红枫湖底泥磷负荷释放

为了研究高原湖泊底泥沉积物中磷的释放负荷,对贵州红枫湖区10个地区的沉积物进行了磷形态分析。选取10个采样点中5个典型区域,研究结果表明,底泥中各形态磷占总磷比例Org-P为58.6%,NaOH-P为29.91%,Ca-P为11.48%,底泥中主要的磷形态为有机磷。上覆水溶解性总磷酸盐(TSP)与底泥中各形态磷的相关性研究表明,底泥中的Ca-P与上覆水中的TSP几乎没有相关性,NaOH-P与Org-P与上覆水的TSP有较高的相关性(R2>0.94),而底泥中的总磷(TP)与上覆水中的TSP相关性最高(R2>0.98),底泥中这种形态的结构有利于抑制底泥的释放。研究表明,在10点位样品中,间隙水中TP和SRP(溶解性正磷酸)浓度远大于上覆水体中相应磷形态的浓度,间隙水中TP平均浓度为0.37 mg/L,SRP平均浓度为0.18 mg/L,上覆水体中TP平均浓度为0.10 mg/L,SRP平均浓度为0.02 mg/L,间隙水中TP、SRP与上覆水中TP、SRP存在了一种浓度梯度。     

赤泥投加控制河道底泥磷释放的影响因素

通过对不同赤泥投加比例下河道底泥磷释放作用的研究,发现底泥中铁铝磷与钙磷的比值(Fe/Al-P∶Ca-P)、铁磷比(Fe∶TP)及有机质含量(OM)是赤泥能否应用于河道底泥磷释放控制中的决定性因素。实验结果表明,只有当河道底泥中Fe/Al-P∶Ca-P小于0.88,Fe∶TP小于16.1,且有机质含量低于1.87%时,投加适量赤泥才能起到抑制河道底泥内源磷释放的作用;反之,赤泥的投加则有可能促进底泥内源磷的释放。在实际工程应用中,推荐赤泥与底泥的接触时间不低于7d,从而使赤泥的效能发挥到最佳状态。     

湖泊底泥磷释放及磷形态变化

为研究底泥中内源性磷释放对城市景观水体富营养化的影响,以西安市曲江南湖为对象,采用底泥磷形态标准测试方法(SMT)分析了磷的赋存形态,通过模拟实验探究了在不同环境条件(温度、pH和溶解氧)下磷形态变化的特征。结果表明:温度升高促进内源磷的释放,在夏季加剧水体富营养化程度;碱性条件有利于磷的释放,增大补给水源可减少底泥释磷量;厌氧环境下底泥释磷量是好氧时的3.96倍;Al-P和Ca-P较稳定,在酸性条件下会加速其溶解;NH+4-P、Fe-P和OrgP受溶解氧、pH和温度影响较大,其吸附与释放能力有明显的差异。     

城市富营养化水体底泥净化磷效果

以城市富营养化水体底泥和上覆水为材料,研究了扰动状态下底泥对外源磷的净化效果。结果表明,扰动状态下,200 g湿底泥从上覆水中共吸收外源磷19.92 mg,而静止状态下,200 g湿底泥仅吸收了13.61 mg。然而,厌氧状态下,前者内源磷释放量仅占吸收磷量的43%,而后者则高达63.4%。说明底泥扰动不仅强化了底泥对外源磷的吸收,而且也强化了内源磷的固定能力。这与扰动状态下外源磷在不同形态磷间的数量分布有关。底泥扰动和静止状态下,难释放态磷(HCl-P、闭蓄态Fe/Al-P)的增加量分别占底泥吸收外源磷量的36%和21%。     

