of establishing carbon balances for the degradation of PHB withAcidovorax facilis and a mixed culture derived from compost. Different analytical methods for determining the different carbon fractions were adapted to the particular test conditions and compared. Quantitative determination of biomass and residual polymer were the main problems in establishing carbon balances. Amounts of biomass derived from protein measurements depend strongly on assumptions of the protein content of the biomass. Selective oxidation of biomass with hypochlorite was used as alternative, but here problems arose from insoluble metabolic products. Determination of soluble components with the method of chemical oxygen demand (COD) also includes empirical assumptions but seems acceptable if the dissolved carbon fraction is in the range of some 10% total carbon. Results confirm both analytical assays and theoretical approaches, in ending up at values very close to 100%, within an acceptable standard deviation range under test conditions comparable to standard test practice.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Third National Meeting, June 6–8, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts.     

Study of Aging Characteristics of Ternary Blends of Polyethylenes—II

Six film samples of low-density polypropylene (LDPE)/linear LDPE (LLDPE)/high-density polypropylene (HDPE) with varying ratios of LDPE (20–45 ... wt%) and LLDPE (25–50 wt%) having a fixed amount of HDPE at 30 wt% were prepared by blown film extrusion technique. The samples were aged at four different temperatures, 55°, 70°, 85°, and 100°C, for four different time periods in the interval of between 150 hours and up to 600 hours. The change in the structure of various constituents and the formation of various oxygenated (peroxy and hydroperoxy) and unsaturated groups during thermo-oxidative degradation was discussed by infrared spectroscopy. The visiosity-average molecular weight was found to have decreased slowly in the initial aging hours and temperatures, whereas it decreased by 10% with its previous value tensile strength that is, 100°C when aged for 600 hours. The tensile strength of the sample first increased by 67% at 55°C and 89% at 70°C up to 450 hours, whereas the values increased by 52.5% at 85°C and 33.9% at 100°C when aged for 150 hours and then decreased. The percentage elongation at break increased by 2.7% at 55°C and 10.7% at 70°C for 150 and 300 hours of aging, respectively, whereas the percentage decreased when aged at 85°C and 100°C for up to 600 hours of aging. The values of gel content (percent) increased and initial degradation temperature decreased with aging time and temperature.     

Model of technological alternatives of production of sodium chromate (VI) with the use of chromic wastes

This article presents a mathematical model which describes the sodium chromate (VI) production process with the use of chromic waste as a substitution of natural raw materials. This model is a function of selected process parameters common for all of the examined alternatives and based on equations of material balance. Optimization of the elaborated technological alternatives of the production process with use of recycling of chromic waste has been evaluated by determining the extreme value of the quality indicator WJ. This indicator defines the quantity of waste created in the process. Optimization results enabled the selection of the optimal technological solution from all of the alternatives possible for use in industrial practice. Negative values of the indicator prove that there is the possibility of introducing to the process a larger quantity of waste than the one obtained in the process and transported to the storage heaps.     

化学品生物降解性的评价与预测

介绍了有机化学物质生物降解性的测定方法及其预测方法研究概况，并讨论了生物降解性评价的发展前景。     

GGH换热元件堵塞原因分析及解决措施探讨

分析了湿法脱硫系统中GGH换热元件堵塞的原因及对系统运行的影响,并结合目前GGH使用状况给出了解决措施,为脱硫系统安全运行提供参考。     

Mechanism of Microbial Degradation of Slow-Release Fertilizers

Methyleneureas are condensation products of urea and formaldehyde of different molecular mass and solubility; they are used in large amounts both as resins, binders, and insulating materials for industrial applications, as well as a slow-release nitrogen fertilizer for greens, lawns, or in bioremediation processes. In the present study, the microbial breakdown of these products was investigated. The nitrogen was released as ammonia and urea, and the formaldehyde released immediately oxidized via formiate to carbon dioxide. The enzymatic mechanism of metabolization of methyleneureas was studied in microorganisms isolated from soil, which were able to use these compounds as the sole source of nitrogen for growth. A strain of the Gram-negative bacterium Ralstonia paucula (formerly Alcaligenes sp. CDC group IVc-2) completely degraded methylenediurea and dimethylenetriurea to urea, ammonia, formaldehyde, and carbon dioxide. The enzyme initiating this degradation (methylenediurease) was purified and turned out to be different from the previously described enzyme from Ochrobactrum anthropi with regard to its regulation of expression and physicobiochemical properties. Fungal degradation of methyleneureas may occur via the formation of organic acids, thus leading to a nonenzymatic degradation of methyleneureas, which are unstable under acidic conditions.     

