除草醚下脚料的综合利用

除草醚是一种有效的除草剂类农药,可通过2,4-二氯苯酚与对硝基氯苯混合反应制得。在生产2,4-二氯苯酚及除草醚半成品提纯时,都将产生一些下脚料。经过分析测出,下脚料的成分有:2,4-二氯苯酚(约50%)、2,6-二氯苯酚(约20%),其余是2,4,6-三氯苯酚、对氯苯酚、邻氯苯酚及少量水分等。过去曾将这些下脚料运至农村焚烧,     

化工园区生化出水氯代烃污染物的臭氧氧化降解

以化工园区污水处理厂生化出水为背景水样,考察了臭氧氧化对2,4,6-三氯酚、氯苯、1,2-二氯苯、对硝基氯苯、四氯酞酸5种特征氯代烃污染物的降解效果,并对其降解动力学进行了分析。实验结果表明:臭氧对2,4,6-三氯酚和氯苯的降解效果最好,反应30 min时的去除率均接近100%,其次为1,2-二氯苯和对硝基氯苯,反应30 min时的去除率分别为95.7%和36.0%,最差为四氯酞酸,反应30 min时的去除率仅为8.9%;臭氧对2,4,6-三氯酚和对硝基氯苯的降解符合零级动力学方程,对氯苯和1,2-二氯苯的降解符合一级动力学方程,对四氯酞酸的降解符合二级动力学方程。     

Fe-厌氧微生物体系降解2,4,6-三氯酚

采用Fe-厌氧微生物体系降解2,4,6-三氯酚(2,4,6-TCP).在初始pH 7.0、Fe加入量10.0 g/L、以甲酸钠为碳源的条件下,2,4,6-TCP降解效果最好.采用Fe-厌氧微生物体系降解2,4,6-TCP,比单独采用Fe或厌氧微生物体系具有明显的效果,运行60h后2,4,6-TCP开始降解,108h后2,4,6-TCP降解完全.添加2-溴乙烷磺酸盐可抑制产甲烷菌的活性,能有效促进2,4,6-TCP的降解.     

蜂窝型催化剂氧化分解氯苯酚类污染物的研究

以过渡金属钒和钼的氧化物制得蜂窝型催化剂，采用扫描电子显微镜对催化剂表面组成进行了分析，并研究了其对一氯苯酚、二氯苯酚、三氯苯酚氧化分解的催化活性，考察了反应温度、空间速度对氧化过程的影响，通过比较氯苯酚类物质热解和催化氧化分解的产物，表明热解会产生二噁英等剧毒物质，而采用该种催化荆氧化时未检出二噁英等剧毒有害物质。     

万山汞矿区土壤重金属污染特征及来源解析

以万山汞矿区土壤为研究对象,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪和原子荧光光谱仪测定土壤中的重金属含量,分别运用内梅罗综合污染指数（NPI）法和潜在生态风险指数（RI）法评价土壤重金属污染和潜在生态风险,并应用相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析对土壤重金属来源进行分析。结果表明：土壤Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cu、Ni和Zn出现不同程度累积,分别达贵州省背景值的263.61、2.31、1.28、2.11、1.70、1.01和3.52倍;土壤重金属平均NPI为188.00,属于严重污染水平,Hg是主要污染因子;土壤重金属平均RI为10 655.70,属于极强潜在生态风险水平,Hg是主要潜在生态风险因子;土壤中Cu、Ni、Cr主要源于自然活动,As、Pb、Zn主要源于燃煤和交通运输污染,Cd主要源于农业污染,Hg主要源于汞冶炼污染。     

