外置式超滤膜生物反应器处理油田废水

采用外置式超滤膜生物反应器处理油田废水,废水中的有机物被生物接触氧化池填料上形成生物膜的微生物降解,然后通过中空纤维超滤膜进行过滤,出水中油的质量浓度在1m g/L以下,悬浮物的质量浓度在3m g/L以下。考察了细菌的筛选、生物膜的培养驯化及压力、温度等对膜通量的影响。实验结果表明,筛选出的3株高效原油降解菌有很好的除油效果;生物膜经培养驯化成熟后,生物接触氧化池内细菌浓度为1×106个/mL;膜通量随压力和温度的适当提高而增加,适宜的操作压力为0.08M Pa,温度为20~28℃。分别用超滤水反冲洗、稀碱、稀酸、杀菌剂(如N aC lO溶液)和清水冲洗被污染的超滤膜,可使膜通量恢复到新膜的98%以上;在生物除油工序后增加沉淀池,膜污染可减少约7.77%。     

陶粒填料生物滴滤塔处理二甲苯废气

以两种不同的陶粒作为生物滴滤床填料净化二甲苯废气,研究了喷淋液量、气体流量、进气负荷、喷淋液中氨氮浓度及填料层高度对净化效率的影响,并对两种填料的使用效果进行了对比。结果表明：二甲苯废气进气流量越小、进气负荷越低,净化效果越好;充足的氮源是高净化率的保证;对于较高浓度的废气,需要适当增加填料层高来达到净化要求;使用具有比表面积大的陶粒作为填料,可以使设备挂膜时间更短、能耗更低,净化效率更高。     

多孔黏土异构材料对气态萘的吸附

以膨润土为基质,添加表面活性剂和助表面活性剂,制备了多孔黏土异构材料(PCHs),采用SEM和BET技术进行了表征,并将其用于气态萘的吸附。考察了吸附效果的影响因素,并探讨了吸附机理。表征结果显示,PCHs具有较大的比表面积,孔径分布均匀,兼具微孔和中孔结构。实验结果表明:当吸附温度为30℃、初始萘质量浓度为560 mg/m3、相对湿度为0时,PCHs对萘的平衡吸附量达370 mg/g,远高于膨润土和有机膨润土;吸附为放热过程,温度越高平衡吸附量越低;平衡吸附量随初始萘质量浓度的增加呈非线性增长;水蒸气的存在导致萘的平衡吸附量减小;萘在PCHs上的吸附机理主要为表面物理吸附和有机质的分配作用。     

采出水处理回用高通量膜法技术

针对某低渗透油田企业采出水,开展了现场膜处理小试实验,考察了采用膨化聚四氟乙烯（ePTFE）微滤膜工艺处理采出水达到回注标准的技术可行性,确定了膜前过滤介质及其最佳浓度,并就实际应用进行了工艺设计。采用膜前过滤介质,避免了采出水中的石油类物质对膜产生污堵等负面影响。膜前过滤介质为吸附性介质硅藻土与刚性颗粒介质碳酸钙复配,最佳复配质量浓度为二者各30 mg/L。在采用膜前过滤介质的最佳工艺条件下,膜通量可达6 430 L/（m²·h）,为企业目标通量的20余倍,且膜通量衰减显著延缓。采出水经过滤处理后,出水水质稳定达到《碎屑岩油藏注水水质指标及分析方法》（SY/T 5329—2012）中的回注1级标准。     

金属镁渣在流化床反应器内脱硫性能的实验研究

在自行设计的小型热态流化床反应器上,以金属镁渣作为脱硫剂,研究了镁渣粒径、反应温度、反应气体浓度对镁渣炉内脱硫性能的影响。研究结果表明,镁渣粒径越小,脱硫性能越好;在800～1 000℃范围内,镁渣的脱硫性能随着温度升高而升高;参与反应的SO2和O2浓度越大镁渣脱硫性能越好。实验中还发现水冷镁渣的脱硫性能明显优于自然冷却镁渣。实验所得结论为金属镁渣应用于流化床炉内脱硫提供了理论依据。     

用含锌废催化剂制备纳米氧化锌

以含锌废催化剂为原料,经酸浸、除杂、锌粉置换、合成等工艺制得碱式碳酸锌,再经过滤、洗涤、干燥、煅烧制备纳米氧化锌。考察了酸浸工艺硫酸溶液含量和液固比(硫酸与含锌废催化剂的质量比)对锌浸出率的影响,以及煅烧温度对纳米氧化锌质量的影响。实验结果表明:在硫酸质量分数为30%、液固比为5的最佳酸浸工艺条件下,锌浸出率为92%;在最佳煅烧温度为400℃的条件下,氧化锌质量分数大于95%,比表面积大于50 m2/g;纳米氧化锌颗粒大小均匀,平均粒径小于50 nm。     

