河北廊坊地区一次持续重污染天气分析

利用廊坊市环境监测数据及常规气象资料,对2014年2月20—26日廊坊地区持续重污染天气进行分析。结果表明,廊坊地区上空一直受弱脊或浅槽控制,地面维持弱气压场,是典型的静稳天气;边界层内以偏东风、偏南风为主,风速很小甚至出现静风,相对湿度较大,近地面层有较强、较厚的逆温层,导致边界层内大气扩散能力差,与静稳的气象条件配合有助于污染物在低层的持续积累和霾天气的形成;风向、风速以及相对湿度等逐时变化与PM2.5浓度关系密切;混合层高度与静稳天气指数在重污染天气过程中有较好的指示作用。     

嘉兴秋冬季中度及中度以上霾天气的潜在污染来源及污染传输特征分析

秋冬季是嘉兴中度及中度以上霾天气多发季节,使用HYSPLIT4模型和潜在源贡献因子法及浓度权重轨迹分析法对嘉兴的潜在污染来源及传输特征进行分析。结果表明,嘉兴中度及中度以上霾天气的后向轨迹可以聚成3类。第1类为来自偏西方向的近距离传输轨迹,轨迹数量占比最大,约46%。第2类为西偏北约45°方向的中距离传输轨迹,轨迹数量约占总数的42%。第3类为西偏北约60°方向的远距离传输轨迹,轨迹数量仅占总数的12%。远距离传输的污染物主要是PM2.5、PM10、SO_2和CO,而近距离传输的主要是NO_2和O_3。对嘉兴秋冬季中度及中度以上霾天气影响较大的主要还是近距离的浙北和苏南地区,尤其是静稳天气时苏南长江沿岸的PM2.5浓度快速增长可能是最主要原因。     

秸秆焚烧对哈尔滨空气质量的影响研究

对2015—2016年哈尔滨重污染天气的分布特征与规律进行分析,依据黑龙江省近10年主要作物秸秆产量、草谷比、焚烧比例和排放因子估算秸秆焚烧对PM2.5贡献量,并结合后向轨迹模型从气象要素、火点分布等方面分析哈尔滨重污染天气的成因。结果表明,哈尔滨2015—2016年重污染天数49d,重污染率6.7%,优良天数515d,优良率70.5%,秋冬重污染天数占重污染总天数的79.6%;2006—2015年黑龙江省秸秆露天焚烧总量18 944.49万t,PM2.5排放总量163.00万t,其中玉米、稻谷、豆类PM2.5排放量最高,分别占PM2.5总排放量的60.73%、23.13%、9.09%;10—11月为秸秆焚烧期,该时段风速小湿度低,稳定的气象条件不利于污染物扩散和颗粒物沉降,是造成污染物累积从而导致重污染天气的重要原因;当地及周边农业种植区秸秆焚烧是造成哈尔滨2015年、2016年10—11月重污染天气的主要原因,且秸秆焚烧对城市空气质量的影响具有数天的滞后现象。     

温州市灰霾污染的特征与成因分析

利用高时空分辨率的监测数据,结合混合受体模式,运用统计学分析方法,研究温州市2013—2014年大气污染物时间变化特征,并对2013年12月初严重灰霾污染事件进行案例分析。结果表明:春、冬季PM2.5平均值明显高于夏、秋季。本地PM2.5浓度受二次细颗粒物的形成、区域传输以及气象条件的影响,交通运输源是重要来源。春季PM2.5/CO(质量比)最高(尤其在凌晨和下午两个时段),此时二次细颗粒物的贡献较大。案例分析发现,安徽省及长三角地区的工业化发达区域(特别是上海市、宁波市等沿海城市)是温州市严重灰霾污染的主要潜在源区;沈阳市也是重要潜在源区,传输路径为海上通道。     