DBD反应器关键操作参数对2,4-二氯酚去除的影响

采用同轴喷雾式介质阻挡放电(DBD)反应器处理2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)模拟废水,考察了水质、废水流量、载气流量、放电频率等关键操作参数对2,4-DCP去除的影响。自来水中的CO₃^2-/HCO₃^-能够中和生成的硝酸/亚硝酸(载气含N₂),同时也能清除放电过程中产生的自由基,因而不利于2,4-DCP的去除。在DBD反应器的操作参数中,载气流量对于活性组分的产生及气相到液相的传质有显著影响,是最为关键的操作参数。反应器操作参数的变化会影响放电过程。同轴式反应器和废水雾化对污染物的矿化有利。在废水流量50 mL/min、载气流量15 L/min、放电频率17 kHz的最佳条件下处理60 min,2,4-DCP和TOC的去除率分别为69.77%和31.85%。     

差式pH比色法-双波长分光光度法分析废水中的硝基酚

采用联合差式pH比色法和双波长法测定废水中的对硝基酚、邻硝基酚和2,4-二硝基酚的含量,具有快速、准确的特点.测定的最小检出限为对硝基酚 0.04 mg/L,邻硝基酚 0.28 mg/L,2,4-二硝基酚0.1 mg/L.测定实际废水的平均相对标准偏差分别为对硝基酚12.3%,邻硝基酚13.8%,2,4-二硝基酚1.7%.     

化学淋洗—H2O2-O3-UV复合催化氧化技术修复硝基甲苯一氯、二氯代物污染土壤工程实例

针对某退役化工企业地块的关注污染物硝基甲苯一氯、二氯代物的历史形成、污染状况和土质特点,在小试技术验证的基础上,采用化学淋洗—H₂O₂-O₃-UV复合催化氧化技术进行受污染土壤异位修复的工程实践。结果表明,该技术能较好地适用于关注污染物的土壤修复工程,修复后指标明显优于目标值,且造价和运行费用较低,具有显著的社会效益、经济效益和环境效益,有一定的推广价值。     

烷基苯和环氧丙烷废水共处理过程中有机成分的色谱分析

为了配合烷基苯和环氧丙烷两类废水的共处理,开展了水处理过程中微量有机成分色谱分析的研究。苯烷基化反应所排放的烃化废水含有苯、乙苯、异丙苯等化台物。氯醇法生产环氧丙烷过程中所排放的皂化废水则含有二氯丙烷、氯丙酮、1-氯丙醇[2]、2-氯丙醇[1],有时有β·β′-二氯异丙     

双介质阻挡放电法再生吸附五氯酚的活性炭

采用双介质阻挡放电等离子体反应器对吸附了五氯酚的活性炭进行放电再生处理,考察了放电电压、放电时间、氧气流量和活性炭再生次数对再生活性炭的五氯酚去除率的影响.实验结果表明,活性炭再生的最佳条件为:放电电压23 kV,放电时间1.5h,氧气流量2.0 L/min.随活性炭再生次数增加,再生活性炭的五氯酚去除率和活性炭再生率...     

废弃线路板热解油合成改性酚醛树脂

以废弃线路板热解油为原料，采用碱溶—中和—萃取工艺提取其中以苯酚为主的粗酚，并合成改性酚醛树脂。合成硼酸改性酚醛树脂的优化工艺条件为n(粗酚)∶n(外加苯酚)=2∶3，n(粗酚+外加苯酚)∶n(甲醛)∶n(NaOH)∶n(硼酸)=1∶1.5∶0.15∶0.17;合成有机硅改性酚醛树脂的优化工艺条件为n(粗酚)∶n(外加苯酚)=2∶3，n(粗酚+外加苯酚)∶n(甲醛)∶n(NaOH)∶n(正硅酸乙酯)=1∶1.3∶0.1∶0.1。所合成的硼酸改性和有机硅改性酚醛树脂的主要性能指标均满足YB/T4131—2005《耐火材料用酚醛树脂》中牌号为PFn-5301的热固性液体树脂性能的要求。     

Quantification of Polymerisation Processes During The Oxidative Degradation of 14C-Labelled Chlorophenols

