污水厂出水回用于污泥焚烧烟气的净化

开展了污水处理厂出水回用于污泥焚烧烟气净化的实验研究。生化出水净化吸收污泥焚烧烟气的效果与气水比、进气浓度、进水pH、进水碱度和水温等因素有关。研究结果表明,气水比10∶1,进水pH为7条件下,生化出水能够有效吸收污泥焚烧烟气中的各种污染物质,出气中气体污染物低于《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》（GB18485-2001）的排放限值要求,吸收后出水各指标均低于《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978-1996）中污染物排放限值的要求。该工艺脱硫效率可达90%,具有系统简单可靠、以废治废、不产生二次污染等优点。     

水泥窑协同处置危险废物的烟气污染物排放特性研究

水泥窑协同处置技术能够有效地缓解危险废物(以下简称危废)的处置压力,是一项很有发展前景的危废处置技术。通过监测两座典型的新型干法水泥窑在协同处置危废时窑尾烟气中烟尘、SO2和NOx等污染物的排放浓度,评价两条水泥生产线在协同处置危废时污染物排放浓度能否达标。监测结果表明,水泥窑协同处置危废时烟气污染物浓度均低于《水泥工业大气污染物排放标准》(GB 4915—2013)和《水泥窑协同处置固体废物污染控制标准》(GB 30485—2013)规定的排放限值。同时,两座水泥窑烟气中烟尘、SO2、NOx和HF等污染物的排放因子均低于我国新型干法水泥窑污染物排放的平均值,表明两条水泥生产线窑尾烟气净化系统运行良好。此外,还研究了水泥窑协同处置危废前后二噁英排放毒性当量浓度的变化情况。     

长株潭区域生物质开放燃烧的大气污染物排放清单及不确定性分析

根据2012年长株潭区域生物质产量及露天焚烧数据,结合排放因子,估算了长株潭区域生物质开放燃烧所排放的大气污染物量,建立了2012年长株潭区域生物质开放燃烧大气污染物排放清单。结果表明,2012年长株潭区域生物质开放燃烧源SO_2、NO_X、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、挥发性有机物(VOCs)、CO、元素碳(EC)、有机碳(OC)排放量分别为783.48、4 248.00、10 325.94、10 117.29、6 882.92、76 002.99、816.09、3 478.28t。秸秆露天焚烧大气污染物排放量在7、10月形成2个峰值,森林火灾集中出现在夏、秋季。生物质开放燃烧污染物排放量最大的县区为长沙市宁乡县,其次为湘潭市湘潭县和长沙市浏阳县。在长株潭中心区域(长沙市开福区、湘潭市岳塘区、株洲市石峰区、荷塘区和芦淞区等城市区域)形成一片污染物排放量较小的区域。采用蒙特卡罗法,计算得到区域秸秆露天焚烧源和森林火灾大气污染物排放量95%置信区间的不确定性分别为-84%~168%、-83%~176%。通过定量模拟得到秸秆露天焚烧PM2.5排放量概率密度函数呈对数正态分布。以PM2.5为代表污染物,对其排放量的不确定性贡献率最大的是露天焚烧比例,燃烧效率、水稻产量、水稻草谷比等也是不确定性的重要来源。     

火电厂大气污染物排放预测模型

根据大气污染物排放浓度变化特点,将无偏GM(1,1)模型与神经网络模型组合,并以矩阵型输入方式替代传统的数列型数据输入方式,得到改进型灰色神经网络模型,称为UGMN模型。接着,采用烟囱入口烟气自动监控系统(CEMS)数据,将模型运用于贵州省某电厂白天及夜间两段时间段内大气污染物排放浓度的模拟与预测。研究结果表明UGMN模型预测精度较好,可以应用于火电厂大气污染物排放浓度预测。     

生物质锅炉烟气中PM-VOCs一体化脱除装置的设计

针对生物质成型燃料锅炉烟气中的颗粒物(PM)和挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放浓度高的问题,采用布袋除尘技术与生物炭吸附技术相结合的工艺技术,集成通风直接冷却技术,设计了颗粒物和挥发性有机物一体化脱除装置,并开展了脱除效果验证实验。结果表明:装置对颗粒物去除率87.8%～90.7%,VOCs去除率69.1%～72.0%,颗粒物和VOCs的排放浓度远低于《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》(GB 13271-2014),表明该装置对生物质锅炉烟气中的颗粒物和VOCs具有较好的脱除效果,研究可为生物质成型燃料锅炉烟气净化工艺提供技术支撑。     

