有机溶剂浸取石油污染土壤中的多环芳烃

采用索氏提取法和气相色谱分析了某炼油厂周边土壤中的多环芳烃的种类及含量,考察了6种有机溶剂对土壤中多环芳烃的浸取效果,探讨了溶剂与溶质溶解度参数差异对浸取效果的影响。结果表明：土壤试样中含有蒽、荧蒽、芘、 、苯并[a]蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽和苯并[a]芘8种多环芳烃,其含量分别为4.20,22.05,10.62,4.26,5.54,0.80,0.94,4.18 mg/kg;筛选出二氯甲烷作为土壤中多环芳烃的浸取溶剂;最佳浸取条件为浸取时间10 min、浸取温度30 ℃、溶剂与土壤的液固比5:1（mL/g）、土壤含水量8%,在此条件下,总多环芳烃浸出率为83.0%,各种多环芳烃的浸出率分别为蒽97.8%、荧蒽78.2%、芘99.9%、 98.5%、苯并[a]蒽81.1%、苯并[b]荧蒽47.6%、苯并[k]荧蒽14.8%、苯并[a]芘58.7%。     

某在役炼化场地特征污染物识别与分析

以多水期污染监测数据为基础，采用内梅罗污染指数(Pn)法对某在役炼化场地的特征污染物进行识别，并对识别结果进行分析。研究表明：该炼化场地土壤中优先控制的特征污染物有砷、钴、苯、苯并[a]芘、乙苯和石油烃(C₁₀～C₄₀)，一般特征污染物有铊、铍、铅、钒、镍、间/对-二甲苯和二苯并[a,h]蒽等；地下水中优先控制的特征污染物有钒、铊、钼、苯乙烯、苯并[a]芘、石油烃(C₁₀～C₄₀)、苯、硫化物、氨氮、耗氧量、硫酸盐、挥发酚和氯化物，一般特征污染物有钴、砷、镍、铍、铅、甲苯、1,2-二氯丙烷、乙苯、间/对-二甲苯、二苯并[a,h]蒽、氟化物、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐；本工作构建的特定场地特征污染物识别方法简捷有效、科学合理。     

沥青纺丝工段的环境检测

沥青碳纤维以其廉价和独特的性能而受到注目。在沥青碳纤维的制作和使用中必须重视环境与劳动保护。本文提出了以高效液相色谱(HPLC)分离、紫外、荧光联用的方法检测沥青纺丝工段空气中苯并(a)芘(Bap)、萤蒽、甲基胆蒽等稠环芳烃的浓度,掌握空气污染情况。 1.实验部分 (1)仪器、试剂岛津LC-3A高速液相色谱仪,配有RF-510荧光多波长检测器,UVD-2紫外检测器。色谱柱直径为5.6毫米     

烟道气中苯并(α)芘的测定方法

煤、石油及各种燃料,在燃烧过程中,由于一部分不完全燃烧,经过裂解、环化、聚合产生相当复杂的多环芳烃,多数经烟道向大气中排放。苯并(α)芘(Bap)一类的多环芳烃化合物具有极强的致癌物,危害人体健康。因此,本文采用滤膜阻留,冰水冷凝,聚氨蟋泡沫塑料(PUF)吸附。索氏提     

萘降解菌的筛选及其对多环芳烃的降解

从柴油污染土壤中筛选分离出一株萘降解菌N-3,进行了菌种鉴定及萘双加氧酶基因(nah)验证,并考察了该菌对不同种类多环芳烃(PAHs)的降解能力及降解过程中脱氢酶活性的变化。实验结果表明:该菌为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa),含有nah基因;当分别对液体培养基中质量浓度为50 mg/L的萘、菲、蒽、芘、芴降解84 h时,菌株N-3对萘、菲、蒽、芘、芴的降解率分别为28.81%,34.83%,36.65%,27.50%,23.47%。菌株N-3的脱氢酶活性与其对不同PAHs的降解率呈一定的正相关性。该菌不仅能有效降解萘,且对其他种类PAHs也有一定降解作用。     

燃煤烟气中多环芳烃的富集技术

介绍了燃煤电厂烟气中排放的多环芳烃污染物的富集方法,比较了各种富集技术的特点与使用情况,分析了多环芳烃富集过程中的质量控制与质量保证措施,并探讨了富集采样中的若干注意事项.     

