吸附剂控制单质汞的研究

总结了燃煤烟气中汞污染控制的技术原理、技术特点、研究现状及进展情况，对比了烟气中较难脱除的单质汞（Hg^0）污染控制技术的优缺点，概述了烟气中单质汞脱除方法，展望了矿石类（沸石，蛭石等）吸附剂在烟气汞吸附脱除中的应用潜力，提出了对燃煤烟气中单质汞吸附净化的研究思路。     

火电厂烟气汞形态转化机理及控制方法

汞是煤中最易挥发的重金属元素之一,燃烧产物中汞的排放为火电厂锅炉汞污染的主流。烟气中的汞主要采用活性炭或者其他吸附剂、飞灰再循环、湿法烟气脱硫装置等手段来去除,但普遍存在吸附剂价格昂贵、经济效应不高,具体脱除效应不明显、仅适用中小型火电厂锅炉等实际问题。为配合脱汞市场,需要在完善测试手段和控制手段的基础上,着重解决多组分污染物联合脱除汞反应的竞争机制和活性/选择性调控规律、吸收剂固体表面物理化学、大容积/大流量反应器内超低浓度污染物的富集/反应机理等关键技术问题。在火电厂烟气零价汞形态转化机理、汞迁移转化动力学模型的研究以及高效价廉吸附剂的开发等方面取得突破,开发具有自主知识产权的新型燃煤电厂烟气中汞排放控制方法。     

活性焦烟气脱汞的试验研究与数值模拟

采用固定床吸附系统，对自制褐煤活性焦的脱汞性能进行了试验研究，研究发现自制活性焦对烟气中Hg0有一定的吸附能力，随着Hg0的入口浓度的增加，活性焦质量的增加，活性焦的吸附量也在增加。40mg时3号活性焦由10ng/min汞入1：2浓度时26．68％的最大吸附效率提高到40ng／min汞入口浓度时的53．12％。10ng/min汞入口浓度时3号活性焦在40mg时的最大吸附效率为26．68％，而在80mg时吸附效率提高到43．2％。烟气中的SO2、NO气体对活性焦吸附汞有一定的促进作用。在试验的基础上建立了固定床吸附系统的数学模型，基于Lan—mguir吸附系数，考虑吸附过程中颗粒内、外的传质控制过程，建立质量平衡方程。通过Matlab模型计算，计算结果与试验结果基本吻合，计算的活性焦脱汞效率要优于试验数值，计算的是理想情况下活性焦对汞的吸附效率，实际情况会有所降低。     

电厂燃煤过程中汞控制技术研究

燃煤电厂汞控制技术分燃烧前、燃烧中和燃烧后脱汞，燃烧后脱汞技术为主要汞控制排放工艺，其中吸附剂吸附方法的研究较为广泛。基于国内外近几年燃煤电厂烟气脱汞技术的研究，综述了汞控制技术的最新进展。     

粉煤灰基吸附剂对模拟废水中Cd2+的吸附性能

以粉煤灰为原料、Na2CO3为助熔剂,采用盐熔融—水浴结晶法制备粉煤灰基吸附剂。探讨了吸附剂的最佳制备条件及其对模拟废水中Cd2+的最佳吸附条件、吸附动力学和吸附机理。实验结果表明:制备吸附剂的最佳工艺条件为m(粉煤灰)∶m(Na2CO3)为1∶2,焙烧温度为450℃;采用最佳制备工艺条件下制备的吸附剂(记作2-450℃-FA吸附剂),在初始Cd2+质量浓度为300 mg/L、初始溶液pH为7.7、振荡时间为120 min的条件下,对模拟废水中Cd2+的去除率为98.0%。2-450℃-FA吸附剂对Cd2+的吸附主要受颗粒内扩散控制,吸附过程可用准二级吸附动力学方程很好地描述。Ea为77.22 kJ/mol,吸附过程主要为化学吸附。     

纳米零价铁/玉米淀粉的制备及其对Pb2+的吸附

以玉米淀粉为载体，采用液相还原法制备纳米零价铁/玉米淀粉，并用于溶液中Pb2+的去除。采用SEM技术对吸附材料进行了表征。考察了溶液pH、纳米零价铁/玉米淀粉加入量、初始Pb2+质量浓度、反应时间等因素对Pb2+吸附效果的影响。表征结果显示，纳米零价铁/玉米淀粉球体间主要呈链状连接，不仅保持了纳米零价铁的特性，且颗粒的团聚现象明显减少。实验结果表明，在溶液pH 7.0、纳米零价铁/玉米淀粉加入量0.8 g/L、初始Pb2+质量浓度50 mg/L、反应时间60 min的条件下，纳米零价铁/玉米淀粉对Pb2+具有较好的吸附效果，Pb2+去除率为93.17%、吸附量为47.27 mg/g。     

氯化物浸泡活性炭对汞的吸附特性研究

用氯化锌溶液对活性炭(AC)颗粒进行浸泡，研究其在低温下对气态汞的吸附特性。结果表明，活性炭对汞的吸附与活性炭特性、试验温度、反应时间、浸泡液浓度等因素有关。     

燃煤烟气中新型吸附剂改性蛭石研究进展

总结了燃煤烟气中汞污染的现状及蛭石吸附剂研究的进展情况,对烟气中单质汞的脱除进行了研究,提出了蛭石在单质汞的吸附脱除方面存在的潜力,为今后燃煤烟气中单质汞的脱除提出了一定的研究思路.     