掺杂型生物炭的制备及其吸附亚甲基蓝特性研究

采用颗粒活性炭掺杂生物质材料并在微波作用下制备了小麦秸秆（WH）微波生物炭和玉米秸秆（CB）微波生物炭,并用比表面积孔径分析仪、扫描电子显微镜和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对其进行了表征,考察了微波生物炭对水中亚甲基蓝的吸附特性。实验结果表明：所制备的微波生物炭具有较大的比表面积和丰富的表面官能团,微波功率500 W制备的微波生物炭（WH500和CB500）比表面积最大（312.62~325.23 m²/g）;WH500和CB500对亚甲基蓝的吸附容量分别为111.77 mg/g和72.80 mg/g;Elovich吸附动力学和Langmuir等温线模型能更好地描述微波生物炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附行为,颗粒内扩散为主要控制步骤;在较高pH、离子浓度下,微波生物炭能更好地吸附亚甲基蓝。     

多介质过滤-超滤-反渗透法深度处理废水的工艺改进

针对某厂多介质过滤-超滤-反渗透(MMF-UF-RO)废水深度处理工艺发生污堵的问题, 采用在MMF装置前加入NaOH混凝沉淀的改进工艺代替加入聚合氯化铝(PAC)絮凝剂的原工艺.模拟原工艺水样的初始UF膜通量较低,过滤后UF膜通量下降35%左右;模拟改进工艺水样的初始UF膜通量较高,且UF膜通量基本无变化.改进工艺UF装置出水中除SiO_2外,其他物质的质量浓度远小于原工艺UF装置出水,可有效改善RO装置的进水水质.改进工艺的MMF和UF的运行稳定性均明显优于原工艺.     

灰水中悬浮物对COD影响的初步研究

本文在实测电厂灰水中悬浮物和COD的基础上。针对悬浮物对COD的影响。通过对灰水的过滤、澄清、混匀试验以及粉煤灰对COD的降解试验,探明了灰水中COD的超标原因并提出治理措施.     

用含锌废催化剂制备纳米氧化锌

以含锌废催化剂为原料，经酸浸、除杂、锌粉置换、合成等工艺制得碱式碳酸锌，再经过滤、洗涤、干燥、煅烧制备纳米氧化锌。考察了酸浸工艺硫酸溶液含量和液固比（硫酸与含锌废催化剂的质量比）对锌浸出率的影响，以及煅烧温度对纳米氧化锌质量的影响。实验结果表明：在硫酸质量分数为30%、液固比为5的最佳酸浸工艺条件下，锌浸出率为92%；在最佳煅烧温度为400 ℃的条件下，氧化锌质量分数大于95%，比表面积大于50 m²/g；纳米氧化锌颗粒大小均匀，平均粒径小于50 nm。     

L-精氨酸溶剂化合成金属有机骨架化合物及其吸附CO2的性能

采用L-精氨酸对传统均苯三甲酸（BTC）溶剂热法合成的Cu基金属有机骨架化合物（Cu-BTC）进行改性，得到新型化合物（Cu-BTC-Arg），并通过固定床动态吸附实验考察了Cu-BTC-Arg和Cu-BTC吸附CO2的性能。表征结果显示：L-精氨酸只是辅助化溶剂，并未配位至Cu2+上；Cu-BTC-Arg比Cu-BTC具有更小的晶粒尺寸、更大的比表面积和微孔体积。实验结果表明，两种不同L-精氨酸加入量合成的Cu-BTC-Arg均在室温、烟气中无水蒸气、烟气流量80 mL/min的条件下CO2吸附量最大，吸附接近饱和时的CO2吸附量均为4.9 mmol/g，远高于Cu-BTC的CO2吸附量。Cu-BTC-Arg对CO2的吸附以物理吸附为主。     

纳米羟基磷灰石的制备及其对Pb2+的吸附性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了纳米羟基磷灰石(n-HAP),使用FTIR、XRD、气体吸附仪等表征了n-HAP的物相及微观结构,并研究了n-HAP对模拟含Pb2+废水中Pb2+的吸附特性。实验结果表明:所制备的n-HAP粒径为24.39 nm,比表面积为53.50 m2/g,孔体积为0.32 cm3/g;n-HAP对Pb2+的去除率随吸附时间、吸附温度和溶液pH(小于6.5的实验范围)的增加而增大,随初始Pb2+质量浓度增大而减小;n-HAP对Pb2+的吸附较符合准二级吸附动力学方程,颗粒内扩散过程是吸附速率的控制步骤;Langmuir吸附等温方程比Freundlich吸附等温方程更适合描述n-HAP对Pb2+的吸附热力学行为,Pb2+在n-HAP上的吸附符合单分子层吸附形式。     