桂林会仙湿地沉积物中磷形态及分布特征

沉积物中磷的含量及其形态是影响水体营养化进程的重要因素,对研究湿地水体富营养化具有重要意义。应用蒋柏藩等石灰性土壤无机磷提取方法,调查了桂林会仙岩溶湿地5个典型区域柱状沉积物中的磷形态分布、垂向上的变化特征,分析了各形态磷之前的相关性。结果表明,桂林会仙湿地柱状沉积物中w(TP)为161.14~555.48 mg/kg,活性较高的Ca2-P(5.27~51.45 mg/kg)、Ca8-P(7.76~37.57 mg/kg)均较低。沉积物中的磷以Ca-P(42.92%)为主,Ca-P中的Ca10-P所占比例较高(>70.3%),导致内源磷不易释放,有利于减缓桂林会仙湿地水体富营养化进程。在空间分布上,Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P与TP分布趋势相似,从沉积物表层至底层逐渐降低并趋于稳定。Pearson相关系数表明,TP与总氮(TN)、有机质(OM)、Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P极显著相关,与Ca10-P显著相关。     

黑臭底泥土著微生物促生对磷的影响

土著微生物促生是一项低成本高效率的河湖黑臭底泥原位修复技术,然而向底泥中投加药剂可能会影响上覆水水质。为探讨该技术对水环境的不利影响,实验研究了城市湖泊黑臭底泥修复过程中上覆水中磷浓度和底泥中磷含量及形态的变化。结果表明,在投药深度为泥面以下15 cm,微生物营养剂（BE）和生物解毒剂（MT）的投加量分别低于60mL/m3和70 mL/m3的条件下,上覆水总磷（TP）浓度低于地表水环境质量Ⅲ类（湖库类）标准值。投加微生物促生剂（BE和MT）导致上覆水磷含量升高,并促进了上覆水中藻类的增长。复配投加硝酸钙能减少上覆水中磷含量及藻类生物量,从而抑制微生物促生剂对上覆水磷浓度的影响。另外,投加微生物促生剂及硝酸钙到底泥中后,底泥磷含量以及磷形态组成的变化均不明显。     

绿狐尾藻人工湿地底泥中磷形态分布特征研究

构建处理不同负荷养殖废水的绿狐尾藻人工湿地,采集湿地表层(0~5cm)、中层(5~10cm)和底层(10~20cm)底泥样品,测定TP及有机磷含量,并用五步化学分级提取法将无机磷逐级提取为水溶性磷、铝结合态磷(Al-P)、铁结合态磷(Fe-P)、闭蓄态磷(O-P)和钙结合态磷(Ca-P),对比了各形态无机磷水平和垂直分布差异。结果表明,绿狐尾藻人工湿地表层底泥TP质量浓度在167~965mg/kg,其中有机磷占TP的66.0%(质量分数,下同)~79.2%。各形态无机磷的含量排序为:O-PFe-PCa-PAl-P可溶性磷。不同形态无机磷随着底泥深度的增加变化不同,总体来看,从表层到中层,Al-P、Fe-P和Ca-P含量呈现降低趋势,中层到底层无明显变化规律;低负荷湿地中,O-P含量随深度增加逐渐降低,而在中、高负荷湿地中O-P含量随深度增加逐渐增加。相关分析结果显示,Al-P、Fe-P、O-P含量与底泥pH和溶解性有机碳(DOC)呈显著或极显著正相关,说明磷在底泥中的行为易受底泥pH和DOC影响。     

于桥水库底泥磷分级及其释放能力

取样测定了于桥水库底泥无机磷各组分含量及其平面和竖向分布,无机磷总量为284～704 mg/kg,平均为485.70mg/kg,其中Ca2-p、Cag-P、Al-P、Fe-P、O-P和Ca10-P所占质量分数平均分别为3.5%、2.9%、0.3%、48.5%、2.9%和41.9%.通过模拟释放实验得出,在pH<8和pH=9.10条件下,由于厌氧使得底泥磷释放的启动溶解氧分别为<1、<2 mg/L.底泥磷在pH=6.50、DO<1 mg/L,pH=9.10、DO>5 mg/L,pH=9.10、DO<1 mg/L的3种条件下的极限释放量为0.24、0.17、0.33 mg/g,分别占底泥无机磷总量的41.7%、29.5%和57.3%(质量分数).释放的磷主要来自Fe-P,但Fe-P也只能部分释放.酸性条件下,有部分Ca2-P、CaB-P、Ca10-P和Al-P释放,对于AI-P,低pH酸溶作用要远大于高pH下OH-置换作用.     