In experiments employing the lignocellulose-decaying basidiomycetes Trametes versicolor and Stropharia rugosoannulata degrading uniformly¹⁴C-labelled 2,4-dichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol, acombination of size exclusion chromatography (SEC),fractionation, and -scintillation counting wasapplied to quantify polymerisation products formed duringchlorophenol degradation. Time-dependent mass balances weregenerated by analysis of ¹⁴C in polymerisation products,CO₂, as well as monomer non-polar and polar metabolites.Approximately 30% of the chlorophenols were found to bepolymerised. A major fraction of the polymerised productscorresponded to a molecular weight range from 0.24 – 40 kDa.Only a minor fraction could be attributed to a molecularweight >40 kDa. This method proved to be useful inquantification of polymerisation products and kinetics of thepolymerisation processes, whereas UV/Vis detection ofpolymerisation products separated by SEC led to false positiveresults. The SEC-¹⁴C method could also be applied forother complex processes where polymerisation ordepolymerisation occurs (humification, degradation oflignocellulose, formation of bound residues from xenobioticssuch as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) and where spectrophotometric determinationsare difficult or impossible.     

石化综合污水生化处理中有机污染物的分析

运用GC-MS、紫外光谱及三维荧光光谱扫描技术考察了石化污水处理厂“水解酸化—厌氧处理—好氧处理”工艺的各单元出水中有机污染物的变化情况。总进水中检出84种主要有机污染物，主要含有烃类27种，酚类5种，醛、酯、醇和酮类化合物共24种，胺类4种，腈、有机酸及其他杂环化合物14种，另有10种物质未定性；该工艺的COD累积去除率达87.66%， 64种有机污染物被完全去除，17种有机污染物去除率可达90%以上，接触氧化池出水中主要含杂环化合物和少量醛、醇、酯类化合物。     

Sonochemical degradation of aromatic organic pollutants

This work examines the use of ultrasound to mineralize 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, [aryl-2H3]2,4-dichlorophenol, 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol, 4-fluorophenol, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene in dilute aqueous solution. Mineralization rates were determined as a function of substrate structure and concentration, bulk phase temperature, pH and the presence of co-solutes such as detergents and humic acids. All substrates were found to degrade sonochemically, as evidenced by the release of Cl- and NO3- respectively. Product analyses by GC-MS, HPLC, and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) indicated mineralization with little formation of organic byproducts, a significant advantage over other remediation methods. Chloride release from chlorophenols was approximately proportional to substrate total chlorine content, irrespective of structural differences, and reached 80% of the theoretical limit. Fluoride release from 4-fluorophenol was ca. 10-fold lower than that of chloride from 4-chlorophenol. Changes in the bulk phase temperature from 9.5 to 34 degrees C, and 12.5 to 30 degrees C, respectively, were of little consequence to observed mineralization rates for nitroaromatics and chlorophenols. A significant mineralization rate increase resulted from sonication of 4-chlorophenol in acidified media. Additions of amphiphilic co-solutes resulted in modest, but statistically significant, sonolysis enhancements.     

Physical and chemical properties study of the activated carbon made from sewage sludge

Preparation of activated carbon from sewage sludge is a promising way to produce a useful adsorbent for pollutants removal as well as to dispose of sewage sludge. The objective of this study was to investigate the physical and chemical properties of the activated carbon made from sewage sludge so as to give a basic understanding of its structure. The activated carbon was prepared by activating anaerobically digested sewage sludge with 5 M ZnCl2 and thereafter pyrolyzing it at 500 degrees C for 2 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The properties investigated in the present study included its surface area and pore size distribution, its elemental composition and ash content, its surface chemistry structure and its surface physical morphology. Furthermore, its adsorption capacities for aqueous phenol and carbontetrachloride were examined. The results indicated that the activated carbon made from sewage sludge had remarkable micropore and mesopore surface areas and notable adsorption capacities for phenol and carbon-tetrachloride. In comparison with commercial activated carbons, it displayed distinctive physical and chemical properties.     