焦化项目大气污染特征及环境影响评价

以甘肃省酒泉市阿克塞哈萨克族自治县某焦化项目为案例，在分析其工艺流程和排污环节的基础上，利用AERMOD模型定量预测评价该焦化项目对区域大气环境质量的影响程度。预测结果表明：SO2，NO2，NH3，H2S的区域最大地面小时质量浓度占标率分别为15.8%，29.6%，16.8%，24.8%;SO2、NO2、苯并[a]芘、固体悬浮物（TSP）的区域最大日均质量浓度占标率分别为7.5%，11.4%，7.2%，95.8%;TSP最大日均质量浓度坐标点为（500，0），位于厂界内部，高浓度是由焦化厂低矮面源造成的，且浓度随距离消减得较快。     

焦化废水的超临界水氧化处理方法及装置

正该专利涉及一种焦化废水的超临界水氧化处理方法及装置。具体方法如下:将焦化废水及双氧水加入反应釜中,在300~500℃、16~28 MPa的搅拌条件下反应1~5 min;反应完成后,分别收集气体及液体产物,从而实现焦化废水的净化。该专利采用超临界水氧化法处理焦化废水,以双氧水作为氧化剂,将焦化废水与双氧水在反应釜中进行加温、加压反应,可高效去除焦化废水中的COD、挥发酚、总氰化物和苯并(α)芘等有毒有害污染     

丙胺类离子液体的合成及其脱硫性能

以廉价的正丙胺及苯酚、乳酸、四氮唑乙酸为原料,采用一步法合成了3种丙胺类离子液体(丙胺乳酸盐([PA]L)、丙胺苯酚盐([PA][PHE])、丙胺四氮唑乙酸盐([PA][TAA]),并将其用于SO_2的吸收。测定了3种离子液体的主要理化指标,系统考察了其脱硫性能,并对SO_2的吸收机理进行了探讨。实验结果表明:3种离子液体均具有较高的热稳定性;25℃下,[PA][TAA]的密度和表面张力均较高,而[PA][PHE]的黏度远小于[PA]L和[PA][TAA],仅为66 mPa·s;3种离子液体的脱硫能力均较高,且吸收速率快,30℃下吸收平衡时SO_2与[PA][PHE],[PA]L,[PA][TAA]的摩尔比分别为0.570,0.806,0.904;3种离子液体的解吸较容易,对SO_2的吸收具有高选择性,且循环使用性能较好;丙胺类离子液体对SO_2同时存在物理吸收和化学吸收作用。     

吡咯烷酮类离子液体萃取脱除模拟汽油中的噻吩

合成了3种N-甲基吡咯烷酮离子液体([HNMP]FeCl4,[HNMP]CuCl2,[HNMP]ZnCl3),并将其用于模拟汽油(噻吩溶于正辛烷,硫含量1381μg/g)中噻吩的萃取脱除。考察了[HNMP]FeCl4的深度脱硫和重复使用性能。实验结果表明:30℃下3种离子液体脱硫能力的强弱顺序为[HNMP]FeCl4[HNMP]CuCl2[HNMP]ZnCl3;在[HNMP]FeCl4与模拟汽油的体积比为1∶1、FeCl3与[HNMP]Cl的摩尔比为1、萃取时间为60min的优化条件下,单程脱硫率为70.7%,经4级萃取后模拟汽油中的硫含量降至61μg/g、总脱硫率为95.6%;利用真空加热法对[HNMP]FeCl4进行再生,[HNMP]FeCl4使用5次后脱硫率从70.7%降至59.5%,仍保持较好的脱硫性能。     