不同水温时底泥扰动对不同形态磷分布的影响

研究了江南地区典型水温条件下,底泥扰动对上覆水中不同形态磷迁移的影响.结果表明,不同水温条件下,底泥扰动均有利于上覆水中溶解态磷(即溶解性总磷酸盐(DTP),包括溶解性正磷酸盐(DIP)和溶解性有机磷(DOP))向底泥迁移.与对照试验相比,不同水温时的扰动均导致DIP/TP和DTP/TP明显降低.与初始状态(第0天时)相比,扰动导致DIP/TP分别降低了39.61百分点(冬季水温)和17.38百分点(夏季水温),而DTP/TP则分别降低了39.16百分点(冬季水温)和19.06百分点(夏季水温).相反,对照试验中,DTP/TP分别上升了24.90百分点(冬季水温)和23.37百分点(夏季水温).这说明底泥扰动促进了溶解态磷向颗粒态磷(PP)的转化.     

瑶湖沉积物中磷的赋存形态及其空间分布特征

利用磷的分级提取分析方法,首先对瑶湖沉积物磷赋存形态进行了分析;其次将瑶湖分成A、B和C 3个区段(其营养状态指数TLI值的大小为:B区A区C区),在此基础上,探讨了铁结合态磷(Fe-P)、铝结合态磷(Al-P)、钙结合态磷(Ca-P)和有机磷(OP)的空间分布特征。研究结果表明:在沉积物磷赋存形态中,无机磷形态(IP)占总磷(TP)的平均比重为75%以上,Fe-P是IP的主要成分,Fe-P占TP比重范围为40.55%~67.63%;各种形态磷的平均含量(或占TP比重)大小为Fe-PAl-POPCa-PDP。Fe-P、Al-P和OP的水平分布特征的结果表明:对于相同的区段,不同磷赋存形态的含量变化具有相同的变化规律,其含量大小为Fe-PAl-POP,而Ca-P含量变化相对稳定;对于不同的区段,相同磷的赋存形态含量的极值变化具有一定的差异,其中Fe-P、Al-P和OP的最大值均出现在B区段,而Fe-P和Al-P最小值出现在A区段,OP则出现在C区段。Fe-P、Al-P、Ca-P和OP的垂直分布特征的结果显示:对于相同的区段,Fe-P、Al-P、Ca-P和OP的含量均随深度呈现递减趋势,当达到25 cm深度时其含量基本稳定;而对于不同的区段,Fe-P、Al-P和OP的含量随深度的变化趋势具有一定的差异性,A区段随深度的变化趋势比B区段和C区段缓慢,而Ca-P变化趋势则没有明显的区分,这一研究结果为揭示瑶湖富营养化发生的机制提供了数据和理论支撑。     

黄磷尾气中总磷及磷化氢的测定

电炉法生产黄磷的过程中会产生大量的尾气，其主要成分是CO(85％～95％)．还有磷、硫、氟、砷、CO2、N2、H2等杂质。黄磷尾气中的磷主要以P4、PH3、P2O5等形式存在。一般尾气经过水洗后．P2O5大部分被水吸收，尾气中主要是P4、PH3。采用分光光度法分析总磷和气体检测管测定磷化氢，效果良好。     

Surface water phosphorus dynamics in rice fields receiving fertiliser and manure phosphorus

