液氨泄漏事故树分析及风险预测

对液氨泄漏的原因进行了系统的归类，依此绘制了液氨泄漏事故树。分析得出，管理问题的基本事件结构重要度均要大于设备故障的基本事件，对各基本事件提出了相应的防范措施。最后以甘肃某化肥厂液氨储罐为例，对事故树中管道破裂致液氨泄漏产生的危害范围进行了预测。     

焦化行业的环境风险评价方法

结合具体实例，对焦化行业环境风险评价中，环境风险污染源的识别、影响预测及环境风险的减缓措施和应急预案的制定等评价方法进行了分析。     

基于生命周期评价的选择性催化还原脱硝技术还原剂的选择研究

应用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,以燃煤电厂选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝技术中还原剂的选择为研究对象,对液氨与尿素的生产、运输、存储与供应、脱硝及废液处理5个过程进行了清单分析,着重分析了液氨与尿素的生产、运输的能耗及其对环境的影响。计算结果表明,尿素对环境的负面影响大于液氨对环境的负面影响。因此,如果从对环境的影响看,燃煤电厂SCR脱硝技术在选择还原剂时,应采用对环境负面影响小的液氨。     

河南省煤化工行业环境风险等级划分研究

基于目前国家建立环境污染责任保险制度的规划需求和河南省当前新发展形势需要,选择以河南省典型高污染、高风险行业(即煤化工行业)为研究对象.在对相关理论进行分析的基础上,识别影响河南省煤化工行业的环境风险因子,并确定指标的评估标准(权重及评分结果).遵照指标体系的建立原则,采用层次分析法,从内在性和外在性两方面因素构建煤化工行业环境风险等级划分指标体系,进一步将评分结果与环境风险等级比对,最终将煤化工行业的环境风险等级划分为5个等级,为河南省环境污染责任保险制度的建立奠定基础.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下的环境经济形势分析与对策研究

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情对中国经济社会发展和生态环境保护都产生了深刻影响。为确保打赢污染防治攻坚战,切实保障生态环境安全,在全面分析疫情背景下生态环境问题新形势的基础上,根据疫情防控不同阶段的特点,提出生态环境监管对策:(1)疫情防控初期,加大对疫情防控行业的环保支持,加强医疗废物、医疗污水、城镇生活污水处理处置以及医疗机构辐射安全等监管;(2)疫情防控与复工复产叠加期,多措并举督促企业落实好相关污染防治主体责任,助力企业复工复产;(3)疫情结束后期,进一步健全环境健康风险应急管理决策机制、制度体系与能力建设。     

工业企业场地再开发的多部门联合监管机制探讨

工业企业关停搬迁场地由于地理位置优越,再开发需求强烈。直接开发未经治理修复的污染场地,所带来的环境安全、健康风险和社会风险隐患相当突出,必须高度重视。从场地再开发流程分析入手,分析了从企业搬迁到场地再开发利用过程中不同环节存在的环境风险及其涉及的相应监管部门。在此基础上,提出了基于搬迁、流转、流转后三阶段划分的涉及工业和信息化、国土资源、住房和城乡建设、环境保护等多部门的全过程环境风险防控机制,可为中国建立有效的污染场地再开发联合监管机制提供参考。     

环境风险评价及其在环境管理中的应用

介绍了环境风险评价的基本概念、评价基本步骤、内容和方法,举例说明环境风险评价在环境管理中预防突发事故的应用,并对目前存在的问题和未来的发展趋势作了预测.     

中国碳捕集、利用与封存项目环境影响评价技术建议

深入分析碳捕集、利用与封存(CCUS)项目捕集、运输、利用与封存等环节的主要环境问题,并借鉴现行环境影响评价(简称环评)体系,提出中国CCUS项目环评技术建议,包括CCUS项目工程分析、区域环境现状调查与评价、项目环境影响预测与评价、跟踪监测方案制定等方面。最后分析了中国目前推行CCUS项目环评制度存在的障碍:超临界CO2管道运输泄漏的风险评价模型尚未建立、封存导致的CO2渗漏的概率和规模尚不清楚以及温室气体排放影响评价所需的基本数据缺乏等,旨在为环境管理部门决策提供参考。     

