高速公路降雨径流污染特征及其污染控制

随着高速公路的快速发展,路面降雨径流污染引起了越来越多的关注.从高速公路路面雨水径流中污染物成分及其影响因素、径流污染迁移模型和径流污染物对受纳水体水质的影响等方面,对路面降雨径流污染特征进行了综述,并从工程和非工程措施两方面比较了目前高速公路路面降雨径流污染治理措施的特点和适用条件,最后提出了进一步研究的建议,希望为有关方面的研究提供借鉴.     

西安市城市主干道路面径流污染及沉淀特性研究

在西安市城市主干道南二环路建立路面径流采样站,利用自制流量等比例采样装置,采集2009年3-11月的34场降雨径流,测试研究径流SS、COD事件平均浓度(EMC)、有机污染物赋存状态,并就降雨特征对径流污染的影响进行相关分析,还采用累积曲线法对16场径流水样进行沉淀实验,研究沉淀对径流中污染物的去除效果.结果表明,城市...     

河水受百年一遇大旱后城市降雨径流的污染与治理

2009年入秋至2010年春,中国西南地区发生了百年一遇的特大旱灾。为探讨河水受百年一遇大旱后降雨径流污染的状况,对昆明典型交通干道路面的降雨径流和河水水质进行了监测,分析了大旱后降雨径流污染的严重性和对河水水质的影响,并考察了曝气塘—浮石床水平潜流人工湿地复合系统处理大旱后由城市降雨径流污染导致的重污染河水的效能。结果表明,大旱后的前3场降雨径流污染程度较正常雨季降雨径流污染程度严重,SS、COD、TN及TP浓度平均高出1.3倍。大旱后的前3场降雨径流溢流会对河流造成严重污染。该复合系统在塘调蓄—循环处理运行工况下能有效处理大旱后的重污染河水,对SS、COD、TP、TN和NH4+-N的平均去除率分别为98%、90%、96%、60%和90%,出水均达《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)一级A标准。     

天津市不同土地利用类型雨水径流污染特征

在对天津市不同土地利用类型地表径流水质进行监测的基础上,探讨了地表雨水径流污染物的出流规律、污染物的事件平均浓度(EMC)以及污染物负荷量.结果表明,地表径流污染物浓度大多在径流初期10～20 min达到最高值,之后随着降雨历时的延续,污染物浓度呈波浪性锯齿状降低,至降雨结束,污染物浓度最终趋于稳定,在整个径流污染过程...     

西安市城市主干道路面径流初期冲刷效应

以西安市城市主干道南二环太白路高架桥为路面径流采样区域,采用人工等时间间隔采样方法,在桥梁排水立管对2010年9—11月的3场径流事件进行全程采样,测试径流过程SS、COD、溶解性COD、NH3-N、Pb、溶解性Pb、Zn和溶解性Zn的浓度变化,研究路面径流的初期冲刷效应及其影响因素。结果表明,西安市城市主干道路面径流污染严重,降雨数小时后的末期径流仍具有较高的污染水平;径流过程污染物浓度变化规律与其赋存形态有关,SS、COD、Pb等以颗粒态为主的污染物的浓度随雨强变化剧烈波动,NH3-N、溶解态COD、溶解态Zn等以溶解态为主的污染物浓度变化受雨强影响较小,随径流过程呈逐渐减小趋势;路面径流初期冲刷现象并非普遍存在,与污染物的赋存状态和场次降雨特征密切相关,溶解态污染物易于出现初期冲刷现象,颗粒态污染物是否出现初期冲刷与场次降雨特征有关;测试的3场径流事件初期30%的径流携带的SS、COD、溶解性COD、NH3-N、Pb、Zn和溶解性Zn的负荷占场次径流总负荷的比例分别为21.8%～50.0%、25.5%～49.3%、36.3%～52.6%、52.6%～66.7%、26.8%～45.0%、27.2%～63.4%和36.2%～62.6%,表明仅对初期径流进行治理无法实现对西安市路面径流污染的有效控制。     

昆明主城区城市地表径流污染特征分析

昆明市位于滇池上游,城市地表径流污染负荷对滇池水质具有直接影响。通过对昆明主城区内不同功能区12个监测点7次降雨径流过程水样的采集与分析,研究了昆明主城区城市地表径流污染特征。结果表明,昆明主城区城市地表径流中TSS、COD、TN和TP的多场降雨平均浓度分别为182.8、138.2、2.37和0.43 mg/L。不同功能区的地表径流水质存在显著差异(p<0.05);各功能区径流污染负荷顺序为:公路区>商业区>住宅区>文教区;不同功能区单场降雨径流水质动态变化规律是:污染物浓度在降雨径流初期相对较高,中后期浓度快速下降,并逐渐趋于稳定;地表利用功能、降雨特征和交通流量是影响城市地表径流水质的主要因素;城市地表径流中COD、TN、TP与TSS之间有较好的相关性,说明大部分的污染物质是以颗粒吸附态存在。     

