污泥膜覆盖好氧发酵堆乍流场模拟及应用研究

运用Gambit软件建立了污泥好氧发酵堆体的多孔介质模型，通过自行设计的实验装置获得了堆体的通风粘性阻力系数和惯性阻力系数以及功能膜压差与透气量之间的关系，用Fluent软件分析了堆体不同截面形状及底部通风管数量对堆体通风均匀性的影响，为确定合理的通风管数量及截面几何形状提供理论依据。对上海奉贤区城镇污水厂污泥处理工程发酵仓进行堆体流场模拟，确定堆体采用小拱形截面形状，堆高2m，宽8m，底部设置4条通风管，实际运行效果良好。     

污泥膜覆盖好氧发酵堆体流场模拟及应用研究

运用Gambit软件建立了污泥好氧发酵堆体的多孔介质模型,通过自行设计的实验装置获得了堆体的通风粘性阻力系数和惯性阻力系数以及功能膜压差与透气量之间的关系,用Fluent软件分析了堆体不同截面形状及底部通风管数量对堆体通风均匀性的影响,为确定合理的通风管数量及截面几何形状提供理论依据。对上海奉贤区城镇污水厂污泥处理工程发酵仓进行堆体流场模拟,确定堆体采用小拱形截面形状,堆高2 m,宽8 m,底部设置4条通风管,实际运行效果良好。     

好氧堆肥滚筒结构及通风管排布设计

针对现有好氧堆肥技术的不足,设计1台兼具强制通风静态垛与卧式旋转仓二者优势的好氧堆肥用滚筒反应器。运用Fluent软件对大部分发酵时间处于静态的滚筒反应器进行通风效果数值模拟与分析,对比通风管不同排布方式的堆体中小流速区域面积,确定了滚筒底部2根通风管的合理排布方式。     

污泥静态好氧发酵中堆体板结与通风的研究

为研究污泥静态好氧发酵中板结对强制通风和发酵进程的影响,降低通风能耗,基于理论研究确定了压降为强制通风风量的决定性因素,并通过实验获取不同发酵阶段和强制通风条件下的堆体通风量和抗剪强度数据,分析堆体内板结的形成规律,通过计算验证板结的形成和消失对通风的影响,提出了需要改善通风的时间节点;然后基于风机的变频控制研究了风机功率变化对强制通风的影响。提出的通风解决方案采用阶段变频通风,实现了堆体温度和通风风量的有效控制。     

污泥膜覆盖好氧发酵通风调节方法

建立了污泥膜覆盖好氧发酵通风实验装置。结合污泥不同发酵阶段通风量的需求,分别通过风机入口节流调节和变频调节实现实验堆体系统通风量的改变,测取了相应的堆体风压和风机功率;结果表明,2种调节方式均适用于膜覆盖好氧发酵工艺,但变频调节在调节性能上优于节流调节。而且,变频调节的风机能耗远小于节流调节,在小风量通风时相差可达5～6倍。由于功能膜的作用,变频调节的通风量近似为频率的二次函数而非理论上的线性关系。     

污水污泥发酵制园林营养土的好氧-厌氧交替方式控制研究

为使污水污泥发酵后制成的园林营养土符合无害化、营养化、腐殖化的要求,通过好氧-厌氧交替试验,考察了不同通风方式、好氧-厌氧交替方式下的大肠菌群数量、发酵温度、有效氮、有效磷、腐殖质等的变化,以确定交替试验的最佳条件.结果表明,污水污泥发酵制园林营养土较佳的通风方式为:通气量1.4～2.8 m3/(h·t)、通气5 mi...     

污泥干化芦苇床中的渗滤液水质变化特征

对3个中试规模的高有机质剩余污泥干化床中污泥渗滤液水质变化特征进行了为期2年的实验研究。Ⅰ单元作为对照床,未种植植物;Ⅱ单元和Ⅲ单元种植芦苇。Ⅰ单元和Ⅱ单元底部充填炉渣,通过穿孔PVC通风管与大气相连通,目的是通过床体填料空隙提供氧气。3个干化床按照如下周期运行:进泥大约半小时,闲置1周,污泥负荷平均为41.3kg TSS/(m2·a)。实验结果表明,污泥干化芦苇床去除污泥渗滤液中的有机物较传统干化床更有效,通风结构有利于有机物的降解;3个床体的污泥渗滤液总磷浓度均高于进泥,但两个芦苇床渗滤液总磷浓度较低,可能的原因是较传统干化床多了植物吸收作用。根据实验数据分析,3个床体中都发生了氨化、硝化和反硝化作用,单元Ⅲ获得了最高的总氮去除率30.38%,Ⅱ单元和Ⅰ单元获得的总氮去除率分别为25.47%和20.59%。高有机质剩余污泥渗滤液仍含有较高的污染物浓度,需回流至污水处理单元进行进一步处理。     