大东湖水系连通工程生态风险评价及防控对策研究

开展河湖水系连通工程生态环境效应评价研究,对于揭示水文过程及其生态环境效应具有重要意义。目前侧重于探究连通后水文水动力、水质和水生生物等要素的变化,但对于连通工程实施中的生态风险及其防控对策研究较少。因此,针对大东湖水系连通工程,结合美国环境保护署的生态风险评价框架,构建了大东湖生态风险概念模型,以大东湖水系连通工程的各湖泊为风险小区,选取底泥悬浮、水位变动、引水水质和外来物种入侵作为风险源,水环境、浮游生物和底栖生物作为风险受体。利用相对风险模型对大东湖水系连通工程的湖泊生态风险进行评价。研究结果发现,大东湖水系连通工程中,杨春湖和沙湖的相对风险值较大,约为东湖的6倍,主要原因是杨春湖和沙湖的水位变动和底泥悬浮的风险较大。在此基础上,从开展湖泊底泥疏浚、恢复水体生态功能和优化涵闸工程布局等方面提出风险防控对策。研究结果可为大东湖水系连通工程的科学实施提供决策依据。     

中国造纸行业的环境风险评价及防范措施

结合全国造纸行业发展现状和趋势,分析了行业中的主要风险源、风险类型、产生原因、概率等进行风险预测,并提出相应的防范措施与应急预案。     

Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, mercury, cadmium, copper, selenium, arsenic, and zinc in the harbour seal, Phoca vitulina, in Norwegian waters

Residue levels of the chlorinated hydrocarbons polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), total DDT, alpha-, beta- and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and oxychlordane in blubber, and the elements mercury, cadmium, copper, selenium, arsenic, and zinc in liver, of 82 harbour seals, Phoca vitulina, were determined. The seals were found dead or dying in Norwegian waters during the disease outbreak caused by a morbilli virus in 1988. Of the chlorinated hydrocarbons, the highest concentrations were found of PCBs, which were 2-4 times higher than the total DDT concentrations. P,p'-DDE was the main contributor to the total DDT, and constituted about 80%. The PCB and total DDT concentrations ranged from 0.4-38 and 0.1-8.8 mg kg(-1), respectively. The mercury concentrations ranged from 0.1-89 mg kg(-1). Significantly higher mean levels of PCBs (13 mg kg(-1) and mercury (16 mg kg(-1)) were found in blubber and liver, respectively, of seals from the Southern coast of Norway, as compared to the corresponding mean levels in seals from the Oslofjord (8.8 and 4.1 mg kg(-1)), and at the Northwestern coast (5.8 and 7.9 mg kg(-1)), respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between the concentrations of selenium and mercury. When the seals were grouped according to sex and age, females of ageclass > 1 and pups of both sexes had significantly lower PCB and total DDT levels than males ageclass > 1. Significantly higher hepatic mercury levels were found in seals ageclass > 1 as compared to pups. Only low levels of the other organochlorines, cadmium and arsenic, were found. Copper and zinc were considered to be present at normal physiological levels. The present organochlorine and heavy metal concentrations gave no support to suggestions that organochlorines and heavy metal pollution may be directly involved in the observed seal deaths.     

Emission inventory of eight elements,Fe, Al,K, Mg,Mn, Na,Ca and Ti,in dust source region of East Asia

Based on calculation of the emission rate of the atmospheric mineral dust and the data of elemental contents in surface soils, this paper calculates the emission inventory of eight main elements of the atmospheric dust, Fe, Al, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ca and Ti, in the dust source region of East Asia. As the dust sources in both Northern China and the Southern Mongolia are of three types and, in each of the six source type areas, surface soils are relatively uniform in soil types and soil texture, a simple method to calculate the emission of an element in one source type area is proposed by multiplying the total emission of the dust PM₁₀ and PM₅₀ in the source type area with the mean percentage content of the element in surface soils of the area. Comparison of our calculation of the total Fe emission in the source region of East Asia with the total Fe deposition to the North Pacific Ocean, measured and calculated by previous authors, shows very good agreement. This general method can also be used for the emission calculation of any other element.     

Half-lives of tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, and octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats,monkeys, and humans--a critical review

The elimination half-lives (t1/2) in Sprague-Dawley rats for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 1,2, 3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PeCDD), 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HxCDD), 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HpCDD) and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) were estimated in long-term studies by Schlatter, Poiger and others. Furthermore, there are some published half-lives of TCDD in adult humans. The average half-life of TCDD in adult humans is approximately 2840 days, while in Sprague-Dawley rats the average t1/2 of TCDD is 19 days. The t1/2 of TCDD in humans is about 150 times that of rats. This factor was used to calculate the t1/2 values of the other polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) in humans from the rat data. Furthermore, the terminal t1/2 values of PCDDs in adult humans were calculated from the regression equation: logt1/2H = 1.34 logt1/2R + 1.25 which was recently established for 50 xenobiotics (t1/2H = terminal half-lives in days for humans, t1/2R = terminal half-lives in days for rats). The following terminal half-lives in adult humans were obtained: 12.6 years for 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, 26-45 years for 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD, 80-102 years for 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD and ca. 112-132 years for OCDD. These half-lives of PCDDs are critically compared with measured t1/2 values of PCDDs and other persistent organic pollutants in rats, monkeys and humans.     

