微生物降解拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的研究进展

随着拟除虫菊酯类农药使用量不断增加,产生的农药残留问题对生态环境和人类健康造成了危害.对降解拟除虫菊酯类农药的微生物种类、降解酶和降解机制及降解酶基因克隆和构建工程菌等方面进行综述,旨在为研究和开发微生物降解拟除虫菊酯类农药残留提供参考.     

有机磷农药残留检测技术研究进展

综述了近年来有机磷农药残留检测技术的研究进展,其检测方法主要有色谱法、降解酶法、化学发光技术和生物传感技术.详细介绍了几种生物传感器(如酶传感器、微生物传感器、免疫传感器、压电传感器、纳米传感器和液晶型化学传感器)在有机磷农药检测中的应用,并展望了这一领域的发展趋势.     

蔬菜中有机磷农药残留研究及对策

以西安市为例，研究了蔬菜中有机磷农药的残留问题，分析了不同农药在蔬菜中的残留特征以及不同品种蔬菜、不同类型蔬菜中农药残留的特征，讨论了蔬菜中农药残留量超标的原因及相关对策。     

土壤中结合态农药环境毒理研究进展

本文介绍了近年来国内外对土壤中结合态农药的研究动向,叙述了土壤中农药的结合残留量、环境意义及结合残留的分析测试技术,尤其对超临界流体萃取结合残留的技术作了介绍,并对该领域的深入研究提出了还需要解决的问题     

不同种植方式蔬菜中农药残留的差异及污染控制研究

采集了陕西地区不同种植方式的瓜果类、叶菜类蔬菜样品,研究了其中各种农药的残留情况,并分析了农药残留对环境的污染及其控制措施。结果表明:露地种植蔬菜与设施种植蔬菜相比,无论是农药残留检出率还是超标率都略高,两者的农药残留检出率分别为42.0%、36.5%,超标率分别为12.0%、8.2%;叶菜类蔬菜与瓜果类蔬菜相比,无论是农药残留检出率还是超标率都较高,两者的农药残留检出率分别为52.6%、29.6%,超标率分别为17.3%、5.4%;设施种植的瓜果类蔬菜和叶菜类蔬菜的农药残留检出率基本接近,而叶菜类蔬菜的农药残留超标率明显高于瓜果类蔬菜,露地种植的叶菜类蔬菜的农药残留检出率和超标率都远高于瓜果类蔬菜;设施种植蔬菜与露地种植蔬菜相比,甲胺磷、对硫磷、甲基对硫磷、毒死蜱、三氟氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯的残留检出率更高;瓜果类蔬菜与叶菜类蔬菜相比,毒死蜱、甲氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯的残留检出率更高;叶菜类蔬菜的农药施用浓度较高,施用农药后要间隔一定时间后再上市销售,并应采用更科学的施药方式,以减少农药在蔬菜中的残留和降低对环境的危害;一方面要开发并积极倡导使用高效、低毒、低残留的无公害农药,另一方面则要开发能够高效、快速降解残留农药的物质,同时还要进行农产品的清洁生产,以提高农产品的安全性,并降低环境中农药的残留危害。     

流动注射免疫分析及其在环境中农药残留分析研究综述

介绍了流动注射免疫分析、顺序流动注射免疫分析方法及其流动注射脂质体、荧光、化学发光、电化学等检测技术分析环境中的农药残留     

流动注射免疫分析及其在环境中农药残留分析研究综述

介绍了流动注射免疫分析、顺序流动注射免疫分析方法及其流动注射脂质体、荧光、化学发光、电化学等检测技术分析环境中的农药残留。     

农产品中农药残留物排除的研究(二)

在蔬菜和果树上喷施农药,造成水果和蔬菜上含有不同程度的农药残留。施药不当会超过农药残留允许标准。因此,除了严格掌握合理施药外,还必须探讨排除和减少水果、蔬菜上农药残留量的方法。这是与人民健康休戚相关的重要课题。本文,采用灵敏     

39人脂肪、血液中六六六、DDT蓄积量的调查及其相互关系

有机氯农药是我国目前使用的主要杀虫剂。因其化学性质稳定,残留期长,使用后广泛残存于大气、水体、生物体内。主要通过食物进入人体。由于有机氯农药脂溶性强,与酶和蛋白质有较强结合力,不易排出体外,故能在脂肪、肝脏和其它脏器中蓄积。另外,若在体内长期过量蓄积,会造成慢性中毒。有机氯农药对某些生物还有致癌作用。 我们在作了239列人体脂肪中六六六、DDT蓄积量调查基础上,为进一步了解六六六、     

