城市干污泥热解气化

针对包头市南郊污水处理厂污水污泥,采用先热解后对热解残渣进行气化的方法探讨城市污泥的有效利用方式。污泥热解实验取升温速率(20~60℃·min-1)和终温(400~600℃)作为影响因素,得出各热解产物产率的变化规律。结果表明,污泥热解在终温为600℃时失重率达到57.53%,焦油产率在450℃达到峰值。污泥残渣的气化分别以水蒸气和CO2作为气化剂,探讨了800~1 000℃范围内的气化产品气组分变化规律。以水蒸气为气化剂时,污泥热解残渣的可制备富氢产品气,产品气中H2体积分数随着反应温度的增加而增加,1 000℃时H2含量可达68.83%,H2+CO含量达到81.36%,低位热值为9.18 MJ·Nm-3。以CO2作为气化剂时,产品气中富含CO,温度越高CO含量越高,1 000℃时到达最大值53.84%,产品气低位热值为7.25 MJ·Nm-3。     

以PEG为模板剂制备Bi2O2CO3及其可见光光催化性能

以聚乙二醇-6000（PEG-6000）为模板剂水热法制备碳酸氧铋（p-Bi2O2CO3）粉末，采用x射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）和紫外可见漫反射（DRS）对粉末进行了初步表征。在可见光（λ≥420nm）照射下，以罗丹明B（RbB）和水杨酸（SA）光催化降解实验为探针反应，实验结果表明，p-Bi2O2CO3具有较高的光催化活性，对RhB和SA有较好的降解效果。通过紫外-可见光谱（uV-Vis）、红外光谱（IR）和测定总有机碳（TOC）含量，光催化反应35h后RhB的矿化率为77％，同时对SA的降解率达到43％。同时，采用N，N-二乙基对苯二胺（DPD）分光光度法和对苯二甲酸荧光光度法分别测定了降解过程中H2O2和羟基自由基（·OH）的变化，表明p-Bi2O2CO3／Vis光催化降解机理涉及到·OH历程。     

计算机模拟研究UO2+2在人体细胞液的形态分布

建立了由多种金属离子和小分子配体组成的多相细胞液热力学平衡模型.模拟研究了UO2 2在组织液和细胞液的形态分布及CO2-3、氨三乙酸（NTA）和乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）浓度对细胞液中UO2 2形态分布的影响.在组织液中,正常生理pH下,当各形态UO2 2总摩尔浓度 [U]= 1.0×10-6 mol/L 或[U]=1.0×10-3 mol/L时,UO2 2均主要以[UO2(CO3)3]4-和[UO2(CO3)2]2-形态存在.在细胞液中,当[U]=1.0×10-6 mol/L时,UO2 2主要以[UO2(CO3)3]4-和[UO2(CO3)2]2-存在；当[U]=1.0×10-3 mol/L,pH为6.0～6.8时,细胞液中存在大量的固相(UO2)3(PO4)2·4H2O,当pH为6.8～7.4时,UO2 2主要以[UO2(CO3)3]4-、[UO2(CO3)2]2-和[(UO2)2CO3(OH)3]-存在.细胞液中(UO2)3(PO4)2·4H2O含量随[U]升高而增加.通过调节细胞液pH和增加细胞液CO2-3浓度均能降低其固相UO2 2配合物含量.在细胞液中增加NTA会增加(UO2)3(PO4)2·4H2O含量,当添加EDTA时会显著降低(UO2)3(PO4)2·4H2O含量.     

低温等离子体催化氧化甲烷的实验研究

采用电容耦合等离子体和催化剂协同作用对干空气中的甲烷进行了氧化实验，并和没有放置催化剂时进行了对比，结果表明，放置催化剂后甲烷的分解效率明显提高，反应产物中CO2的选择性增加，副产物NO和NO2的浓度减少．反应所需的能耗降低。甲烷的最终氧化产物为CO、CO2和H2O。     

超临界CO2回收线路板工艺研究

用正交试验设计进行了超临界CO2回收废弃印刷线路板的实验。以温度、压强、时间和夹带剂为实验因素，通过对实验前后样本在重量、厚度、弯曲强度和断裂强度四方面变化的分析考察了各实验因素对实验效果的影响。实验结果表明，影响超临界CO2法回收印刷线路板的最主要因素为温度、时间和夹带剂，超临界CO2法回收废弃印刷线路板的最佳工艺条件：温度270℃，压强大于7．38MPa，时间3h，夹带剂（水）160mL。实验进一步验证了压强对实验结果的非显著性影响。     