Synthesis of CS/PVA Biodegradable Composite Nanofibers as a Microporous Material with Well Controllable Procedure Through Electrospinning

In this study, we have showed a facile route for fabrication of a novel microporous material based on chitosan (CS) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) biodegradable nanofibers that have high specific surface area, considerable porosity, and small diameter. Scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis, and CHNS/O elemental analyser were applied to characterize the fabricated CS/PVA composite nanofibers. Moreover, the influences of spinning conditions including concentration, voltage, electrospinning distance, and flow rate, on size distribution and pore diameter of the final product were systematically studied using 2^k?1 factorial design experiments, and the response surface optimization was used for determining the best synthesis parameter. The results obtained from 2^K?1 factorial design experiments showed that electrospinning parameters influenced the size distribution and pore diameter of the CS/PVA microporous material. Based on the response surface methodology, the CS/PVA product could be obtained with a high microporous diameter of 1.8 nm and a small diameter distribution of 15.0 nm under optimized conditions. The obtained results showed that the fabricated samples could be utilized in different applications.     

煤矸石中铅、铬、镉的溶出性能

以滕南煤田某煤矿风化煤矸石为研究对象,应用主成分分析法分析了煤矸石粒径对Pb,Cr,Cd溶出浓度的影响,应用回归分析法分析了浸溶时间与Pb,Cr,Cd溶出浓度的关系特征。实验结果表明：模拟湿地浸溶条件下,煤矸石中Pb,Cd,Cr溶出浓度均超出或接近Ⅲ类水体水质标准,对水环境存在污染风险;煤矸石粒径对Pb,Cd,Cr溶出浓度存在影响,粒径越小则Pb、Cr、Cd溶出浓度越大,粒径小于8.0 cm的煤矸石浸溶贡献较大。建立了表征Pb,Cr,Cd溶出浓度与浸溶时间对数（以10为底）关系的一元三次多项式回归方程,经检验均具有显著性。     

紫外光协同CuO-TiO_2/Al_2O_3三维粒子电极电催化降解罗丹明B

自制了CuO-TiO_2/Al_2O_3粒子电极,对其进行了表征。在此基础上构建了紫外光协同三维粒子电极电催化体系降解水中的罗丹明B,考察了降解过程的影响因素、动力学及机理。表征结果显示,粒子电极具有良好的表面结构及有效催化成分。实验结果表明:在罗丹明B质量浓度20 mg/L、槽电压15 V、电流0.3 A、溶液pH 3.0、曝气量1.5 L/min、Fe~(2+)投加量0.5 mmol/L的条件下反应60 min,脱色率达96.29%;反应过程符合一级动力学方程,反应速率常数为0.060 mg/(L·min);紫外光的加入使溶液中H_2O_2的浓度降低约30%,促进了H_2O_2的分解。     

CeO_2/三维石墨烯催化臭氧氧化降解刚果红

采用原位氧化还原法制备了三维石墨烯负载型CeO_2催化剂(CeO_2/3D GN),采用XRD、FTIR、SEM、比表面积和零电荷点测定等方法对其进行了表征,并考察了CeO_2/3D GN非均相催化臭氧氧化降解水中刚果红染料的影响因素。表征结果显示:CeO_2/3D GN具有相互连通的三维网络结构;CeO_2纳米颗粒均匀地分散在石墨烯片层中;比表面积为190.89 m~2/g;零电荷点pH_(zpc)为7.36。实验结果表明:CeO_2/3D GN非均相催化臭氧氧化体系比单独臭氧氧化体系对刚果红溶液的脱色率提高了60.56百分点;连续5次重复利用CeO_2/3D GN,刚果红溶液脱色率为96.50%~98.00%;在臭氧流量为20 mg/min、催化剂投加量为1.5 g/L、初始溶液pH为7.00的最佳工艺条件下反应15 min,刚果红溶液脱色率可高达94.65%。     

Colloids in the mortar backfill of a cementitious repository for radioactive waste