城市下水污泥焚烧过程中二次污染物排放特性的试验研究

在0.15 MWt循环流化床燃烧试验台上进行了城市下水污泥与煤的混烧试验,分析了烟气中的二次污染物排放特性.分析结果表明,利用循环流化床焚烧城市下水污泥时,添加辅助燃料(如煤)及改变焚烧条件,不仅可以达到稳定燃烧的目的,而且有利于抑制焚烧中二次污染物(如CO及二恶英等有机污染物)的生成.分析了焚烧污泥污染物的排放特性,为采用焚烧方式处理城市下水污泥提供了基础性试验数据.     

垃圾焚烧烟气净化技术探讨及实践

焚烧城市固体垃圾所产生的烟气是一种含有有机化合物和无机化合物的复杂混合物。文章分析了垃圾焚烧烟气的产生与特性 ,探讨了一些典型垃圾焚烧厂的烟气净化方法 ,比选推荐了垃圾焚烧烟气净化的主工艺 ,以确保焚烧后烟气排放降低到最低水平 ,满足日趋严格的环保排放标准。介绍了生活垃圾焚烧厂烟气净化处理的最新实例     

某新型炼焦炉烟尘治理装置的工艺设计与应用探讨

某新型炼焦炉烟尘治理装置在焦炉炉顶设导烟车(配套皮带小车),并采用拦焦集尘罩进行高温烟气的收集。在装煤、出焦过程中产生的烟尘、粉尘等污染物经炉顶导烟车转送至烟气输送风管,再经管道输送到地面除尘系统,经净化处理后排放。经实际运行监测,出口烟气浓度符合《炼焦化学工业污染物排放标准》(GB 16171—2012)。     

燃煤机组烟气污染物排放特性研究

在分析超净排放技术和脱硫、脱硝及除尘中各污染物的作用机制基础上,研究了不同工况条件下SO_2、NO_x、烟尘的排放特性。结果表明:(1)脱硝工艺烟气温度控制在377~407℃,总风量控制在1 100~1 500t/h,出口NO_x质量浓度能够达到《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》(GB 13223—2011)超净排放(50mg/m~3)的脱硝标准,比改造前NO_x平均脱除效率提升6百分点。(2)改造后,出口烟气SO_2质量浓度为28.7 mg/m~3,低于35 mg/m~3;出口烟尘质量浓度为3.4 mg/m~3,低于5 mg/m~3,均达到了GB13223—2011超净排放的标准。(3)电厂完成改造后每年可减少SO_2及NO_x排放量分别为2.7万、1.3万t,年缴纳的SO_2和NO_x排污费用可减少2 526.3万元,具有显著的节能及经济效益。     

水泥旋窑并行处理城市污水厂污泥的污染物排放研究

通过重庆某水泥厂的工业试验，测定了水泥旋窑并行处理城市污水厂污泥的烟气参数及污染物排放指标，分析了并行处理污泥对旋窑烟气的影响程度及各项指标之间的相关性。结果表明：①在污泥添加速率增大时，烟气流速、排气量、含氧量、空气过剩系数、HF和SO₂等排放浓度均随之增加，粉尘、NO_x排放浓度基本保持不变，HCl排放浓度下降，CO排放浓度先剧增后缓慢下降，而总烃排放浓度无明显规律；②污泥添加速率与SO₂排放浓度、烟气流速与排气量、含氧量与空气过剩系数、总烃浓度与SO₂排放浓度、烟气流速与总烃浓度呈显著正相关，污泥添加速率与HCl浓度、SO₂浓度与HCl浓度、NO_x与总烃浓度呈显著负相关；③烟气排放的污染物主要来自煤的燃烧，各指标之间的相关性主要表现为煤耗量增加而引起的连锁效应，但污泥本身在高温条件下燃烧产生的污染物较少，由污泥燃烧产生的污染物之间的相关性较小；④污泥添加速率达到2.4 t/h时，水泥旋窑并行处理城市污水处理厂污泥过程中所有指标均满足国家及相应的控制标准，但其参数优化及污染物控制极为复杂，该方法处理污泥需要进行深入研究才能在工业上应用。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。