Permanganate oxidation of sorbed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) that contaminate soils at many industrial and government sites are resistant to natural biotic and abiotic degradation processes. The recalcitrant nature of these compounds may require aggressive chemical treatment to effectively remediate these sites. This study was conducted to assess the viability of permanganate oxidative treatment as a method to reduce PAH concentration in contaminated soils. Study results demonstrated a reduction in soil sorbed concentration for a mixture of six PAHs that included anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, fluoranthene, phenanthrene, and pyrene by potassium permanganate (KMnO4) oxidative treatment. The greatest reduction in soil concentration was observed for benzo(a)pyrene, pyrene, phenanthrene, and anthracene at 72.1, 64.2, 56.2, and 53.8%, respectively, in 30 min at a KMnO4 concentration of 160 mM. Minimal reductions in fluoranthene and chrysene concentration were observed at 13.4 and 7.8%, respectively, under the same conditions. A relative chemical reactivity order of benzo(a)pyrene>pyrene>phenanthrene>anthracene>fluoranthene>chrysene towards permanganate ion was observed. Aromatic sextet theory was applied to the degradation results to explain the highly variable and compound-specific chemical reactivity order.     

Ethanol washing of PAH-contaminated soil and Fenton oxidation of washing solution

As a means to remediate soil contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, we investigated a combined process involving ethanol washing followed by a Fenton oxidation reaction. Artificial loamy soil was contaminated with various representative polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (i.e., fluorene, anthracene, pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, or benzo(a)pyrene) at concentrations ten times higher than regulatory soil standards of The Netherlands or Canada, and then washed four times in ethanol, which reduced the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination to below the regulatory standard. Fenton oxidation of ethanol solutions containing anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, pyrene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, benz(a)anthracene, benzo(j)fluoranthene, or indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene showed a removal efficiency of 73.3%–99.0%; by contrast, solutions containing naphthalene, fluorene, fluoranthene, phenanthrene, or benzo(b)fluoranthene showed a removal efficiency of 9.6%–27.6%. Since each of the nonremediated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, excluding benzo(b)fluoranthene, are easily biodegradable, these results indicate that the proposed treatment can be successfully applied to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soil that does not contain high concentrations of benzo(b)fluoranthene. The main reaction products resulting from Fenton oxidation of ethanol solutions containing anthracene or benz(a)anthracene were anthraquinon or benz(a)anthracene-7,12-dione, respectively; while 1,8-naphthalic anhydride was produced by solutions of acenaphthylene and acenaphthene, and 9-fluorenone by a fluorene solution. Received: June 9, 1998 / Accepted: March 24, 1999     

Toxicity and source assignment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in road dust from urban residential and industrial areas in a typical industrial city in Korea

This study analyzed the toxicity and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road dust from six representative areas (three urban residential areas and three industrial areas) from a typical industrial city in Korea. The concentrations and the toxicity equivalent concentrations (TEQs) in road dust varied by area, depending on the type of traffic and industrial activities and the PAHs identified. High correlations between the total concentration and the TEQ of PAHs in road dust were found in road dust from both the urban and industrial areas. To identify the sources of PAHs, this study utilized a factor loading method in a principal component analysis, the ratio of PAHs from combustion sources to total PAHs (ΣCOMB to ΣPAH), and bivariate plots of phenanthrene/anthracene (PA/Ant) versus fluoranthene/pyrene (FL/Pyr), and ΣCOMB/ΣPAH versus FL/Pyr in road dust. The identified origin of the PAHs was fuel combustion, including gasoline, diesel, oil, and coal, used in urban and industrial areas.     

Occurence and Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ankara Precipitation

Urban atmospheric environment contains many trace organic pollutants that are related to the incomplete fuel combustion in domestic heating, industrial plants and automobile traffic. Removal of these pollutants from the atmosphere takes place through wet and dry deposition as well as chemical transformations. In this study, concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in wet deposition samples were determined at an urban site of Turkey. Wet and dry deposition samples were collected using Andersen Rain Sampler. The sampler was modified accordingly for the collection of organic pollutants. Collected samples were preconcentrated by using solid phase extraction (SPE) disks and consecutively analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Among the 13 compounds quantified in this study, anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene were found more frequently and at elevated concentrations (202, 271 and 260 ng L^-1 mean concentrations, respectively).Concentrations of PAHs were found to be high in winter period.     