现有设备协同脱汞技术概述

介绍了燃煤电站汞的排放状况,并指出了汞危害性以及我国面临的脱汞压力,论述了烟气中汞存在形式以及影响其存在形式的因素.探讨了当前燃煤电站利用现有污染控制设备进行协同脱汞的研究进展,包括：燃烧器/反应器、选择性催化还原脱硝（SCR）、电除尘器（布袋除尘）（ESP/FF）、湿法烟气脱硫系统（WFGD）等设备.提出了脱汞吸附剂处理问题,并对今后烟气脱汞技术的研究趋势进行了展望.     

燃煤电厂烟气中汞控制技术研究

介绍了溶解法、吸附法、化学法和鳌合法等4种燃煤电厂烟气脱汞技术。从机理上分析了烟气脱汞技术的工艺过程,对脱汞技术的进一步开发和工业化进程具有促进作用。     

我国电石法生产聚氯乙烯行业汞排放清单

提出了我国电石法聚氯乙烯(PVC)生产全生命周期汞排放清单的计算方法。采用低汞触媒有盐酸脱吸工艺、高汞触媒有盐酸脱吸工艺、高汞触媒无盐酸脱吸工艺的汞输入因子分别为0.045 g/kt、0.091 g/kt和0.122 g/kt,回收产品的汞输出分布因子分别为95.37%、81.97%和97.18%。估算得到:2010年我国电石法PVC生产汞输入量792.8~814.8 t;回收的产品汞705.9~724.4 t,通过大气无组织排放、管道残留以及其他未知途径汞排放79.6~82.8 t;废水汞排放1.3 t;固体废物汞排放3.6~3.7 t;废酸汞排放2.5~2.6 t。回收的产品汞是汞输出的主要途径。     

乳状液膜提取废汞触媒浸出液中的汞及 乳状液破乳

采用乳状液膜法分离提取废汞触媒浸出液中的Hg~(2+)。考察了影响乳状液膜体系分离富集汞的主要因素,并对分离提取后的乳液相进行了破乳研究。分离提取实验结果表明:乳状液膜体系的最佳配方为流动载体磷酸三丁酯体积分数10%、表面活性剂失水山梨糖醇脂肪酸酯体积分数4%、膜溶剂磺化煤油体积分数86%、内水相HCl溶液浓度0.10mol/L、油相与内水相的体积比1∶1;在乳状液与外水相的体积比为1∶10的条件下Hg~(2+)提取率达78.50%。破乳实验结果表明:加热破乳、离心破乳、加热离心联合破乳3种方法的破乳率分别为29.0%,54.0%,85.7%;采用加热离心联合法破乳后,Hg~(2+)富集倍数达8.5。     

Urban Metabolism of Mercury Turnover,Emissions and Stock in Stockholm 1795–1995

This article accounts for the use of mercury (Hg) in differentactivities in Stockholm during the time period 1795–1995.Turnover of Hg is estimated to 122–440 tons, amounts recycled: 27–50 tons and total emissions of Hg are estimated to 90–390 tons. The stock was approximately 4.4–8.1 tons in 1995. 19th century handicraft occupations and medical treatment emitted alarge part of the Hg, emission sources that hitherto have beenunknown in Sweden. Emissions peaked around 1960, thereafter theemissions plummeted, being the result of decreased use of Hg fordental fillings and in products such as batteries, while recycling efforts had a limited effect on reducing total emissions. Based on this finding, the current focus on collectionof Hg containing products for long term storage in bedrock is questioned. If the aim is to reduce the potential for environmental hazards because of Hg it might be better to focusmore attention on the already emitted amounts since these are nearly 30 times greater than the amount of Hg in stock.     

电石法聚氯乙烯生产行业的汞污染防治

结合我国电石法聚氯乙烯生产行业的发展现状，提出了采用低汞触媒替代高汞触媒以降低汞消耗、开发高效除汞器以提高脱汞效率、深度解吸废盐酸以解决汞转移问题、深度处理含汞废水以实现综合利用、优化工艺控制以降低汞触媒消耗、改善防护措施以减轻汞扩散等汞污染防治工作的要点。     

燃煤电厂烟气汞排放控制研究现状及进展

燃煤电站汞污染已经成为继SO2污染之后的又一重大污染问题。燃煤烟气中汞污染的控制研究是目前重要的环保课题之一,开发高效、低成本、无二次污染的烟气脱汞技术已成为研究重点。综述了国内外相关方面的研究进展,并做了简要的分析与总结,对未来燃煤烟气汞污染控制技术的发展进行了展望。     