环境温度对污泥堆肥过程的影响

在不同的环境温度下 ,采用强制通风静态仓污泥堆肥中试实验系统进行了五种调理剂的污泥堆肥实验。结果表明 :环境温度对污泥堆肥过程的堆体温度有影响。在寒冷的冬季 (气温范围为 -1 4～ 5.0℃ ,平均气温为 -5.1℃ ) ,污泥堆肥的堆体中层温度能顺利达到设定温度( 60℃ ) ,并能保持一段高温期 (约 9d) ,堆肥产品达到了无害化国家标准。在污泥堆肥过程 ,不必对堆料的 pH值进行调整。     

环境温度对污泥堆肥过程的影响

在不同的环境温度下,采用强制通风静态污泥堆肥中试实验系统进行了五种调剂的污泥堆肥实验。结果表明：环境温度对污泥堆肥过程的堆体温度有影响。在寒冷的冬季（气温范围为－15－5．0℃,平均气温为－5．1℃）,污泥堆肥的堆体中层温度能顺利达到温度（60℃）,并能保持一段高温期（约9d),堆肥产品达到了无害化国家标准,在污泥堆肥过程,不必对堆料的pH值进行调整。     

调理剂和通风方式对污泥生物干化效果的影响

采用了自主设计的污泥生物干化实验室模拟系统,研究了调理剂、物料配比和通风方式等实验条件对脱水污泥生物干化的影响效果。研究结果表明,与锯末相比,秸秆有利于反应物料温度的上升,含水率下降程度更大;利用秸秆调节污泥初始含水率在60%和65%的实验条件下时,物料的平均含水率分别下降了7%和6%,当初始含水率65%时,生物堆体的温度和含水率没有明显的变化;与连续通风相比较,间歇通风的实验条件有利于生物堆体的温度的升高和干化效果;在该实验中,最佳的生物干化条件是以秸秆为调理剂,初始含水率调至65%以下,以间歇方式进行通风。     

(M)VOC and composting facilities. Part 2: (M)VOC dispersal in the environment

BACKGROUND, AIMS AND SCOPE: Composting facilities are known to release odorous volatiles due to biodegradation of municipal waste and plant residues. Although odour perception and its grading is influenced by experience, attitude and adaptation, these emissions have created a lack of acceptance for residents in the vicinity of composting facilities. Enclosure of compost pile halls, ventilation systems and biofilters are often insufficient to minimise the burden of compost-derived compounds in the air. Moreover, economic considerations forced smaller communities to establish less sophisticated facilities with open storage areas and other relevant sources for wind-borne dispersal of bioaerosols. Aim of the present study was to characterise the immission and dispersal of microbial volatiles (MVOC) and, besides, to find coincidences between MVOC and compost odour. METHODS: In the course of this study, the surroundings of two composting facilities, differing in their type of process engineering, were investigated for emission of volatiles in the environment. Both microbially and plant-derived substances were assessed, several of which have low odour thresholds. Air samples were taken in distances ranging from 50 to 800 m in a downwind direction from each facility. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Compost-derived and microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOC) were found at distances of up to 800 m from the composting facilities. Terpenes like alpha-pinene, camphene and camphor were the dominant compounds and coincided with typical compost odour, whereas several typical MVOC were not found at greater distances. The terpenes in combination with certain MVOC may play an important role in the perception of compost odour. Exposure concentrations were not of toxicological relevance, but sensory irritation and psychohygienic effects due to an annoyance potential of such compounds should not be dismissed. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: Although terpenes are generally associated with pleasant odour characteristics, they seemed to contribute to malodours in a mixture with other VOC, in this context of volatile waste from compost facilities. Malodorous emissions from biowaste have to be considered as sources of health complaints and the investigation of mixtures of compost-derived volatiles is still inevitable. Exposure levels have to be discussed taking VOC mixtures into account. Within composting facilities, technical devices have to be improved to minimise dispersal of volatiles to prevent residents from immissions eventually causing health complaints.     