生活垃圾衍生燃料分段催化气化

利用下吸式分段催化固定床反应器对生活垃圾衍生燃料进行了气化实验。研究了气化温度、当量空气系数、气化介质和催化剂对气化产物的影响。结果表明,生活垃圾衍生燃料以塑料、纸类和厨余组分为主,热值在10 MJ·kg~(-1)以上,适合直接气化。随着气化温度升高,气化气中H_2和CO的含量、产气率、气化气热值、碳转化率和冷煤气效率升高,而焦油和CO_2含量明显降低;随着当量空气系数升高,CO_2含量、产气率和碳转化率升高,而焦油含量和气化气热值降低,在当量空气系数为0.33时冷煤气效率最高;当采用富氧空气作为气化介质时,N_2对于气化气的稀释作用减弱;添加催化剂能有效减少气化气中焦油的含量,提高H_2和CO的含量。采用下吸式分段催化气化,能有效提高气化气品质和冷煤气效率。     

多循环CCRs法在分离燃煤锅炉尾部烟气中CO2方面的应用

随着温室效应和全球变暖的加剧，煤燃烧所排出的CO2作为引起温室效应的主要气体而引起人们的密切关注。由于燃煤锅炉所排放的尾气中所含的CO2的体积份额低、排放量大，而且处于微负压状态，因此目前控制和分离吸收CO2的方法，包括各类吸收法、吸附法、膜分离法和O2／CO2燃烧技术等，能够经济可行地适用于电力工业燃煤锅炉尾部烟气中CO2分离的方法非常少。与上述各类方法相比，钙基吸收剂CCRs（calcination／carbonation reactions）法是一种新兴的经济可行的分离燃煤锅炉尾部烟气中CO2的方法。对采用该法时，吸收剂的选择、吸收剂在多次CCRs过程中结构特点的变化、提高吸收剂对CO2的吸收容量以及防止吸收剂反应性的衰减等方面进行了详细的阐述。     

土壤中无机钠盐对不同形态Cu含量的影响

采用TESSIER连续提取法研究了不同种类、不同加入量的无机钠盐对土壤中不同形态Cu含量的影响。结果表明,对于可交换态Cu,3种无机钠盐的加入均使其含量减少,其中NaCl的影响最大,4、8g/kg的NaCl分别使其减少了28.13%(质量分数,下同)和50.59%;对于碳酸盐结合态Cu,3种无机钠盐的加入均使其含量增加,其中Na2CO3(8g/kg)对其影响最大;对于铁锰氧化态Cu,Na2SO4和Na2CO3的加入使其含量先升高后降低,NaCl则使其含量降低;有机结合态Cu受Na2SO4和Na2CO3的影响较大,在它们的影响下含量均增加;残渣态Cu在3种无机钠盐的影响下变化幅度均很大,其中4、8g/kg的Na2SO4分别使其含量减少了47.47%和62.21%。     

纯二氧化碳条件下小球藻固定CO2

微藻固碳已经成为消减温室气体排放的新的研究热点。利用静态吸收方法，考查了通人纯CO2对普通小球藻生长特点、固定CO2效率以及藻液pH值变异的影响。结果表明：通入纯CO2使小球藻生长延滞期显著延长，比普通培养延长10～12d，对其他生长阶段的影响不大；小球藻固定CO2速率可分为2个过程，即物理固碳过程和生物固碳过程，前者在藻细胞延滞期发生，峰值由CO。溶解于培养液造成，后者在藻细胞生长的指数期、稳定期和衰退期发生，峰值由藻细胞指数生长造成，2个过程中，固定CO2速率的变化趋势都是先增大后降低；纯CO2条件下，藻液pH值变化速率高，4d内，藻液即被酸化，随后藻液pH值变化速率逐渐降低，且pH值稳定在适宜水平。因此，采用小球藻固定高浓度CO2时，建议提高接种量并加强培养前期的pH值监测和调控，以保证藻液保持适宜的pH值，并缩短培养时间，提高生物固碳效率。     

黄磷尾气烧制高活性石灰

黄磷生产过程中产生的黄磷尾气富含高浓度CO、H2,是非常好的燃料。实验研究了应用黄磷尾气烧制石灰时,黄磷尾气的杂质含量和燃烧特性对石灰活性度的影响。实验结果表明,石灰活性度随着黄磷尾气杂质含量的降低而增大;随着石灰窑燃烧梁的温度和黄磷尾气中CO含量的增加而增大,在CO含量为92%时、空气过剩系数为1.3时,石灰活性度达到《冶金石灰标准》(YB/T 042-2014)普通冶金石灰一级标准。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.