垃圾衍生燃料流化床掺混流动过程数值研究

基于计算流体力学方法,采用欧拉双流体模型对垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)流化床内的颗粒掺混流动过程进行三维数值研究。由于燃料颗粒与床料颗粒的密度与直径均有一定差异,因此分别考虑各组分颗粒性质,各组分间相互作用以及气固两相间作用来建立计算模型。研究发现,通过改变表观气体速度,入口流态化速度对颗粒掺混有显著影响。     

袋式除尘器在国电九江电厂的应用及其对PM2.5的脱除分析

国电九江发电厂“上大压小”扩建工程2 x 660 MW超超临界燃煤机组配套采用旋转式低压脉冲袋式除尘器，对袋式除尘器进出口烟气中PM2.5、SO2、NO、SO3、氯化物、汞等浓度进行了现场测试，结果表明，该袋式除尘器能有效脱除烟气中的PM2.5，其PM2.5数浓度和质量浓度脱除效率可分别高达98.9%和99.7%，同时还可脱除富集在PM2.5表面的颗粒态汞。     

基于ANSYS的脱硫烟道结构有限元分析

利用ANSYS有限元数值分析软件,对章丘电厂二期烟气脱硫系统烟道结构进行3D数值计算,考察烟道结构受力和变形情况,从而对加固肋和内撑杆规格进行设计选型.结果表明,有限元分析方法对于脱硫系统结构的精准设计具有一定的指导意义.     

计算软件CFX-TASC Flow在电除尘器气流分布均匀性中的应用

在某电厂扩建工程中,使用CFX－TASC Flow计算软件,计算出电除尘器4个之间的烟气量偏差及电除尘器内气流分布的均匀性,提供了优化后烟道内导流板及电除尘器进气烟箱内3层气流均布置方案,并与电阻尘器气流分布模拟试验台的试验结果进行了对比,该计算软件在电除尘器制造厂及设计,研究单位均有很好的应用前景。     

关于大气中PM2.5浓度的综合预测

鉴于PM2.5对人体的危害，为了提前预测PM2.5浓度值并及时通过降雨方法降低其浓度，开展了PM2.5浓度综合预测研究。通过对西安市一个空气质量监测点收集到观测数据分析与PM2.5浓度强相关的因素，随后综合考虑天气、温度、风力风向对PM2.5浓度观测值的影响，通过添加虚拟变量及因子分析提取因子的方法，将强相关因素、提取的天气、温度、风力风向因子与PM2.5浓度观测值进行回归预测，最终得到较好预测效果。     

燃煤电厂袋式除尘器入口烟道烟气温度偏差调整

应用计算流体力学（CFD）方法对某燃煤电厂袋式除尘器入口烟道烟气流场进行了三维数值模拟研究,分析了导致除尘器入口烟道烟气温度偏差的原因,主要是由于回转式空气预热器的工作原理所致。为此,提出了减小除尘器入口烟道烟气温度偏差的方向及措施,为燃煤电厂除尘器入口烟道的改造、设计提供参考。     

火电厂降低PM2.5排放措施研究

简要介绍了几种新型实用的火电厂降低PM2.5排放的控制技术，为火电厂最大限度的降低PM2.5排放提供系统的设计方案。     

袋式除尘器气流分布数值计算研究

采用结构化/非结构化混合网格技术、多孔介质模型及k-ε两方程湍流模型,对某袋式除尘器及进出口管道内的气体流场进行了数值计算.计算结果表明,合理布置导流板后,袋式除尘器两箱体流量偏差为1.8％;除尘器下游滤袋单元处理气量偏大,中游滤袋单元处理气量较小,最大流量与最小流量偏差为22.3％；靠近除尘器进口处灰斗内存在气流回流特性,易造成粉尘的二次附着现象.     

锅炉尾部烟道直接喷水调质技术的研究

对排烟温度低于160 ℃的锅炉尾部烟道内直接喷水调质技术进行了探讨,从实际应用情况来看,此项技术改造规模小,不影响除灰系统正常运行,并且能提高1%～2.5%的除尘效率.     

铁屑-烟道灰内电解法处理模拟分散大红GS染料废水

采用铁屑-烟道灰内电解法处理模拟分散大红GS染料废水。实验结果表明,在废水pH为5、铁屑加入量为6g、烟道灰加入量为8g、搅拌时间为20m in的最佳条件下处理250mL质量浓度为50m g/L的染料废水,废水的脱色率达81.1%。经铁屑-烟道灰处理后,分散大红GS染料在227.0nm处的特征吸收峰显著降低。所含偶氮基团被还原为苯胺类物质,铁屑被氧化为Fe2+,碱性条件下,Fe2+与OH-生成Fe(OH)2絮凝体。内电解法处理染料废水是氧化还原作用、混凝吸附作用等综合效应的结果。     