Assessment of municipal waste compost as a daily cover material for odour control at landfill sites

The ability of municipal waste compost as a daily cover material to reduce the odorous emissions associated with landfill surfaces was investigated. Trials were carried out using landfill gas, a certified sulphurous gas mix and ambient air as a control. Odorous gas was passed through portable test column filled with compost at different densities (590 kg/m3 and 740 kg/m3). Gas samples were taken from the inlet, outlet and at varying column depths and examined using a combination of sensory analysis (olfactometry) and a novel analytical method (Transportable Selected Ion Flow Tube--TSIFT). Results for the trials using landfill gas showed a 69% odour reduction (OU/m3) through the column for compost with a bulk density of 590 kg/m3, and a reduction of 97% using compost with a bulk density of 740 kg/m3. TSIFT analysis showed an overall decrease in the concentration of terpenes, and sulphurous compounds in the outlet gas from the column for both bulk densities. No significant trend could be identified for the concentrations at different depths within the column. Results show the ability of compost to reduce landfill odours under differing conditions. The inconclusive data provided by TSIFT analysis may be due to the analysis of compounds that are not contributing to odour, and thus highlights the potential for synergetic effects and the importance of sensory measurement when examining odorous emissions.     

不同堆肥方式对鸡粪与秸秆混合堆肥效果

以鸡粪和玉米秸秆为堆肥原材料，进行了露天堆肥和反应器堆肥对比实验。结果表明，反应器堆肥（堆体P2）较露天堆肥（堆体P1）升温快，堆体P2达到了《粪便无害化卫生标准（GB7959—87）》的要求，堆体P1未达到；在整个堆肥过程中，堆体P1的水分总损失量（26．5％）大于堆体P2的水分总损失量（20．6％）；堆体P1和P2的有机质降解主要发生在堆肥前期0～21d，分别完成了81．4％和84．5％的有机质降解量；堆体P1和P2的C／N比在堆肥过程中均呈下降趋势，最终C／N比分别为18．3和14．8；种子发芽指数GI_P1〈GI_P2，表明采用堆体P2的堆肥产品的植物毒性较堆体P1更小。各指标实测数据表明，反应器堆肥的堆肥产品的稳定性和腐熟程度较露天堆肥更好。     

Modeling particle loss in ventilation ducts

Empirical equations were developed and applied to predict losses of 0.01–100 μm airborne particles making a single pass through 120 different ventilation duct runs typical of those found in mid-sized office buildings. For all duct runs, losses were negligible for submicron particles and nearly complete for particles larger than 50 μm. The 50th percentile cut-point diameters were 15 μm in supply runs and 25 μm in return runs. Losses in supply duct runs were higher than in return duct runs, mostly because internal insulation was present in portions of supply duct runs, but absent from return duct runs. Single-pass equations for particle loss in duct runs were combined with models for predicting ventilation system filtration efficiency and particle deposition to indoor surfaces to evaluate the fates of particles of indoor and outdoor origin in an archetypal mechanically ventilated building. Results suggest that duct losses are a minor influence for determining indoor concentrations for most particle sizes. Losses in ducts were of a comparable magnitude to indoor surface losses for most particle sizes. For outdoor air drawn into an unfiltered ventilation system, most particles smaller than 1 μm are exhausted from the building. Large particles deposit within the building, mostly in supply ducts or on indoor surfaces. When filters are present, most particles are either filtered or exhausted. The fates of particles generated indoors follow similar trends as outdoor particles drawn into the building.     

Bioaerosol generation at large-scale green waste composting plants

Bioaerosol release from composting plants is a cause of concern because of the potential health impacts on site workers and local residents. A one-year monitoring was undertaken in a typical composting plant treating green wastes by windrowing in the open. Aspergillus fumigatus spores and mesophilic bacteria were used as monitoring parameters and were collected in a six-stage Andersen sampler impactor from the air at different locations and during different operational activities. Background concentrations of both microorganisms were generally below 1000 colony-forming units m(-3) when no vigorous activity was taking place. Shredding of fresh green wastes, pile turning, and screening of mature compost were identified as the activities generating the highest amounts of both bioaerosols 40 m downwind of the composting pad. These air concentrations were approximately 2 log units higher than background levels. Screening of mature compost generated lower amounts of A. fumigatus than the other two activities (an average of 1 log unit higher than background levels). Workers were identified as the main potential receptors of high bioaerosol concentrations in areas close to the composting pad, whereas no major risk for local residents was expected because the concentrations recorded at distances of 200 and 300 m downwind of the operational area were not significantly different from background levels.     

