燃料分级燃烧最佳风煤配比的数值模拟

运用Fluent软件对某电厂1160t／h锅炉的燃烧过程和NOx生成特性进行数值模拟。通过调节风煤配比来改变燃烧区域风粉的混合以及燃烧区内的气氛，得到炉内C（s）、CO2、CO、O2、H2O（g）的浓度分布和NOx生成特性。对于煤粉的燃烧特性而言，NOx的来源依赖于煤中氮的析出和氧化。从模拟结果可以看出，煤量变化率直接影响燃烧生成物在锅炉中的分布，从而影响NOx排放浓度。随着煤量变化率的增大，NOx的排放浓度先减少后增加，即燃料分级工况存在最佳风煤配比。从所计算工况的结果比较，得出了最佳风煤配比。     

火电厂降低NOx排放的技术研究

NOx是燃煤电厂烟气排放三大有害物（SO2、NOx及悬浮颗粒物TSP）之一。从污染角度考虑的氮氧化物主要是NO和NO2,统称为NOx。介绍了NOx的生成机理,即热力型NOx和燃料型NOx,前者由参与燃烧的空气中所含的N2生成,后者由燃料本身的氮元素生成。分析了低氮燃烧技术、SCR烟气脱硝技术、SNCR烟气脱硝技术及SCR＋SNCR组合式等NOx控制技术。其中,在燃烧过程中降低NOx生成的主要手段是采用分级燃烧,降低燃烧区域的氧浓度和降低火焰温度;在燃烧后可采用烟气处理技术降低烟气中的NOx含量。     

燃煤锅炉低NOx燃烧器的类型及其发展

阐述了3种控制燃烧过程NOx的低氮燃烧技术——空气分级燃烧、燃料分级燃烧及烟气再循环技术，分别介绍了几家著名的锅炉公司所开发的具有代表性的低NOx燃烧器的原理、结构及发展趋势。     

基于支持向量机的燃烧过程NOx排放模型

针对电站锅炉煤粉燃烧过程中NOx排放机理模型难以建立的实际情况,取过量空气系数、一次风率、煤粉细度作为输入量,燃烧室NOx排放量作为输出量.建立三个基于向量机的NOx排放模型.研究表明,向量机模型不仅能对训练数据进行很好的训练,而且当预测一种新的工况时,也能对测试数据进行很好的拟合.     

分级燃烧技术在电站锅炉低NOx排放中的应用

分级燃烧技术是较为成熟的电站锅炉降氮燃烧技术,通过将炉膛二次风重新分配,使燃料经历富燃料和富氧两个过程,有效抑制了NOx的形成.台山电厂2号锅炉是典型的亚临界汽包炉,应用分级燃烧原理的低氮燃烧系统,降低了主燃区的氧浓度和温度,将炉膛出口NOx浓度由400 mg/m3降低到150 mg/m3,减排效果显著.     

W型无烟煤锅炉氮氧化物排放浓度高的原因分析及解决实例

针对燃煤电厂W型火焰无烟煤锅炉普遍存在的NOx排放浓度高的问题进行了原因分析,与一般燃煤锅炉所排NOx以燃料型为主不同,该锅炉所排NOx的主要类型为热力型,炉膛燃烧温度高是热力型NOx产生量高的主要原因.通过对案例电厂煤质及炉型的分析找到了降低NOx排放的可行方法,对锅炉进行简单改造,掺烧烟煤可显著降低锅炉NOx产生量,通过试验确定掺烧烟煤的合适比例,为类似炉型提供参考.     

切向燃煤锅炉新型低氮燃烧器的开发

在前墙燃烧锅炉中,通过高温还原火焰和火焰稳定技术已可使NOx排放量降到很低的程度,并已在切向燃烧中得到了应用,该技术与燃尽风系统相结合可得到更高的脱氮效率,飞灰中未燃炭的含量仍然可以保持很低,这种低氮燃烧器的脱氮效率为50％－80％,在实际运行的锅炉上使用时NOx(以NO2计）排放量可降低到50－70mg/MJ,该技术不仅用于燃烟煤的锅炉,还可用于燃褐煤的锅炉。     

冷法削减NOx排放量

John Zink公司向市场推出一种可以利用烟道气循环减少燃气锅炉NOx排放量的燃烧器 .在现场试验中,该燃烧器NOx的排放体积分数稳定达到30×10-6,最低达到10×1 0-6. 该技术被称作冷燃料法,因为烟道气与燃料气混合使燃料气的热值从1200 Bt u/英尺3降至400 Btu/英尺3,使绝热火焰温度降低,从而减少NOx的产生量.该技术的关键是一个具有专利权的文丘里喷嘴.该喷嘴可利用燃料气的驱动力将烟道气循环引入燃料管线中,从而避免使用风扇. 由于技术简单,该法的投资要低于其他方法.对于一个100 MM Btu/h的典型燃气锅炉,该法去除1 t NOx的费用为527美元,而常规烟道气循环法则需要1 120美元,选择性催化还原法则需要3148美元.该技术可适用于任何一种常规燃烧器.     