路面径流污染特性及其控制措施

结合国内外的相关研究，及南京地区路面径流研究的初步成果，介绍了路面径流的水量和水质特性，比较了滞留池、氧化塘、植被控制、人工湿地和渗滤系统等路面径流污染物控制措施的处理效果，并提出了进一步研究的建议，为相关方面的研究和工程提供参考。     

高速公路路面径流控制措施初探

综合国内外的研究结论，及南京高速公路路面径流研究的初步成果，论述了路面径流的水量和水质特征，比较了植被控制、滞留池、氧化塘、人工湿地和渗滤系统等路面径流污染物控制措施的处理效果，并提出采用植被控制与滞留池、人工湿地相结合的方法，更适用于南京高速公路路面径流污染物的控制。     

降雨入渗与地表径流污染减量模拟试验研究

针对造成水体污染的城市降雨地表径流问题,建立模拟降雨系统,选用聚合物与功能材料,改良土壤结构,提高土壤对雨水的渗透性,削减地表径流及径流携带污染物对纳污水体的污染.结果表明,复合施用PAM与沸石使降雨径流过流体土壤结构被改良,对降雨径流的削减作用明显,对土壤的降水渗透有显著的促进.数据表明,沸石与PAM配施对削减降雨地表径流与提高降雨土壤入渗的效果有协同作用.在36、72和108 mm/h不同降雨强度下,处理土壤水的入渗较对照分别提高了35%～76%、32%～66%和18%～47%,降雨后土壤的含水量较对照可提高1～5倍.     

降雨入渗与地表径流污染减量模拟试验研究

针对造成水体污染的城市降雨地表径流问题,建立模拟降雨系统,选用聚合物与功能材料,改良土壤结构,提高土壤对雨水的渗透性,削减地表径流及径流携带污染物对纳污水体的污染.结果表明,复合施用PAM与沸石使降雨径流过流体土壤结构被改良,对降雨径流的削减作用明显,对土壤的降水渗透有显著的促进.数据表明,沸石与PAM配施对削减降雨地表径流与提高降雨土壤入渗的效果有协同作用.在36、72和108 mm/h不同降雨强度下,处理土壤水的入渗较对照分别提高了35%～76%、32%～66%和18%～47%,降雨后土壤的含水量较对照可提高1～5倍.     

Characteristics of highway stormwater runoff.

Highway stormwater runoff was monitored at three highway sites in Los Angeles, California, during the 2000 to 2003 wet seasons. Event mean concentrations (EMCs), partial event mean concentrations (PEMCs), and mass first flush (MFF) factors were calculated for more than 20 water quality parameters for samples from 20 storm events from each site. The early runoff had higher concentrations, as indicated by the PEMCs at 30 and 60 minutes into the storm, which were 1.9 to 7.4 times higher than the EMCs. A strong first flush was observed for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and other organic pollutants, with 40% of the pollutant mass being discharged in the first 20% of the runoff. A weak first flush was observed for ionic pollutants, such as nitrate and nitrite. Pearson correlation analyses of the EMCs, PEMCs, and MFFs showed strong correlations among dissolved organic carbon, COD, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, oil and grease, and ammonia-nitrogen. Contrary to generally held beliefs, poor correlation between total suspended solids and most other conventional pollutants was observed. In addition, poor correlation between most monitored pollutants and storm characteristics, except for antecedent dry days, was observed.     

Stormwater quality benefits of a porous friction course and its effect on pollutant removal by roadside shoulders.

This project has two main objectives; the first is to documents the effect of a porous friction course overlay on the quality of highway stormwater runoff, and the second is to assess pollutant removal of a vegetated area along the side of a road from both conventional and porous pavements. The quantity and quality of stormwater runoff from a four-lane divided highway in the Austin, Texas, area was monitored before and after the installation of a porous friction course (PFC). Observed concentrations of suspended solids and pollutants associated with particulate material were much lower in the runoff from the PFC compared with runoff from the conventional asphalt surface. The vegetated highway shoulder reduced the concentrations of many stormwater constituents from the conventional asphalt surface; however, the concentrations of these constituents in runoff produced by the PFC were so low that the vegetated area produced no further reduction in concentration.     

Trend and concentrations of legacy lead (Pb) in highway runoff

This study presents the results of lead (Pb) concentrations from both highway runoff and contaminated soil along 32 and 23 highway sites, respectively. In general, the Pb concentration on topsoil (0-15 cm) along highways was much higher than the Pb concentration in subsurface soil (15-60 cm). The Pb deposited on soil appears to be anthropogenic and a strong correlation was found between the Pb concentration in surface soil and highway runoff in urban areas. The concentration of Pb measured during 1980s from highways runoff throughout the world was up to 11 times higher than the measured values in mid 1990 s and 2000s. The current Pb deposited on soil near highways appears to be a mixture of paint, tire weight balance and old leaded gasoline combustion. Overall, the Pb phase-out regulation reduced the Pb deposits in the environment and consequently lowered Pb loading into receiving waters.     