Phthalic acid esters in grains,vegetables, and fruits: concentration,distribution, composition,bio-accessibility,and dietary exposure

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Grain, vegetable, and fruit samples were collected from Xi’an City in Northwest China and analyzed for the characteristics, bio-accessibility,...     

Lead,mercury, cadmium,chromium, nickel,copper, zinc,calcium, iron,manganese and chromium (VI) levels in Nigeria and United States of America cement dust

This study was aimed at investigating the relative abundance of heavy metals in cement dust from different cement dust factories in order to predict their possible roles in the severity of cement dust toxicity. The concentrations of total mercury (Hg), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), iron (Fe) and chromium (VI) (Cr (VI)) levels in cement dust and clinker samples from Nigeria and cement dust sample from the United States of America (USA) were determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption (GFAAS), while Zn and Ca were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS), and Cr (VI) by colorimetric method. Total Cu, Ni and Mn were significantly higher in cement dust sample from USA (p < 0.05), also, both total Cr and Cr (VI) were 5.4–26 folds higher in USA cement dust compared with Nigeria cement dust or clinker (p < 0.001). Total Cd was higher in both Nigeria cement dust and clinker (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001), respectively. Mercury was more in both Nigeria cement dust and clinker (p < 0.05), while Pb was only significantly higher in clinker from Nigeria (p < 0.001). These results show that cement dust contain mixture of metals that are known human carcinogens and also have been implicated in other debilitating health conditions. Additionally, it revealed that metal content concentrations are factory dependent. This study appears to indicate the need for additional human studies relating the toxicity of these metals and their health impacts on cement factory workers.     

Effects of elevated CO2, nitrogen supply and tropospheric ozone on spring wheat-II. Nutrients (N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn)

CO(2) enrichment is expected to alter leaf demand for nitrogen and phosphorus in plant species with C(3) carbon dioxide fixation pathway, thus possibly causing nutrient imbalances in the tissues and disturbance of distribution and redistribution patterns within the plants. To test the influence of CO(2) enrichment and elevated tropospheric ozone in combination with different nitrogen supply, spring wheat (Tritium aestivum L. cv. Minaret) was exposed to three levels of CO(2) (361, 523, and 639 microl litre(-1), 24 h mean from sowing to final harvest), two levels of ozone (28.4 and 51.3 nl litre(-1)) and two levels of nitrogen supply (150 and 270 kg ha(-1)) in a full-factorial design in open-top field chambers. Additional fertilization experiments (120, 210, and 330 kg N ha(-1)) were carried out at low and high CO(2) levels. Macronutrients (N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg) and three micronutrients (Mn, Fe, Zn) were analysed in samples obtained at three different developmental stages: beginning of shoot elongation, anthesis, and ripening. At each harvest, plant samples were separated into different organs (green and senescent leaves, stem sections, ears, grains). According to analyses of tissue concentrations at the beginning of shoot elongation, the plants were sufficiently equipped with nutrients. Elevated ozone levels neither affected tissue concentrations nor shoot uptake of the nutrients. CO(2) and nitrogen treatments affected nutrient uptake, distribution and redistribution in a complex manner. CO(2) enrichment increased nitrogen-use efficiency and caused a lower demand for nitrogen in green tissues which was reflected in a decrease of critical nitrogen concentrations, lower leaf nitrogen concentrations and lower nitrogen pools in the leaves. Since grain nitrogen uptake during grain filling depended completely on redistribution from vegetative pools in green tissues, grain nitrogen concentrations fell considerably with severe implications for grain quality. Ca, S, Mg and Zn in green tissues were influenced by CO(2) enrichment in a similar manner to nitrogen. Phosphorus concentrations in green tissues, on the other hand, were not, or only slightly, affected by elevated CO(2). In stems, 'dilution' of all nutrients except manganese was observed, caused by the huge accumulation of water soluble carbohydrates, mainly fructans, in these tissues under CO(2) enrichment. Whole shoot uptake was either remarkably increased (K, Mn, P, Mg), nearly unaffected (N, S, Fe, Zn) or decreased (Ca) under CO(2) enrichment. Thus, nutrient cycling in plant-soil systems is expected to be altered under CO(2) enrichment.