电除尘器内部粒子运动及分布数学模型仿真研究

对电除尘器除尘过程中粉尘粒子运动及其分布规律进行研究，用数学的方法构建了一个比较完整的数学模型。通过设定合适的边界条件，采用差分法对所建立的数学模型进行求解，并借助功能强大的数值计算和绘图工具软件Matlab将电除尘器中复杂的粉尘粒子运动进行数值仿真，力求清晰地描述除尘过程中粒子的运动状态和分布规律。研究表明，电除尘器中粉尘粒子在横断面上的浓度分布大致符合指数函数的分布规律，靠近收尘极板的浓度值高于电晕线附近的浓度值，这说明数学模型能够真实地反映电除尘中粉尘粒子的运动规律。     

Two‐dimensional transport of lactate‐modified nanoscale iron particles in porous media

This study investigates the two‐dimensional transport of nanoscale iron particles (NIP) and lactate‐modified NIP (LMNIP) in homogeneous and heterogeneous porous media under typical pressurized groundwater flow conditions. A two‐dimensional bench‐scale test setup was developed and a series of experiments was conducted simulating homogeneous sand profile and two‐layer profile with two different sands. NIP and LMNIP at a concentration of 4 g/L were prepared in electrolyte simulating groundwater conditions and were injected at the inlet of the test setup under different pressure gradients (0.5. 0.8, 1, and 2 pounds per square inch). During the testing, effluent was collected and its volume and nanoiron concentrations were measured. At the end of the testing, soil cores were obtained at different distances from the inlet and were used to measure nanoiron concentrations and magnetic susceptibility values. Results showed that the transport of NIP and LMNIP was enhanced by increased pressure gradient. LMNIP transport occurred more uniformly as compared to bare NIP. The iron concentrations decreased with distance from the inlet to the outlet and increased from the top to the bottom of the test cell. The data indicate that, as the particles were transported, they underwent aggregation and sedimentation, which resulted in the observed non‐uniform spatial distribution of iron. The NIP and LMNIP transported through the high‐porosity and high‐permeability soil layer in the heterogeneous soil profile, implying that the transport occurred predominantly along the path of least resistance for the flow. Magnetic susceptibility values are found to have good correlation with the iron content in the soil and are helpful to characterize the transport of NIP and LMNIP. Overall, this study shows that the non‐uniform distribution of NIP and LMNIP occurs under two‐dimensional transport conditions and the soil heterogeneities can significantly impact the transport of NIP and LMNIP. The design of field delivery systems should consider such conditions and optimize the pressurized injection systems. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

活性焦烟气脱汞的试验研究与数值模拟

采用固定床吸附系统，对自制褐煤活性焦的脱汞性能进行了试验研究，研究发现自制活性焦对烟气中Hg0有一定的吸附能力，随着Hg0的入口浓度的增加，活性焦质量的增加，活性焦的吸附量也在增加。40mg时3号活性焦由10ng/min汞入1：2浓度时26．68％的最大吸附效率提高到40ng／min汞入口浓度时的53．12％。10ng/min汞入口浓度时3号活性焦在40mg时的最大吸附效率为26．68％，而在80mg时吸附效率提高到43．2％。烟气中的SO2、NO气体对活性焦吸附汞有一定的促进作用。在试验的基础上建立了固定床吸附系统的数学模型，基于Lan—mguir吸附系数，考虑吸附过程中颗粒内、外的传质控制过程，建立质量平衡方程。通过Matlab模型计算，计算结果与试验结果基本吻合，计算的活性焦脱汞效率要优于试验数值，计算的是理想情况下活性焦对汞的吸附效率，实际情况会有所降低。     

Elutriation characteristics of fine particles from bubbling fluidized bed incineration for sludge cake treatment

In this study, measurements of elutriation rate were carried out in a bench scale bubbling fluidized bed incinerator, which was used to combust sludge cake. The particle size distribution and ignition loss were analyzed to study the elutriation characteristics of bubbling fluidized bed incineration. Drawn from the experimental data, the elutriation rate constant K(i)* for fine particles were obtained and correlated with parameters. It was found that most of the solid particles (about 95%) elutriated came from the fluidized medium (inorganic matters), but few came from unburned carbon particles or soot (about 5%). Finally, this paper lists a comparison of K(i)* between this study and the published prediction equations derived or studied in non-incineration modes of fluidized bed. A new and modified correlation is proposed here to estimate the elutriation rate of fine particles emitted from a bubbling fluidized bed incinerator. Primary operation variables (superficial gas velocity and incineration temperature) affecting the elutriation rate are also discussed in the paper.     

Computer Modeling of Oil Spill Trajectories With a High Accuracy Method

This paper proposes a high accuracy numerical method to model oil spill trajectories using a particle-tracking algorithm. The Euler method, used to calculate oil trajectories, can give adequate solutions in most open ocean applications. However, this method may not predict accurate particle trajectories in certain highly non-uniform velocity fields near coastal zones or in river problems. Simple numerical experiments show that the Euler method may also introduce artificial numerical dispersion that could lead to overestimation of spill areas. This article proposes a fourth-order Runge–Kutta method with fourth-order velocity interpolation to calculate oil trajectories that minimize these problems. The algorithm is implemented in the OilTrack model to predict oil trajectories following the “Nissos Amorgos” oil spill accident that occurred in the Gulf of Venezuela in 1997. Despite lack of adequate field information, model results compare well with observations in the impacted area.     