西安市雾霾时空分布特征研究

通过对西安市雾霾时空分布特征的分析,为认识雾霾成因和采取有效的治理措施提供理论依据。利用2013—2015年西安市13个监测站的雾霾天气污染物监测资料和中国环境监测总站的月空气质量状况报告,采用统计方法分析西安市雾霾天气的时空分布特征。结果发现:时间上,西安市雾霾天气呈现明显的季节性变化规律,持续时间较长,雾霾在冬、春季交际时最严重,其中11月至翌年3月期间PM2.5空气质量指数为严重污染;空间上,西安市北部区域雾霾污染程度比南部区域严重,西部区域雾霾污染程度比东部区域严重,市区雾霾污染程度比郊区严重。通过相关分析,进一步揭示不同污染物对PM2.5的影响程度,说明PM2.5与PM10存在较强的正相关关系,与O3呈负相关关系。     

静稳气象条件下的细颗粒物垂直结构特征研究

基于Mie散射激光雷达探测数据及地面细颗粒物(PM2.5)观测资料和常规气象观测资料,利用logistic曲线计算了混合层顶高度,进一步分析了边界层内混合层以上区域大气消光系数廓线在静稳气象条件下的垂直结构。结果表明:(1)通过高斯误差函数构造数学模型可以将边界层内混合层以上区域进一步细分;(2)成都在轻度污染、中度污染、重度污染和严重污染4类静稳气象条件下大气消光系数廓线自下而上一致呈现出混合层、缓降层、过渡层和自由大气的垂直结构特征;(3)分析一次典型灰霾过程发现,PM2.5对混合层顶高度有显著影响,两者之间存在显著的负相关关系,而对缓降层顶高度和过渡层顶高度影响不大。     

北京空气重污染红色预警期间污染物与气象因子特征

揭示空气重污染红色预警期间污染物与气象因子的变化特征对空气质量预报和污染减排措施评估具有重要参考价值。利用大气污染和气象观测资料,研究了北京2015年11—12月空气重污染红色预警时期污染物浓度、气候特征及气象因子对空气质量影响。结果表明,PM_(2.5)在大气颗粒物中占有较大比重,为首要空气污染物;在重污染峰值时段,城郊PM_(2.5)与PM10比值(R)相差不大,可达0.9以上,空气呈均匀混合的高PM_(2.5)浓度特征,而空气质量较好时城区R值明显高于郊区;研究时段气候特征与历史同期相比有明显差异,其中平均风速偏小19%,平均气温偏高0.23℃,气温日较差减小,而多次小型降水增加了空气湿度,导致相对湿度值偏高40%,垂直方向上的逆温层或等温层则加剧了空气重污染的形成和发展,重污染过程中的红色预警措施明显降低了颗粒物浓度;风速与污染物浓度呈指数相关,城郊风速分别低于2.0和2.5 m·s~(-1)时,空气质量较差、污染物浓度随风速升高快速下降,而当城郊风速大于2.0和2.5 m·s~(-1)时变化特征则相反;相对湿度与污染物浓度呈幂相关,相对湿度在65%左右为空气质量特征发生变化的转折点;由于气温日较差存在季节变化,其与空气质量相关关系不太显著。     

区域大气环境中PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)空间分布研究

提出了一种利用移动监测技术研究区域大气环境中PM2.5/PM10空间分布的方法,并在2004年12月进行了宁波市全市域PM2.5/PM10空间分布的研究.数据显示:相同路径所代表的地区PM2.5和PM10具有很好的相关性,多数路径上PM2.5与PM10数据的相关系数平方在0.95以上,而不同路径上PM2.5与PM10的比值不同.文中给出了宁波市PM2.5/PM10污染的空间分布图,直观地显示出PM2.5/PM10污染的空间分布情况,突出了污染的重点点位和地区.     