烟气脱硝工艺及其化学反应机理

概述了工业固定源NOx的控制措施，包括燃烧过程控制和燃烧后减少NOx排放。介绍两种主要的烟气脱硝工艺SNCR和SCR的特点、布置及所要求的温度范围，正在商业化应用的SCR工艺的催化荆组成、活性组分及其他组分的作用。提出了这一催化体系中还需要进一步澄清的某些化学机理。     

固态排渣煤粉炉NOx产生浓度影响因素偏相关分析

利用第一次全国污染源普查“火力发电行业产排污系数核算”工作中现场监测得到的数据，首次采用偏相关分析的方法，对固态排渣煤粉炉中机组规模、空气过剩系数、煤中挥发分和发电负荷率等因素对NOx产生浓度的影响进行定性分析，结论：NOx产生浓度与前三种因素存在显著的相关。而与发电负荷率的关系受锅炉是否采用低氮燃烧技术的影响。空气过剩系数越大，煤的挥发分越高，NOx产生浓度越低；采用低氮燃烧装置的锅炉中，机组规模越大，产生的NOx越少，且对于同一锅炉来说，NOx产生浓度随着发电负荷率的升高而增大；未采用燃烧控制的锅炉中，机组规模越大，NOx产生浓度越高，且与发电负荷率不相关。根据分析结果，提出了控制燃煤电厂固态排渣煤粉炉NOx排放的优化措施和建议。     

Co-firing of paper mill sludge and coal in an industrial circulating fluidized bed boiler

Co-firing of coal and paper mill sludge was conducted in a 103 MWth circulating fluidized bed boiler to investigate the effect of the sludge feeding rate on emissions of SOx, NOx, and CO. The preliminary results show that emissions of SOx and Nx decrease with increasing sludge feeding rate, but CO shows the reverse tendency due to the decrease in combustion temperature caused by a large amount of moisture in the sludge. All emissions met the local environmental requirements. The combustion ashes could be recycled as feed materials in the cement manufacturing process.     

Combustion studies of high moisture content waste in a fluidised bed

The combustion of three high moisture content waste materials in a fluidised bed combustor has been investigated and a comparison with co-firing of these materials with coal in the same combustor has been made. Waste materials burnt were olive oil waste, municipal solid waste and potato, which is representative of vegetable waste. Mixtures of up to 20% mass concentration water in the waste were fed to the combustor. Above that value the moisture content was too high to sustain combustion without addition of coal. Measurements of CO, NOx, SO2 temperatures were made and the carbon combustion efficiency evaluated. Co-firing with coal resulted in markedly higher combustion efficiencies with an increase of approximately 10-80% when burning the simulated MSW. However, this was much lower than the value of 93% when coal was burnt on its own. It was also much lower than the value obtained, average 90%, when co-firing potato and olive oil waste with coal and there was little difference in the combustion efficiency between the two types of waste and with increasing moisture content. It was concluded that the high ash content of the simulated MSW 26%, compared with 5% in the other two waste materials resulted in slower burning and consequently the char particles were elutriated from the bed without being fully burnt. In term of gaseous emissions during co-combustion, CO emission is relatively insensitive to change in waste fraction. While emission of SO2 can be reduced as the waste fraction increases as a result of fuel-S dilution. But in terms of percent fuel-S converted, it is actually increased by increasing waste fraction. Emissions of NO and N2O increase slightly with MSW fraction.     

Characteristics of carbonized sludge for co-combustion in pulverized coal power plants

Co-combustion of sewage sludge can destabilize its combustion profile due to high volatility, which results in unstable flame. We carried out fuel reforming for sewage sludge by way of carbonization at pyrolysis temperature of 300-500 °C. Fuel characteristics of carbonized sludge at each temperature were analyzed. As carbonization temperature increased, fuel ratio increased, volatile content reduced, and atomic ratio relation of H/C and O/C was similar to that of lignite. The analysis result of FT-IR showed the decrease of aliphatic C-H bond and O-C bond in carbonization. In the analysis result of TG-DTG, the thermogravimetry reduction temperature of carbonized sludge (CS400) was proven to be higher than that of dried sludge, but lower than that of sub-bituminous coal. Hardgrove grindability index increased in proportion to fuel ratio increase, where the carbonized sludge value of 43-110 was similar or higher than the coal value of 49-63. As for ash deposits, slagging and fouling index were higher than that of coal. When carbonized sludge (CS400) and coal were co-combusted in 1-10% according to calorific value, slagging tendency was low in all conditions, and fouling tendency was medium or high according to the compositions of coal.     

Co-combustion of agricultural residues with coal in a fluidized bed combustor

Power generation from biomass is an attractive technology that utilizes agricultural residual waste. In order to explain the behavior of biomass-fired fluidized bed incinerator, biomass sources from agricultural residues (rice husk and palm kernel) were co-fired with coal in a 0.15m diameter and 2.3m high fluidized bed combustor. The combustion efficiency and carbon monoxide emissions were studied and compared with those for pure coal combustion. Co-combustion of a mixture of biomass with coal in a fluidized bed combustor designed for coal combustion increased combustion efficiency up to 20% depending upon excess air levels. Observed carbon monoxide levels fluctuated between 200 and 900 ppm with the addition of coal. It is evident from this research that efficient co-firing of biomass with coal can be achieved with minimal modifications to existing coal-fired boilers.     