煤中汞在燃煤电站中的形态转化

论述了汞在煤中的存在形态以及在电站燃煤过程中汞的形态转化过程和汞在大气中的传播。     

Mercury Loading and Methylmercury Production and Cycling in High-Altitude Lakes from the Western United States

Studies worldwide have shown that mercury (Hg) is a ubiquitouscontaminant, reaching even the most remote environments such ashigh-altitude lakes via atmospheric pathways. However, very fewstudies have been conducted to assess Hg contamination levels ofthese systems. We sampled 90 mid-latitude, high-altitude lakes from seven national parks in the western United States during afour-week period in September 1999. In addition to the synoptic survey, routine monitoring and experimental studies were conducted at one of the lakes (Mills Lake) to quantify MeHg fluxrates and important process rates such as photo-demethylation. Results show that overall, high-altitude lakes have low total mercury (HgT) and methylmercury (MeHg) levels (1.07 and 0.05 ng L^-1, respectively), but a very good correlation of Hg to MeHg (r²= 0.82) suggests inorganic Hg(II) loading is a primary controlling factor of MeHg levels in dilute mountain lakes. Positive correlations were also observed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and both Hg and MeHg, although to a much lesser degree. Levels of MeHg were similar among the seven national parks, with the exception of Glacier National Park where lowerconcentrations were observed (0.02 ng L^-1), and appear to berelated to naturally elevated pH values there. Measured rates ofMeHg photo-degradation at Mills Lake were quite fast, and thisprocess was of equal importance to sedimentation and stream flowfor removing MeHg. Enhanced rates of photo-demethylation are likely an important reason why high-altitude lakes, with typically high water clarity and sunlight exposure, are low in MeHg.     

压汞法测定火电厂SCR板式催化剂孔参数的研究

以压汞法测定多孔物质的孔结构及比表面积已广泛用于化学工业、催化剂、石油、陶瓷及水泥等各个领域，但国内外关于压汞法在火电厂烟气脱硝催化剂表征中的应用鲜有报道。借鉴孔结构测试的标准方法，对样品处理方法及一些试验条件进行了优化，确定了一种用压汞法表征脱硝催化剂孔参数（主要包括孔容、孔径及孔径分布）的方法。并将该方法用于某电厂运行不同时间的催化剂参数的表征，结果表明，压汞法测得的孔隙数据与催化剂活性存在相关性。此方法的应用将对电厂脱硝催化剂的表征和管理提供指导。     

燃煤电厂汞排放控制技术研究

近年来，燃煤电厂烟气中的汞成为继SO2、NOx和烟尘之后又一公认的大气环境污染物，我国已正式立法控制燃煤电厂汞排放，这使得燃煤电厂汞排放技术的研究迫在眉睫。不同形态汞的理化性质不同，元素态汞（ Hg0）较之氧化态汞（Hg2＋）和颗粒态汞（Hgp）更难去除，因此，脱汞的前提是提高Hg0的氧化率。介绍并简单分析了目前国内外已有的汞排放控制技术：燃烧前控制（清洁燃煤发电技术）、燃烧中控制（煤基添加剂技术和炉膛喷射技术），和燃烧后控制（利用现有的烟气控制设备协同控制），并对我国脱汞技术发展方向提出了展望。     

Formation of Reactive Gaseous Mercury in the Arctic: Evidence of Oxidation of Hg° to Gas-Phase Hg-II Compounds after Arctic Sunrise

We have measured total gaseous mercury concentrations(Hg°) at Point Barrow, Alaska since September 1998 in aneffort to determine the geographic extent and reaction mechanismof the so-called mercury depletion events (MDE) previouslyreported in the high Arctic at Alert, Canada. Hg° has beensampled now for nearly 2 years at Barrow. In September, 1999, webegan making the first automated measurements of reactive gaseousmercury (RGM) attempted in the Arctic, along with measurements ofHg accumulation in snowpack to determine the fate of the depleted Hg°. During the fall and early winter, Hg°and RGM exhibit only minor variation, Hg° remaining within10% of global background, near 1.6–1.8 ng m^-3. The MDEperiods are quite different, however; within days of Arcticsunrise in January, Hg° exhibits major variations from themean, rapidly dropping as low as 0.05 ng m^-3 and then cyclingback to typical levels, sometimes exceeding global background. These events continue throughout Arctic spring, then end abruptlyfollowing snowmelt, in early June. Prior to Arctic sunrise, RGMremains near detection (<2 pg m^-3), but after sunriseincreases dramatically (to levels as high as 900 pg/m³) insynchrony with the depletion of Hg°. Both phenomenaexhibit a strong diel cycle, in parallel with UV-B. We concludethat MDE's involve rapid in-air oxidation of Hg° to aspecies of RGM by photochemically-driven reactions, probablyinvolving the same reactive bromine and chlorine compoundsinvolved in ozone destruction. Sharp increases in Hg in thesurface snowpack after sunrise coincident with periods of peakRGM suggest surface accumulation of the RGM by dry deposition.