A long-term randomised block field experiment was established in 1997 to study the dynamics of total P and dissolved P in the surface waters of rice fields receiving two application rates of fertiliser P and one rate of combined fertiliser and manure P. Preliminary results from the first two crops show that concentrations of both total P and dissolved P in the surface waters increased significantly following P application, especially during the first 2 weeks after application. P concentrations subsequently declined sharply within about 10 days, then declined steadily and remained almost constant from about 1 month after application. The initial increase in P concentration of surface waters was higher with increasing rate of fertiliser P, and the P concentration at the highest fertiliser rate peaked within about 1 week of application. The elevated P concentrations following fertiliser P application declined more rapidly than those following the combined application of fertiliser and manure P. When fertiliser and manure P were applied together, about 7 days later the surface water P concentrations were significantly higher than when the same rate of P (or double) was applied as fertiliser only. Disturbance of the surface soil by hand harrowing further increased the P concentrations in surface waters, with a subsequent decline to a steady value after about 1 week. Application of P fertiliser to the high P status soil in this experiment gave no crop yield response and may have increased the risk of pollution of adjacent surface waters through drainage from heavy rainfall events during the rice growing season. Therefore, fertiliser P should not be applied to such soils. If, however, fertiliser or manure P is applied, the application should be made during the dry winter to reduce P losses. Manure should be applied with particular care because of the higher risk of P losses to surface water arising from the relatively long period of high P concentrations in surface waters and the potential for greater release of P to field surface waters from the soil. Hand harrowing should also be avoided during wet weather to protect water quality.     

沉积物中磷形态及影响其释放的环境因素研究进展

磷是控制水体富营养化最关键的营养物质,在外源磷得到控制之后,内源磷通过各种复杂过程再次进入水体,成为水体富营养化的主要磷污染源。目前,国内外对底泥磷的相关研究已非常多,但缺乏系统的整理和总结。从底泥磷的形态和影响其释放的环境因素2个方面进行了系统总结,介绍了底泥磷的主要形态、释放机制,分析了环境因素对于底泥磷释放的影响。     

污水中磷的回收和利用途径

综述了近年来污水中磷回收的主要技术方法,重点针对磷酸铵镁结晶法,对磷酸铵镁的形成、用途及该方法的可行性做了详细的介绍与评述.同时,阐述了利用磷酸盐溶解微生物,实现磷产品肥效的回收.并对今后磷回收、回用工作的开展,提出了建议.     

催化铁耦合生物除磷工艺中生物与化学除磷的关系

研究证明,将催化铁添加至传统生物除磷工艺的厌氧段,可使得生物除磷和化学除磷两者作用耦合。为了研究工艺中生物除磷与化学除磷的关系,采用不同催化铁投配率分别为0、1和2 g Fe/(mg P·d)的3组反应器进行实验。结果表明,催化铁投配率为1 g Fe/(mg P·d)时,系统的除磷效率最佳,去除率在90%以上,生物除磷与化学除磷耦合作用好;负荷为2 g Fe/(mg P·d)时,系统在未达到稳定之前即发生恶化,生物除磷作用受到抑制。铁化合物的积累量过多是系统出现恶化的主要原因:在污泥中铁含量小于30 mg Fe/g MLSS时,生物除磷作用与化学除磷作用两者协同,除磷效率提高;当污泥中铁含量超过52.8 mg Fe/g MLSS时,出现竞争,生物除磷作用受到抑制;通过排泥,降低污泥中铁含量,则除磷功能可以得到恢复。     

Investigating phosphorus limitation in a fixed bed filter with phosphorus and nitrogen profile measurements

In 2000, the European Union adopted the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) (European Commission, 2000). The WFD focuses on increasingly stringent nutrient standards including ultra low nitrogen (< 2.2 mg N-total/L) and phosphorus concentrations (< 0.15 mg total phosphorus/L) in receiving surface waters and in relevant point sources like wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. Expansion of WWTPs with advanced post-treatment processes, like effluent filtration, is widely proposed to meet possible future effluent discharge standards. When combining biological nitrate-nitrogen and chemical phosphorus removal in one filter, phosphorus limitation in the denitrifying process may occur. This study investigated where in the filter bed and under which conditions phosphorus limitation occurs. Profile measurements for nitrate, nitrite, and orthophosphorus (PO4-P) combined with chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 02 were conducted. Results showed that the required PO4-P/NOx-N ratio is approximately 0.006 mg/mg after phosphorous precipitation and flocculation. Profile measurements have proven to be an applicable and useful tool. It showed how nitrate and orthophosphorus are removed through the filter bed based on the PO4-P/NOx-N ratio. When orthophosphorus is removed more rapidly and efficiently compared to nitrate, the PO4-P/NOx-N ratio decreases. When PO4-P/NOx-N ratio thresholds are approximately 0.006 mg/mg for a certain period of time and water temperatures varied significantly, orthophosphorus limitation may occur. Changing the filter-bed configuration or decreasing the coagulant dosage can prevent limitation of the denitrifying process because of a phosphorous shortage.     