Agricultural solid waste for the removal of organics: adsorption of phenol from water and wastewater by palm seed coat activated carbon

Adsorption studies for phenol removal from aqueous solution on activated palm seed coat carbon (PSCC) were carried out under varying experimental conditions of contact time, phenol concentration, adsorbent dose and pH. Adsorption equilibrium was reached within 3 h for phenolic concentrations 10-60 mg l(-1). Kinetics of adsorption obeyed a first order rate equation. The percent removal remained constant over the pH range 4-9 for a phenolic concentration of 25 mg (l-1). The equilibrium data could be described well by the Freundlich isotherm equation. The adsorption of phenol on PSCC follows the film diffusion process. A comparative study with a commercial activated carbon showed that PSCC is two times more effective than commercial activated carbon. The studies showed that the palm seed coat carbon can be used as an efficient adsorbent material for the removal of phenolics from water and wastewater.     

Bioanalytical tools for monitoring polar pollutants

Bioanalytical tools offer some advantages over classical analytical techniques in terms of selectivity, sensitivity, short assay times, and reduced cost of analysis. This makes them promising for use in monitoring and screening of environmental pollutants for the future. The present review will present an overview of primarily enzyme- and immuno-based assay techniques presently developed for environmental purposes. In most cases, the principle of these methods is based on the correlation between the toxicity of a target compound and a decrease in the activity of a biomarker such as an enzyme. Organophosphorus (e.g. paraoxon, parathion, fonofos) and carbamate (e.g. aldicarb, carbofuran) insecticides selectively inhibit cholinesterases and imidazolinones and sulfonylureas affect the enzyme acetolactate synthase. Triazine herbicides and some phenol derivatives reduce the activity of tyrosinase and dithiocarbamate fungicides (i.e. maneb, zineb) inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase. Some toxic compounds have the property of reducing the intensity of certain natural processes such as photosynthesis and bioluminescence. Certain phenolic compounds are specific substrates for the enzymes tyrosinase and laccase, and non-specific for e.g. peroxidases and dehydrogenases. Based on the above properties, both electrochemical and optical methods for detection of pesticides and phenols have been developed and will be presented. Determination of environmental pollutants using immunoassays is a continuously growing area. The advantages offered by these methods are again improved specificity, sensitivity, reduced cost, and the possibility for analysing real samples without pre-treatment in a shorter time period than with classical methods. The most suitable analytes for immunoassay developments were triazine- and phenoxyacid herbicides, but phenols and other classes of pesticides represent promising targets for the future and will be discussed. ©     

酚醛树脂废水的回收预处理

酚醛树脂生产废水含酚量和含醛量都较高,采用酸性缩聚法或碱性缩聚法处理,能大大降低酚和醛的含量,而且能回收到一定量的树脂.     

Industrial storm water pollution prevention: Effectiveness and limitations of source controls in the transportation industry

Industrial activities that are sources of pollutants in storm water runoff at typical facilities of the transportation industry are identified by site investigations at five facilities. This research then evaluates pollution prevention measures implemented to reduce those pollutants, as required by storm water regulations under the U.S. Clean Water Act. Activities that potentially generate storm water pollutants, particular to facilities of this industry, include: vehicle maintenance; vehicle fueling; vehicle washing; and activities on paved access roads and vehicle storage areas. Activities common to this industry, but also found in other industries, include: storage and handling of process materials and wastes; operation of industrial equipment located outdoors or exposed to storm water; and design and operation of site drainage facilities. Most control measures cited in the compliance documents of the facilities in the case studies were not developed specifically for storm water pollution prevention, but serve to reduce storm water pollutants as part of compliance with regulations for hazardous waste, wastewater, worker safety, or other purposes. Most identified control measures were operational practices or employee procedures, rather than structural facility modifications or devices to remove pollutants. Implementation of such measures is difficult to enforce or verify by regulatory agencies, and evidence at the case study facilities suggests that measures described similarly at different facilities are unevenly implemented and unequally effective at controlling storm water pollutants.