北京城区河湖水系治理中的问题与建议

简要地回顾北京市近20年河湖水系治理历程中所取得的成就，分析存在的一些主要问题，根据对城区雨水径流非点源污染总量的粗略估算，指出城市雨水径流非点源污染是导致整治后的河湖水系水质恶化最主要的污染因素；结合发达国家对河湖水系治理的一些经验对北京市河湖水系的治理提出几点建议，以期为彻底治理河湖水系的污染提供新的思路，也可供其他城市在治理城市水系污染时参考。     

从竣工环境保护验收调查分析公路噪声环评的有效性

从所选的40条公路的竣工环境保护验收报告入手,对公路建成后与环境影响评价阶段噪声敏感点的数量变化、噪声实测值与环评预测值的差异、实际的噪声防治措施与环评确定措施的差异进行了对比分析.结果表明,以上3个方面在公路建成后与环评阶段均存在较大变化,公路噪声环境影响评价的有效性亟待提高.造成这一状况的主要原因包括项目投资机制、运营期相关条件变化等.通过分析,提出了实现全过程的环境影响评价与管理、提高预测的准确性及增强防噪措施的可操作性等促进环评有效性的相关对策建议.     

Relationship between antecedent dry period and highway pollutant: conceptual models of buildup and removal processes

This paper investigated the highway stormwater quality at two Texas cities-Austin and College Station. Two highways with high average daily traffic were monitored using passive stormwater samplers for collecting first-flush runoff during a 16-month period. Detailed traffic and weather data were collected at College Station sites, but only weather data were obtained at Austin sites. A stepwise regression analysis on College Station data identifies the antecedent dry period (ADP) as the most significant predictor of pollutant concentration. Specifically, the College Station data show an unexpected result that pollutant event mean concentrations significantly decrease with increasing ADP for all analyzed pollutants. However, the runoff concentrations observed in Austin were not significantly correlated with ADP. The result from College Station data provides a different insight to the pollutant buildup and removal process on highways. Conceptual highway pollutant buildup and removal models are proposed for generating further discussion and research interest.     

Impacts of weathered tire debris on the development of Rana sylvatica larvae

Highway runoff has the potential to negatively impact receiving systems including stormwater retention ponds where highway particulate matter can accumulate following runoff events. Tire wear particles, which contain about 1% Zn by mass, make up approximately one-third of the vehicle derived particulates in highway runoff and therefore may serve as a stressor to organisms utilizing retention ponds as habitat. In this study, we focused on the potential contribution of tire debris to Zn accumulation by Rana sylvatica larvae and possible lethal or sublethal impacts resulting from exposure to weathered tire debris during development. Eggs and larvae were exposed to aged sediments (containing either ZnCl2 or tire particulate matter, both providing nominal concentrations of 1000 mg Zn kg(-1)) through metamorphosis. Water column Zn was elevated in both the ZnCl2 and tire treatments relative to the control treatment, indicating that aging allowed Zn leaching from tire debris to occur. Tissue Zn was also elevated for the ZnCl2 and tire treatments indicating that Zn in the treatments was available for uptake by the amphibians. Exposure to both ZnCl2 and tire treatments increased the time for larvae to complete metamorphosis in comparison with controls. We also observed that the longer the organisms took to complete metamorphosis, the smaller their mass at metamorphosis. Our results indicate that Zn leached from aged tire debris is bioavailable to developing R. sylvatica larvae and that exposure to tire debris amended sediments can result in measurable physiological outcomes to wood frogs that may influence population dynamics.     

Characteristics of the event mean concentration (EMC) from rainfall runoff on an urban highway

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characterization of the event mean concentration (EMC) of runoff during heavy precipitation events on highways. Highway runoff quality data were collected from the 7th highway, in South Korea during 2007-2009. The samples were analyzed for runoff quantity and quality parameters such as COD_cr, TSS, TPHs, TKN, NO₃, TP, PO₄ and six heavy metals, e.g., As, Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn. Analysis of resulting hydrographs and pollutant graphs indicates that the peak of the pollutant concentrations in runoff occurs 20 min after the first rainfall runoff occurrence. The first flush effect depends on the preceding dry period and the rainfall intensity. The results of this study can be used as a reference for water quality management of urban highways.     

Toxicity of urban highway runoff in Shanghai to Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and luminous bacteria (Vibrio qinghaiensis.Q67)

Pollution from urban highway runoff has been identified as one of the major causes of the deterioration of receiving water quality. The purpose of this study is to assess the toxicity of urban storm water samples in Shanghai using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo test and the bacterial luminescence (Vibrio qinghaiensis) assay. The toxicity of highway runoff from seventeen storm events was investigated in both grab and composite samples. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to the runoff samples and development parameters including lethality, spontaneous movements in 20 s, heart beat rate, hatching rate, and abnormality of zebrafish embryos were observed after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of exposure. Inhibition rates of luminescence intensity were also recorded. The results showed that in the zebrafish embryo toxicity tests, both grab and composite samples increased the lethality, reduced the percentage with spontaneous movements and heart beats, inhibited the hatching of embryos, and induced morphological abnormalities. In the Vibrio qinghaiensis toxicity test, all the grab samples inhibited the luminescence, while some of the composite samples promoted it, which indicated that different types of toxicants might have been affecting the species. The multivariate statistics analysis indicated that heavy metal (zinc, manganese, and copper) and PAHs might mainly contribute to the toxicity of runoff samples.