Effect of low levels of dietary available phosphorus on phosphorus utilization,bone mineralization,phosphorus transporter mRNA expression and performance in growing pigs

A study was conducted to examine the effects of different dietary levels of available phosphorus (aP) on P excretion, bone mineralization, performance and the mRNA expression of sodium-dependent P transporters in growing pigs. Sixty-day old growing pigs (n = 54) with an average initial BW of 19.50 ± 1.11 kg were randomly allocated to a control diet (C) containing 0.23% available phosphorus (aP), T1 containing 0.17% aP and T2 containing 0.11% aP. There were 6 pens per treatment with 3 pigs per pen. Body weight and feed intake were measured weekly. At the end of each week, one pig from each pen was housed in a metabolic crate for 24 h to collect fecal and urine samples and then sacrificed to obtain third metacarpal (MC3) bones and jejunal and kidney samples. Bones were scanned by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA). Fecal and urine samples were sub-sampled and analyzed for P content. The expression of P transporter mRNA in jejunum and kidney samples was measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Data were analyzed using GLM procedure of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS Institute version 9.2). Pigs fed the T2 diet had reduced (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed (G:F) compared to those fed the C diet during week 2. Overall, ADG and G:F were also reduced (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the T2 diet compared to those fed the C and T1 diets. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were reduced (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the T2 diet compared to those fed the C diet throughout the experiment. At week 1, jejunal mRNA expression of Na (+)-dependent phosphate transporter 2 (SLC34A2) was increased (P < 0.01) in pigs fed the T2 diet compared to C diet. Renal mRNA expression of Na(+)-dependent phosphate transporter 1 (SLC34A1) and SLC34A3 were increased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the T2 diet compared to those fed the C diet at week 2 and was accompanied by lower (P < 0.05) urinary P in pigs fed the T2 diet during week 2 and week 3. In conclusion, growing pigs are highly sensitive to low dietary P as shown by reduced ADG, bone mineralization and urinary P level, but moderate reduction in dietary P up to 0.17% aP in the diet has the potential to reduce environmental pollution by reducing P concentration in swine manure and without compromising performance.     

反硝化聚磷一体化设备中的聚磷菌

研究了新型生物脱氮除磷新工艺反硝化聚磷一体化设备中反硝化厌氧池活性污泥的兼性厌氧微生物组成，数量及其在该除磷系统中功能，结果表明，稳定运行期反硝化厌氧池内活性污泥混合液的兼性厌氧微生物总数大大多于启动期，稳定期和启动期分离的兼性厌氧微生物有假单胞菌属，副球菌属和肠杆菌科，通过对三种纯菌株进行吸放磷研究，三种菌都有不同程度的聚磷功能，说明反硝化菌也具有聚磷作用。     

Past,present, and future use of phosphorus in Chinese agriculture and its influence on phosphorus losses

Large inputs of phosphorus (P) in chemical fertilizers and feed supplements since 1978 have improved soil P status in arable land in China, but have also created challenges by increasing P concentrations in manure and exacerbating water quality degradation. Arable land in China can be divided into five management zones based on soil P chemistry, with 15–92 % of arable land having lower P status than the agronomic optimum and 0.3–7.2 % having severe risks of P leaching losses. A scenario analysis of soil P budget and agronomic P demand during 2011–2030 highlighted the great pressure China faces in sustainable P management and the need for drastic changes in current practices. This includes new policies to reduce P supplementation of feed and improved P use efficiency by livestock and programs to expand the adoption of appropriate fertilization, soil conservation, and drainage management practices to minimize P losses.