The simulation of condensation removal of a heavy metal from exhaust gases onto sorbent particles

A numerical model BAEROSOL for solving the general dynamic equation (GDE) of aerosols is presented. The goal was to model the capture of volatilized metals by sorbents under incinerator-like conditions. The model is based on algorithms presented by Jacobson and Turco [Aerosol Science and Technology 22 (1995) 73]. A hybrid size bin was used to model growth and formation of particles from the continuum phase and the coagulation of existing particles. Condensation and evaporation growth were calculated in a moving size bin approach, where coagulation and nucleation was modeled in the fixed size bin model of the hybrid grid. To account for the thermodynamic equilibrium in the gas phase, a thermodynamic equilibrium code CET89 was implemented. The particle size distribution (PSD) calculated with the model was then compared to analytical solutions provided for growth, coagulation and both combined. Finally, experimental findings by Rodriguez and Hall [Waste Management 21 (2001) 589-607] were compared to the PSD predicted by the developed model and the applicability of the model under incineration conditions is discussed.     

Application of Dispersion Modelling for Analysis of Particle Pollution Sources in a Street Canyon

The dominating source of particles in urban air is road traffic. In terms of number concentration, its main contribution is within the range of ultrafine particles (Dp < 100 nm). The dispersion conditions, i.e. transport and dilution, of the submicrometer particles are expected to be like for gases and therefore the particle concentrations in a street canyon can be calculated using gaseous pollutants dispersion models. Such processes, like coagulation or condensation, are less important due to the short residence time within the street canyon environment.Two extensive measuring campaigns were conducted in the street Jagtvej in Copenhagen, Denmark. The particle size distributions were measured by a Differential Mobility Analyser (DMA) coupled to a particle counter, providing high time resolution data (1/2 hourly) on a continuous basis. Measurements of NO_x, CO and meteorological parameters were also available. The measured particle number concentrations, especially below 100 nm, reveal very similar dependence on the meteorological conditions as the NO_x concentrations. This underpins the conclusion that dilution properties are similar for particles and NO_x. For particle sizes over 100 nm, somewhat different behaviour is observed. This points toward existence of additional particle sources, not related to traffic emissions within the street canyon. A significant contribution is believed here to be attributed to long-range transport. The total particle emission from traffic, including daily variation and size distribution, has been calculated using the OSPM dispersion model. Results are in accordance with a previous analysis based on statistical modelling.     

Hybrid sensor for metal grade measurement of a falling stream of solid waste particles

A hybrid sensor system for accurate detection of the metal grade of a stream of falling solid waste particles is investigated and experimentally verified. The system holds an infrared and an electromagnetic unit around a central tube and counts all the particles and only the metal particles, respectively. The count ratio together with the measured average particle mass ratio (k) of non-metal and metal particles is sufficient for calculation of grade. The performance of the system is accurately verified using synthetic mixtures of sand and metal particles. Towards an application a case study is performed using municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash in size fractions 1-6mm, which presents a major challenge for nonferrous metal recovery. The particle count ratio was inherently accurate for particle feed rates up to 13 per second. The average value and spread of k for bottom ash was determined as 0.49 ± 0.07 and used to calculate grade within 2.4% from the manually analysed grade. At higher feed rates the sensors start missing particles which fall simultaneously through the central tube, but the hybrid system still counted highly repeatable. This allowed for implementation of a count correction ratio to eliminate the stationary error. In combination with averaging in measurement intervals for suppression of stochastic variations the hybrid system regained its accuracy for particle feed rates up to 143 per second. This performance and its special design, intended to render it insensitive to external interference and noise when applied in an eddy current separator, make the hybrid sensor suitable for applications such as quality control and sensor controlled separation.     

Mathematical modelling of sewage sludge incineration in a bubbling fluidised bed with special consideration for thermally-thick fuel particles

Fluidised bed combustor (FBC) is one of the key technologies for sewage sludge incineration. In this paper, a mathematical model is developed for the simulation of a large-scale sewage sludge incineration plant. The model assumes the bed consisting of a fast-gas phase, an emulsion phase and a fuel particle phase with specific consideration for thermally-thick fuel particles. The model further improves over previous works by taking into account throughflow inside the bubbles as well as the floating and random movement of the fuel particles inside the bed. Validation against both previous lab-scale experiments and operational data of a large-scale industrial plant was made. Calculation results indicate that combustion split between the bed and the freeboard can range from 60/40 to 90/10 depending on the fuel particle distribution across the bed height under the specific conditions. The bed performance is heavily affected by the variation in sludge moisture level. The response time to variation in feeding rate is different for different parameters, from 6min for outlet H(2)O, 10min for O(2), to 34min for bed temperature.