成都市大气颗粒物污染特征及与气象因子的关联性分析

利用成都市2013年6月至2014年5月的PM10和PM2.5浓度监测数据,分析大气颗粒物污染特征,并探讨其与气温、相对湿度、降雨、风向、风速等气象因子的关联性。结果表明:成都市大气PM2.5污染较严重;PM10和PM2.5浓度及超标率均表现为冬季秋季春季夏季,秋季和冬季为大气颗粒物污染高发期;PM2.5对PM10贡献显著;气温超过10℃时,PM10和PM2.5最高浓度大体随气温升高而降低;相对湿度为40%~80%时,PM10和PM2.5浓度随相对湿度增加而升高;相对湿度超过80%时,易发生降雨,PM10和PM2.5浓度降低;降雨对PM10的清除量高于PM2.5,但降雨后PM10和PM2.5浓度较快回升;PM10和PM2.5浓度在偏西风下高于其他风向;PM10主要受局地源影响,而PM2.5主要受西北方向上的外来源影响。     

株洲市冬季室内PM2.5污染成分特征及健康风险研究

为研究室内PM2.5及其载带重金属元素的污染特征和健康风险,在2017年12月至2018年1月,在株洲市典型的居民住宅和相邻校园的学生宿舍的室内采样收集PM2.5样本,评估重金属元素的污染程度和识别来源,并评价潜在的健康风险。结果表明:(1)宿舍、住宅室内PM2.5分别为(57.20±23.95)、(90.31±27.41)μg/m3。非地壳元素中Fe最高。(2)宿舍和住宅室内PM2.5中Cu、As、Zn、Pb、Sb、Se和Cd均表现出显著富集,人为污染源显著;住宅主要污染源是吸烟和土壤尘再悬浮,宿舍室内主要受室外源影响。(3)采样期间室内PM2.5中Mn存在一定的非致癌风险,As、Cd及Cr存在一定的致癌风险。     

Pesticides in rainfall in Europe

Papers and published reports investigating the presence of pesticides in rainfall in Europe were reviewed. Approximately half of the compounds that were analysed for were detected. For those detected, most concentrations were below about 100 ng/l, but larger concentrations, up to a few thousand nanograms per litre, were detected occasionally at most monitoring sites. The most frequently detected compounds were lindane (gamma-HCH) and its isomer (alpha-HCH), which were detected on 90-100% of sampling occasions at most of the sites where they were monitored. For compounds developed more recently, detection was usually limited to the spraying season. A classification of pesticides according to their deposition pattern is proposed.     

Differences in Cu content in selected mushroom species growing in the same unpolluted areas in Poland

The aim of the study was to estimate copper (Cu) accumulation efficiency in whole-fruiting bodies of 18 edible and non-edible wild growing mushrooms collected from 27 places in the Wielkopolska Voivodeship. Mushrooms were collected each time from the same places to estimate the diversity in Cu accumulation between tested mushroom species within 3 consecutive years of study (2011–2013). The study results revealed various accumulation of Cu in the whole-tested mushroom fruiting bodies. The highest mean accumulation of Cu was observed in Macrolepiota procera (119.4 ± 20.0 mg kg^?1 dm), while the lowest was in Suillus luteus and Russula fellea fruiting bodies (16.1 ± 3.0 and 18.8 ± 4.6 mg kg^?1 dm, respectively). Significant differences in Cu accumulation between mushroom species collected in 2011 and in the two following years (2012 and 2013) were observed. The results indicated that sporadic consumption of these mushrooms was not related to excessive intake of Cu for the human body (no toxic influence on health).     