有机磷农药纳米磁珠酶联免疫分析方法研究

将有机磷农药通用抗体固化在自行制备的纳米磁珠表面,以甲醇、丙酮、pH及包被纳米磁珠的抗体稀释度为主要影响因素,依据均匀设计法和间接竞争酶联免疫反应原理,对纳米磁珠酶联免疫分析(ELISA)方法进行了优化,并开展了纳米磁珠抗体复合物对多种有机磷农药识别作用的比较研究。结果表明,无论是甲醇还是丙酮,抗体稀释度与溶剂互作对半抑制浓度(IC50)的影响最大;与传统ELISA相比,纳米磁珠间接竞争ELISA对毒死蜱、喹硫磷、敌百虫、三唑磷、乙拌磷、伏杀磷、对硫磷、敌敌畏和久效磷均有较好的识别作用,IC50为1.29～6.34μg/mL,比传统ELISA降低了68.3%～95.6%,灵敏度大大提高。     

Direct determination of neonicotinoid insecticides in an analytically challenging crop such as Chinese chives using selective ELISAs

ABSTRACT

Easy-to-use commercial kit-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) have been used to detect neonicotinoid dinotefuran, clothianidin and imidacloprid in Chinese chives, which are considered a troublesome matrix for chromatographic techniques. Based on their high water solubility, water was used as an extractant. Matrix interference could be avoided substantially just diluting sample extracts. Average recoveries of insecticides from spiked samples were 85–113%, with relative standard deviation of <15%. The concentrations of insecticides detected from the spiked samples with the proposed ELISA methods correlated well with those by the reference high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The residues analyzed by the ELISA methods were consistently 1.24 times that found by the HPLC method, attributable to loss of analyte during sample clean-up for HPLC analyses. It was revealed that the ELISA methods can be applied easily to pesticide residue analysis in troublesome matrix such as Chinese chives.     

Comparison of gas chromatography and immunoassay methods for analysis of total DDT in calcareous soils

Three different calcareous soil samples from Lebanon were analyzed for total DDT pesticide residue using GC and ELISA methods. Two experiments were conducted on three different calcareous soil samples. In each experiment, triplicates of 5 gm soil samples were each fortified with standard solutions of DDE to reach concentrations of 0, 5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 ng g(-1) and allowed to equilibrate at room temperature for 6 hours. Each sample was then extracted with 25 mL of 90% methanol by shaking in glass bottles on a mechanical shaker for 16 hours. The bottles were allowed to stand for 30 minutes and aliquots were taken from the clear supernatant for analyses without further cleanup. The total DDT in the extract was measured in triplicate by GC and ELISA. The results indicated that the two methods were highly correlated (R = 0.955-0.994). Differences in soil properties did not affect the accuracy of the detection limits of ELISA. Immunoassay technique can be used for rapid and accurate measurement of total DDT residues in mineral calcareous soils in Lebanon.     

Monitoring of organochlorine pesticides residues in green mussels (Perna viridis) from the coastal area of Thailand

The utilization of organochlorine pesticides for pest control chemical has been of great interest on residue contamination from biological organisms in the environment. Green mussel (Perna viridis) samples were monitored as bioindicators for assessment of the water quality in coastal waters along the Gulf of Thailand. Thirty-six samples were collected from 12 stations during 1997-1999 and analysed for 26 organochlorine pesticide compounds. This paper focuses on the contamination of organochlorine pesticide residues in green mussel (P. viridis) during 1997-1999. The limit of detection of all organochlorine pesticides compounds was at the range of 0.1-8.3 ng g(-1) wet weight and recovery 75-95%. The concentration of organochlorine pesticides residues in green mussel was lower than the maximum residue limit for aquatic animals as recommended by the Ministry of Public Health of Thailand. The trend of organochlorine pesticide residue contamination in this area decreased from 1989 to 1999.     

Error propagation in pesticide residue measurements estimated by computational simulations and inter-laboratory sample analysis

An assessment of the error associated with conventional pesticide residue analysis has been conducted based on computer simulations and inter-laboratory residue analysis. Computational simulations were conducted based on (i) typical performance and regulatory acceptance criteria of analytical methods, and (ii) field residue distributions. In addition, field samples with incurred residues were sent to different private laboratories and the results compared. The relative difference in pesticide residues obtained when samples from the same field or produce lot are analyzed at separate laboratories was used to quantify the uncertainty associated with residue analyses performed using common analytical technology, and methods that are in compliance with current regulatory requirements. The study showed that differences of > 100% are common and should be expected when samples from the same crop are analyzed at different laboratories. The results also suggest that the error within residue measurements can be particularly detrimental when a result is reported near the maximum residue limit (MRL).     