硅胶固载胍盐离子液体脱硫材料的制备及其SO2吸附性能

采用一步法分别合成了1,1,3,3-四甲基胍辛二酸盐离子液体([TMG][SUB])和1,1,3,3-四甲基胍聚乙二醇二羧酸盐离子液体([TMG][PBE]),并采用浸渍法将其分别固载到硅胶上,制备了2种硅胶固载胍盐离子液体脱硫材料(固载材料)。对离子液体和固载材料进行了表征,并考察了固载材料对SO2的吸附性能和再生性能。实验结果表明:固载材料对SO2的吸附发挥了离子液体和硅胶的协同作用,离子液体结构中的醚基基团可促进固载材料对SO2的吸附;在固载比为0.2∶1时,所制备的固载材料[TMG][PBE]-SiO2的SO2饱和吸附量为1.22 g/g(以离子液体计,下同),[TMG][SUB]-SiO2的SO2饱和吸附量为1.01 g/g,均大于纯离子液体,且[TMG][PBE]-SiO2的再生性能更好。     

The Effect of Interaction Between White-rot Fungi and Indigenous Microorganisms on Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil

White-rot fungi applied for soil bioremediation have to compete with indigenous soil microorganisms. The effect of competition on both indigenous soil microflora and white-rot fungi was evaluated with regard to degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) with different persistence in soil. Sterile and non-sterile soil was artificially contaminated with ¹⁴C-labeled PAH consisting of three (anthracene), four (pyrene, benz[a]anthracene) and five fused aromatic rings (benzo[a]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene). The two fungi tested,Dichomitus squalens and Pleurotus ostreatus, produced similar amounts of ligninolytic enzymes in soil, but PAH mineralization by P. ostreatus was significantly higher. Compared to the indigenous soil microflora, P.ostreatus mineralized 5-ring PAH to a larger extent, while the indigenous microflora was superior in mineralizing 3-ring and 4-ring PAH. In coculture the special capabilities of both soil microflora and P. ostreatus were partly restricted due to antagonistic interactions, but essentially preserved. Thus, soil inoculation with P. ostreatus significantly increased the mineralization of high-molecular-weight PAH, and at the same time reduced the mineralization of anthracene and pyrene. Regarding the mineralization of low-molecular-weight PAH, the stimulation of indigenous soil microorganisms by straw amendment was more efficient than application of white-rot fungi.     

Treatment of urban stormwater for dissolved pollutants: A comparative study of natural organic filter media

Sorption capacities were evaluated for the dissolved stormwater (SW) pollutants onto two tree mulches and jute fiber. SW spiked with predetermined concentrations of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), hexavalent chromium (Cr ⁺⁶), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), naphthalene (NP), fluoranthene (FA), 1,3‐dichlorobenzene (DCB), and butylbenzylphthalate (BBP) were used in this study. Each medium removed close to 100 percent of all the pollutants at the concentrations studied. Sorption capacities (μg/g) of the three organic media were in the order of jute > hardwood mulch > softwood mulch, and on a mole basis, both the heavy metals and the toxic organics were sorbed by the three media in an identical sequence: Cr ⁺⁶ > Cu, Zn > Cd > Pb; and NP > DCB > FA > B[a]P > BBP. Sorption capacities of the hardwood wood mulch and jute fiber for the pollutants were correlated with distinctive physical properties of the pollutants. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Use of fungal technology in soil remediation: A Case Study

Two white rot fungi Irpex lacteus and Pleurotus ostreatus and a PAH-degrading bacterial strain of Pseudomonas putida were used as inoculum for bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil from a manufactured-gas-plant-area. Also two cocultures comprising a fungus with Pseudomonas putida were applied. After 10-week treatment out of 12 different PAHs, concentration of phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene and pyrene decreased up to 66%. The ecotoxicity of the soil after bioremediation did not reveal any effect on the survival of Daphnia magna, a crustacian. However, the toxic effect on seed germination of plant Brassica alba and oxidoreductase activity of bacterium Bacillus cereus decreased after 5 and 10 weeks of treatment.