Mercury in fish in Swedish lakes

The aim of this work has been to try to obtain a picture of the past, present and future mercury situation in fish in Swedish lakes, to make an estimate of the number of lakes threatened by 'blacklisting', and to see if the data can be used to reveal anything about the impact of liming on the Hg content in pike. The register contains a broad set of data from 1456 lakes. The main results are as follows. Trend analyses indicate that the Hg content in 1-kg pike seems to increase with time. This is interesting since there has been a significant decrease in mercury emissions from Swedish industries during the last two decades. High Hg contents in 1-kg pike appear in a very characteristic pattern, linked to specific sources of Hg emission. The data indicate that old Swedish 'sins' are still causing a lot of problems. The factors governing the leakage of Hg from soils to water ought to be a very important topic for further studies. The Hg content in pike shows the highest correlation with the following parameters: Hg in surficial sediments, pH, distance from point source and water hardness, lake water alkalinity and conductivity, water retention time, size of drainage area and lake surface. A formula which provides the best possible degree of explanation (r2 = 0.78) has been derived. At present there are about 250 lakes 'blacklisted' in Sweden due to high Hg content in fish. Our data show that there are at least 9400 lakes that ought to be 'blacklisted' today. A successful liming operation will alter the chemical conditions in lakes and also decrease the Hg content in fish.     

Large-scale spatial variation in mercury concentrations in cattle in NW Spain

Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic environmental contaminant and man-made emissions account for between a quarter and a third of total atmospheric levels. Point discharges, particularly coal-burning power stations, are major sources of atmospheric Hg and can result in marked spatial variation in mercury deposition and subsequent uptake by biota. The aims of this study were to quantify the extent to which major point and diffuse sources of atmospheric Hg emissions affected accumulation of Hg by biota throughout Galicia and Asturias, two of the major regions in northwest Spain. We did this by relating renal Hg concentrations in locally reared cattle (n=284) to the proximity of animals to point and diffuse sources of Hg emissions. Mercury residues in calf kidneys ranged between non-detected and 89.4 g/kg wet weight. Point discharges from coal-fired power plants in Galicia had the most dominant impact on Hg accumulation by calves in Galicia, affecting animals throughout the region and explaining some two-thirds of the variation in renal residues between animals located directly downwind from the plants. The effects of more diffuse emission sources on Hg accumulation in calves were not distinguishable in Galicia but were detected in cattle from neighbouring Asturias. The impact of both point and diffuse sources in elevating environmental levels of bioavailable Hg and subsequent accumulation by cattle extended to approximately 140-200 km downwind from source.     

Trends in summer sulphate in Europe

A trend analysis of the sulphate concentration in Europe in the summer half-year was performed. Data from various measuring networks were analysed, but only stations with quality assured sampling methods and a record of more than 10 years were included in the study. 1978 served as the reference year for the trend, because in that year most stations started operation. The relatively dense network in Belgium provided the most valuable data, as evidenced by the fact that two sites at a distance of only 10 km apart correlated better than 95% over a month. The two sites also show a correlation of better than 90% over a season with two other stations at distances of 45 and 95 km. The relative decrease in summer-sulphate at the four stations in Belgium, as analysed by linear regression, was 3.3% per year which corresponds to an absolute decrease of 0.42 μgm⁻³ per year. In the Netherlands the average yearly decrease in summer-sulphate at two stations was 3.5% (−0.34 μgm⁻³). In other countries stations were further apart or only a single site wits in use, which limits the representativeness of the data. In northwestern Germany, a region with several monitoring stations, a yearly averaged decrease of 3.0% occurred. The lower absolute decrease (0.25 μgm⁻³) per year compared to that in the two neighbouring countries reflects the lower summer-time sulphate concentrations. In the remainder of Germany the average decrease was 1.6%. In South-Scandinavia the yearly relative decrease at two sites was 2.6% (0.13 μgm⁻³ absolute). There was no significant trend in the U.K. Al the Polish station the levels increased, it decreased at the Hungarian and Austrian station and remained constant at the Czechoslovakian site. Reasons for omission of the data from France from the trend analysis are discussed.     

Lead poisoning in swans in Japan

We investigated the occurrence, source and exposure time of lead poisoning in whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus cygnus) and Bewick's swans (Cygnus columbianus bewickii) in Japan during the winters of 1984-1987. Concentrations of lead in various tissues and physiological evidence of lead shot in some birds indicated that lead shotgun pellets were the source of lead, and exposure occurred after the birds arrived in Japan. Mortality probably occurred within 30 days after exposure to, and retention of, lead shot in the gizzard.     