Estimating the risks and benefits of pesticides: considering the agroecosystem and integrated pest management in the use of EBDC fungicides on apples

Calculating the risks and benefits of agricultural pesticides determines whether a pesticide will be registered for use on commodities. Historically, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has used very conservative estimates of health risks, particularly in the absence of data regarding actual use patterns of the pesticide and actual pesticide residue at the point of food purchase. However, when grower groups and manufacturers were faced with the problem of losing the ethylene bisdithiocarbamate (EBDC) fungicides, they approached EPA offering to provide hard data in place of estimates. Plant pathologists familiar with apple agroecosystems pointed out that different fungicides have highly specific uses in integrated pest management (IPM) programs, and that banning EBDC use on apples would probably raise total pesticide use in apples by compromising the pesticide reductions obtained under existing IPM programs. In addition, an early study showed that use-patterns could significantly reduce the amount of EBDC residue on apples. This approach led to a more realistic appraisal of both risks and benefits of the fungicides, lowering risks and raising benefits. The process ended with a registration prescribing use-patterns which result in minimal residue at harvest, thus providing valuable tools for use in IPM programs.     

Assuring the quality of data in the pesticide residue laboratory

Abstract

The importance of quality control procedures to the collection of pesticide residue data is discussed. The equipment requirements of an adequate, safe pesticide residue laboratory are presented. Equipment maintenance, personnel training, and preservation of samples is also reviewed. Appropriate objectives for an intra‐laboratory quality control program are outlined.     

Uncertainty of exposure assessment of consumers to pesticide residues derived from food consumed

The sources of quantitative and qualitative uncertainties of the exposure of a consumer to a pesticide residue are identified. The contribution of quantifiable uncertainties of input parameters of deterministic model to the combined uncertainty of the estimated exposure is shown with detailed calculation using the pesticide residue content of food consumed during two days. The daily intakes of bifenthrin residues calculated for the 60 kg bodyweight of the reporting person are 0.00257 mg/kgbw and 0.00281 mg/kgbw for day 1 and day 2, respectively with 27-28% combined uncertainty. The major contributors were fruits and whole meal bread. The contribution of the individual steps to the combined uncertainty depends on the particular food item. In general, the variability of recipes, estimation of the mass of consumed food, sampling, processing of raw commodities and analysis of pesticide residues influenced most, in decreasing order, the combined uncertainty of the estimated daily exposure.     

Development,validation of QuEChERS-based method for simultaneous determination of multiclass pesticide residue in milk,and evaluation of the matrix effect

Extraction and quantification of pesticide residue from the milk matrix at or below the established maximum residue limit (MRL) is a challenging task for both analytical chemists and the regulatory institutions to take corrective actions for the human health and safety. The main aim of the study is to develop a simple rapid and less expensive QuEChERS extraction and cleanup method for simultaneous analysis of 41 multiclass pesticide residue in milk by gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD), followed by confirmation of the residues with gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Effect of sorbent type, temperature, spiking concentration, matrix effect (ME), measurement uncertainty (MU), inter- and intra-assay repeatability, reproducibility of recovery, and trueness of the results were investigated to validate the effectiveness of the method. Limit of determination (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) for all the analytes ranged within 0.001–0.02 and 0.002–0.05 µg mL^?1, respectively. The % recovery of all the pesticides ranged between 91.38 and 117.56% with relative standard deviation (RSD) below 2.79%. The MU for all the analytes was ≤29% of respective LOQs, and except for few pesticides, the ME was largely negative. The method fulfilled all the SANTE guidelines and thus can be extended for routine analysis of multiclass pesticide residue in milk.     

Transfer of pesticides to the brew during mate drinking process and their relationship with physicochemical properties

In order to evaluate the extraction of pesticide residues that are transferred to the brew during mate drinking process of P.U.1 yerba mate leaves (Ilex paraguariensis), a special device to simulate the way in which mate is drunk in Uruguay was developed. The transfer to the brew of 12 organophosphates, 5 synthethic pyrethroids and one organochlorine pesticide from spiked samples was studied. The relationship between the transfer data thus obtained and physicochemical properties like water solubility (Ws), octanol-water coefficient (Kow) and Henry's constant (H) was evaluated. The extractability of the pesticide residues from yerba mate can be correlated with log Ws and log Kow. These transfer values allowed the calculation of ARLs (acceptable residue level) for the pesticides following Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Health Organizaion (WHO) guidelines. These results can help the future establishment of maximum residue levels (MRLs).