Determination of the Burning Characteristics of a Slick of Oil on Water

The burning rate of a slick of oil on a water bed is characterized by three distinct processes, ignition, flame spread and burning rate. Although all three processes are important, ignition and burning rate are critical. The former, because it defines the potential to burn and the latter because of the inherent possibility of boilover. Burning rate is calculated by a simple expression derived from a one-dimensional heat conduction equation. Heat feedback from the flame to the surface is assumed to be a constant fraction of the total energy released by the combustion reaction. The constant fraction (χ) is named the burning efficiency and represents an important tool in assessing the potential of in situ burning as a counter-measure to an oil spill. By matching the characteristic thermal penetration length scale for the fuel/water system and an equivalent single layer system, a combined thermal diffusivity can be calculated and used to obtain an analytical solution for the burning rate. Theoretical expressions were correlated with crude oil and heating oil, for a number of pool diameters and initial fuel layer thickness. Experiments were also conducted with emulsified and weathered crude oil. The simple analytical expression describes well the effects of pool diameter and initial fuel layer thickness permitting a better observation of the effects of weathering, emulsification and net heat feedback to the fuel surface. Experiments showed that only a small fraction of the heat released by the flame is retained by the fuel layer and water bed (of the order of 1%). Ignition has been studied to provide a tool that will serve to assess a fuels ease to ignite under conditions that are representative of oil spills. Two different techniques are used, piloted ignition when the fuel is exposed to a radiant heat flux and flash point as measured by the ASTM D56 Tag Closed Cup Test. Two different crude oils were used for these experiments, ANS and Cook Inlet. Crude oils were tested in their natural state and at different levels of weathering, showing that piloted ignition and flash point are strong functions of weathering level.     

Effect of Degree of Substitution of Octenyl Succinate Starch on Enzymatic Degradation

Octenyl succinate starch of degree of substitution (ds) 0.03, 0.07, and 0.11 was synthesized in an aqueous medium. These compounds were then tested for the susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. The multiple-enzyme regime of -amylase, amyloglucosidase, and pullulanase was chosen for the evaluation. This combination of enzymes had been proven to degrade 99.5% of unmodified starch to glucose and hence was chosen for this study. It was found that even small amounts of subsituent caused a considerable decrease in the extent of degradation. The net extent of degradation decreased with increasing ds. Surprisingly, the amount of glucose from all three substituted substrates was quite similar, suggesting the effect small amounts of subtituent had on the enzymatic activity.     

不同类型清水剂处理油田含聚污水的效果对比

考察了阳离子型CWC-14、非离子型NQS-01和阴离子型AQS-08 3类清水剂对油田含聚污水的处理效果,对比了它们的作用特点和絮体性能。实验结果表明:在清水剂加入量350 mg/L、处理温度65℃、搅拌转速300 r/min、搅拌时间5 min的条件下,CWC-14、NQS-01和AQS-08对含聚污水的除油率分别为98.8%、98.0%和99.4%;NQS-01受处理温度、搅拌条件影响较大;CWC-14受污水中聚合物质量浓度影响最大。清水剂的絮体特点与其作用机理有关,CWC-14的絮凝速率最快,起效时间最短,絮体呈黏性大块状;NQS-01的絮凝速率最慢,起效时间最长,絮体呈浮油状;AQS-08的絮凝速率和起效时间适中,絮体呈松散状、流动性好。对比结果表明,非阳离子型清水剂可有效避免油田含聚污水处理过程中的黏性油泥问题。