Colloids are present in groundwater aquifers and water-permeable engineered barrier systems and may facilitate the migration of radionuclides. A highly permeable mortar is foreseen to be used as backfill for the engineered barrier of the Swiss repository for low- and intermediate-level waste. The backfill is considered to be a chemical environment with some potential for colloid generation and, due to its high porosity, for colloid mobility. Colloid concentration measurements were carried out using an in-situ liquid particle counting system. The in-house developed counting system with three commercially available sensors allowed the detection of single particles and colloids at low concentrations in the size range 50-5000 nm. The counting system was tested using suspensions prepared from certified size standards. The concentrations of colloids with size range 50-1000 nm were measured in cement pore water, which was collected from a column filled with a highly permeable backfill mortar. The chemical composition of the pore water corresponded to a Ca(OH)2-controlled cement system. Colloid concentrations in the backfill pore water were found to be typically lower than approximately 0.1 ppm. The specific (geometric) surface areas of the colloid populations were in the range 240 m2 g(-1) to 770 m2 g(-1). The low colloid inventories observed in this study can be explained by the high ionic strength and Ca concentrations of the cement pore water. These conditions are favourable for colloid-colloid and colloid-backfill interactions and unfavourable for colloid-enhanced nuclide transport.     

固态反应法制备FeHY催化剂及其催化降解活性艳蓝的性能研究

分别以NaY、NH4Y和HY沸石为载体，以乙酰丙酮铁为铁源，采用固态反应法制备了铁负载量均为10%（w）的FeNaY-10、FeNH4Y-10和FeHY-10催化剂。考察了各催化剂对活性艳蓝（KN-R）的降解效果，其中FeHY-10的催化降解效果最佳。采用XRD和FTIR技术对FeHY-10催化剂进行表征。表征结果显示，FeHY催化剂晶体结构仍然保持了Y分子筛特有的孔道结构，铁物种在Y 分子筛表面高度分散。催化降解实验表明，催化降解KN-R的最佳工艺条件为KN-R溶液（质量浓度为300 mg/L）加入量为50 mL、溶液pH为2、催化剂FeHY-25（铁负载量为25%（w））加入量为0.281 3 g、H2O2质量浓度为6.356 g/L、降解温度为35 ℃、降解时间为140 min，在此工艺条件下FeHY催化剂对KN-R的降解率为97.4%。     

Effects of functionality and textural characteristics on the removal of Cd(II) by ammoniated and chlorinated nanoporous activated carbon

Virgin activated carbon (VAC) was chemically activated by hydrochloric acid and aqueous ammonia to obtain different surface functionalities and nanopore distributions. The N-tailored AC (NAC) acquired by alkali treatment significantly enhanced the cadmium sorption capacity, while the Cl-tailored AC obtained by acidic modification decreased the sorption capacity compared with that of VAC. With increasing ammonia concentration in the basic treatment, the NAC surface area was increased with declining pore volume and diameter, which increased the adsorption capacity for Cd(II) removal. However, increasing HCl concentration in the acidic modification decreased the surface area, with increasing pore volume and diameter, which decreased the cadmium adsorption capacity. The basic treatment created more alkaline-rich sites such as nitrogen-containing functional groups, on the carbon surface, thereby improving cadmium removal efficiency. However, the acidic treatment generated a stronger acidic chemical structure and much more the formation of the acyl- and alkyl chloride groups that greatly inhibited the Cd(II) sorption capacity.     

A New Type Synthetic Filter Material for Biofilter: Preparation and its Characteristic Analysis

In this study, a new type poly(vinyl alcohol)/peat composite bead is prepared and is shown suitable as a filter material for biofiltration. The optimal preparation condition is with the peat size of 16–35 mesh, the ratio of water to peat of 40g water/10 peat and the immersion time in the phosphate solution of 30min. The composite bead prepared by this process is a porous spherical particle with a density of 0.692 g/cm³. It contains phosphor and nitrogen nutrient are 2.91mg P/g dry solid and 3.25mg N/g dry solid, respectively. The diameter of composite bead is between 2.4 and 6.0mm and the average diameter is about 4.0mm. The equilibrium moisture content of the bead from adsorption and holding experiments are 50.5 and 66.8% on a wet basis, respectively, corresponding to the optimal filter material required and is sufficient to sustain biological activity as the bead adsorbs equilibrium moisture. The composite bead has higher moisture holding capacity and the compression strength than the pig manure compost filter material. The composite bead has buffer capacity and could maintain the filter bed at pH = 6.9–7.2 during the operation period. The percentage of removed ethyl acetate could stay at over 99% for 33 days operation while the composite bead adsorbed inorganic nitrate nutrient.