中国2030年CO2排放总量预测研究

我国2005年和2010年CO2排放总量分别为55亿t和81.52亿t,“十五”和“十一五”期间年均增长率分别为11.0％和8.0％.中国2011-2015年、2016-2020年、2021-2025年和2026-2030年GDP年均增长率分别为8％、7％、6％、5％的经济发展模式与对应的能源消费弹性系数分别为0.5、0.5、0.4和0.3的能源发展模式,预测2030年燃煤、燃油和天然气CO2排放量及全国CO2排放总量.提出减少CO2排放总量对策,主要包括：调整能源结构,尽量减少煤炭消费量占能源消费总量的比例,增加石油、天然气和新能源的比例,提高CO2综合利用率,完善CO2管理政策与法律法规等.     

Low NOx burners--prediction of emissions concentration based on design,measurements and modelling

This paper describes possible ways of prediction of nitrogen oxides formation during combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. Mathematical model based on experimental data acquired from the testing facility has been developed. The model enables to predict--at a high probability measure--the extent of nitrogen oxides emissions. The mathematical model of nitrogen oxide formation relies on the application of simplified kinetic equations describing the formation of nitrogen oxides at so-called equivalent temperature. It is a semi-empirical model that comes out of experimental knowledge. An important role played by the burner design itself has been emphasized and therefore an important supplementary parameter of the model is the characteristic of the burner design. It has been established that there was a good agreement between experimental data and those calculated by the application of the model to various conditions marked out by different combustion parameters in the combustion chamber. The results obtained by application of the model respect the influence of parameters validated by industrial practice that control the formation of nitrogen oxides in the course of fuel combustion. Such parameters-first of all-tare the temperature in the combustion chamber and the concentration of the substances taking part in the reaction. By application of the model, it is possible to assess the consequence of, for example the surplus of combustion air, the increase of temperature of combustion air, the supply of inert gas, etc. on the nitrogen oxides emissions of the operating burner under evaluation. Efficient combining of experience and sophisticated approach together with importance of thus access for an improved design are shown.     

Characterization, leachability and valorization through combustion of residual chars from gasification of coals with pine

This paper presents the study of the combustion of char residues produced during co-gasification of coal with pine with the aim of characterizing them for their potential use for energy. These residues are generally rich in carbon with the presence of other elements, with particular concern for heavy metals and pollutant precursors, depending on the original fuel used.The evaluation of environmental toxicity of the char residues was performed through application of different leaching tests (EN12457-2, US EPA-1311 TCLP and EA NEN 7371:2004). The results showed that the residues present quite low toxicity for some of pollutants. However, depending on the fuel used, possible presence of other pollutants may bring environmental risks.The utilization of these char residues for energy was in this study evaluated, by burning them as a first step pre-treatment prior to landfilling. The thermo-gravimetric analysis and ash fusibility studies revealed an adequate thermochemical behavior, without presenting any major operational risks.Fluidized bed combustion was applied to char residues. Above 700 °C, very high carbon conversion ratios were obtained and it seemed that the thermal oxidation of char residues was easier than that of the coals. It was found that the char tendency for releasing SO₂ during its oxidation was lower than for the parent coal, while for NO_X emissions, the trend was observed to increase NO_X formation. However, for both pollutants the same control techniques might be applied during char combustion, as for coal. Furthermore, the leachability of ashes resulting from the combustion of char residues appeared to be lower than those produced from direct coal combustion.     

Thermal conversion of rice husks and sawdust to liquid fuel

The paper focuses on studying the conversion of rice husks and sawdust into liquid fuel. Rice husks, sawdust and their mixture are pyrolyzed at temperatures between 420 and 540 degrees C, and the main product of liquid fuel is obtained. The experimental result shows that the yield of liquid fuel depends on various factors such as feedstock and temperature. The maximum yields for rice husks, sawdust and their mixture are 56%, 61% and 60% at 465, 490 and 475 degrees C, respectively. Analyses with GC-MS and other apparatus show that the liquid fuel is a complicated compound with low caloric value and can be directly used as a fuel oil for combustion in a boiler or a furnace without any upgrading. Alternatively, the fuel can be refined to be used by vehicles.     

Modeling of the reburning process using sewage sludge-derived syngas

Gasification of sewage sludge can provide clean and effective reburning fuel for combustion applications. The motivation of this work was to define the reburning potential of the sewage sludge gasification gas (syngas). A numerical simulation of the co-combustion process of syngas in a hard coal-fired boiler was done. All calculations were performed using the Chemkin programme and a plug-flow reactor model was used. The calculations were modelled using the GRI-Mech 2.11 mechanism. The highest conversions for nitric oxide (NO) were obtained at temperatures of approximately 1000-1200 K. The combustion of hard coal with sewage sludge-derived syngas reduces NO emissions. The highest reduction efficiency (>90%) was achieved when the molar flow ratio of the syngas was 15%. Calculations show that the analysed syngas can provide better results than advanced reburning (connected with ammonia injection), which is more complicated process.