Pesticide levels in surface waters in an agricultural-forestry basin in Southern Chile

Residues of five pesticides in surface water were surveyed during 2001 and 2003 in the Traiguen river basin in Southern Chile. Simazine, hexazinone, 2,4-D, picloram herbicides and carbendazim fungicide were selected through a pesticide risk classification index. Six sampling stations along the river were set up based on agricultural and forestry land use. The water sampling was carried out before and after the pesticide application periods and in correspondence to some rain events. Pesticides were analyzed by HPLC with DAD detection in a multiresidue analysis. During 2001, in the first sampling campaign (March), the highest concentrations of pesticides were 3.0 microg l(-1) for simazine and hexazinone and 1.8 microg l(-1) for carbendazim. In the second sampling (September), the highest concentration were 9.7 microg l(-1) for 2,4-D, 0.3 microg l(-1) for picloram and 0.4 microg l(-1) for carbendazim. In the last sampling period (December), samples indicated contamination with carbendazim fungicide at levels of up to 1.2 microg l(-1). In sampling carried out on May 2003, no pesticides were detected. In October 2003, the highest concentrations of pesticides were 4.5 microg l(-1) for carbendazim and 2.9 microg l(-1) for 2,4-D. Data are discussed in function of land use and application periods of the products, showing a clear seasonal pattern pollution in the Traiguen river. Risk assessment for these pesticides was calculated by using a risk quotient (RQ = PNEC/PEC). For picloram the calculated RQ < was 0, which indicates that no adverse effects may occur due to the exposure to this herbicide in the Traiguen river basin. For 2,4-D, simazine, hexazinone, carbendazim RQ > 1, meaning that adverse effects could occur and it is necessary to reduce pesticide exposure in surface waters. It is recommended to continue with a pesticide monitoring program and the implementation of ecotoxicological testing with local and standardized species in order to consider the probability of effects occurrence, with less uncertainty. Thus, it will be more feasible to make some recommendations to regulatory agencies regarding the pesticide use.     

大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究进展

二（口/恶）（口/英）是世界公认的强致癌物质,对人体健康危害极大.近年来,大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）的研究已成为各国环境化学家研究的热点.本文总结了近年来国际上有关大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究的进展情况,以及所取得的主要研究成果,并在此基础上指出了我国目前研究中存在的问题及以后所应开展的工作.     

Chemical contaminants in fish feeds used in federal salmonid hatcheries in the USA

Recent studies have demonstrated that fish feeds contain significant concentrations of contaminants, many of which can bioaccumulate and bioconcentrate in fish. Organochlorine (OC) contaminants are present in the fish oils and fish meals used in feed manufacture, and some researchers speculate that all fish feeds contain measurable levels of some contaminants. To determine the concentration of contaminants in feeds used in US Fish and Wildlife Service's National Fish Hatcheries, we systematically collected samples of feed from 11 cold-water fish hatcheries. All samples (collected from October 2001 to October 2003) contained at least one polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener, or dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) metabolite. Of the 55 samples in which they were analyzed 39 contained PCDDs, 24 contained PCDFs and 24 contained DDT or its metabolites. There were 10- to 150-fold differences in concentrations of total PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs and DDT. Although PCBs were the most commonly detected contaminant in our study, concentrations (range: 0.07-10.46 ng g(-1) wet weight) were low compared to those reported previously. In general, we also found lower levels of OCs than reported previously in fish feed. Perhaps most notable was the near absence of OC pesticides - except for DDT or its metabolites, and two samples containing hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH). While contaminant concentrations were generally low, the ecological impacts can not be determined without a measure of the bioaccumulation of these compounds in the fish and the fate of these compounds after the fish are released.