Methane oxidation in compost-based landfill cover with vegetation during wet and dry conditions in the tropics

The effect of compost and vegetation on methane (CH4) oxidation was investigated during wet and dry conditions in a tropical region. A laboratory-scale experiment was conducted to examine the performance of nonvegetated and vegetated landfill cover systems in terms of CH4 oxidation efficiency. Two types of landfill cover materials (compost and sandy loam) and two species of tropical grasses (Sporobolus virginicus and Panicum repens) were studied for their effect on the CH4 oxidation reaction. It was found that the use of compost as cover material could maintain a high methane oxidation rate (MOR) of 12 mol CH4/m3 x day over a 250-day period. Leachate application showed a positive effect on promoting methanotrophic activity and increasing MOR. A high MOR of 12 mol CH4/m3 x day was achieved when using compost cover with P. repens during wet and dry seasons when leachate irrigation was practiced. In dry conditions, a lower MOR of 8 mol CH4/m3 x day was observed for 80 days.     

Microbiological aspects of humid husk composting

The feasibility of composting as disposal practice of husk mixed with olive mill wastewaters (OMW) was studied in the present research. The process was investigated with regards to some reliable and easy to be determined microbial activity parameters such as the ATP content, the activity of a pool of enzymes and the viable counts, keeping in mind the well known bias of this last technique. Two different composting technologies were compared: static pile and reactor by studying the cured composts obtained. Among the bioindicators tested, the composting process trend was described better by the ATP content and the activity of some enzymes. In fact, the ATP content showed an increase during the thermophilic phase in both the pile and the reactor, and decreased at the end of the process, it was also higher in the bioreactor-pile technology than in the pile. With regard to the enzymatic activity, with the reactor technology experiment, two peaks were evidenced in the thermophilic phase and during the curing phase in pile, and a drop during the transfer of material from the reactor to the pile. The quality of the cured product obtained using the reactor technology has been evaluated considering phytoxicity and hygienic features: the stabilised compost resulted to have neither phytoxical effect, nor faecal indicator contaminants.     

粪便与生活垃圾混合堆肥过程控制

采用强制通风静态仓进行粪便和生活垃圾混合堆肥,以玉米秸为调理剂,石灰调节pH,考察正压鼓风和负压抽吸2种通风方式对不同堆料配比堆肥过程的控制效果。试验结果表明,5种堆料配比的中层温度都达到了50℃,并保持了5 d以上,达到了堆肥无害化和稳定化的要求。正压鼓风堆料底部温度较低,负压抽吸堆料底部热量容易聚集,但是后者堆体温度分布相对均匀。负压抽吸对水分的去除效果差于正压鼓风。对于温度未达到50℃的堆料应回流处理保证无害化。粪便有机物含量高,堆肥初期易酸化,添加石灰调节pH,使堆肥顺利升温,缩短发酵期,石灰合理添加量为2%(质量分数)。采用负压抽吸的通风方式,散除堆肥初期的挥发性有机酸,再经过冷凝除臭器脱酸除臭后排放,是一种可取的方式。     

Bioaerosol Generation at Large-Scale Green Waste Composting Plants

Abstract

Bioaerosol release from composting plants is a cause of concern because of the potential health impacts on site workers and local residents. A one-year monitoring was undertaken in a typical composting plant treating green wastes by windrowing in the open. Aspergillus fumigatus spores and mesophilic bacteria were used as monitoring parameters and were collected in a six-stage Andersen sampler impactor from the air at different locations and during different operational activities. Background concentrations of both microorganisms were generally below 1000 colony-forming units m^?3 when no vigorous activity was taking place. Shredding of fresh green wastes, pile turning, and screening of mature compost were identified as the activities generating the highest amounts of both bioaerosols 40 m downwind of the composting pad. These air concentrations were ～2 log units higher than background levels. Screening of mature compost generated lower amounts of A. fumigatus than the other two activities (an average of 1 log unit higher than background levels). Workers were identified as the main potential receptors of high bioaerosol concentrations in areas close to the composting pad, whereas no major risk for local residents was expected because the concentrations recorded at distances of 200 and 300 m downwind of the operational area were not significantly different from background levels.