垂直潜流人工湿地有机物积累及去向初步分析

为防治湿地堵塞、改善湿地处理效果,初步探讨了湿地中有机物的积累规律,并估算湿地中有机物不同去除途径的贡献率。结果表明,垂直潜流人工湿地中基质间积累的有机物主要是不可溶有机物,且粒径主要集中在5.00μm以上,分析是不同粒径有机物凝聚积累的缘故;垂向沿程基质间有机物的积累量受进水水力负荷影响明显;进入垂直潜流人工湿地中的有机物绝大部分都被生物(植物和微生物)吸收和利用而得以去除,该途径贡献率可达99.9%以上。     

垂直潜流人工湿地技术在上海市农村污水处理中的应用和发展

不同规模垂直潜流人工湿地技术在上海市农村污水处理实际应用的结果表明,采用垂直潜流人工湿地处理农村地区的污水在技术上、经济上和运行管理上都是可行的,值得在农村地区推广.同时,解决了垂直潜流人工湿地技术在上海市农村污水处理应用过程存在的诸多技术瓶颈问题,提出了多种防止垂直潜流人工湿地发生堵塞雍水的对策措施.     

潜流式人工湿地基质堵塞问题对策研究

基质堵塞是人工湿地长期稳定运行最关键的问题.针对滇池湖滨福保人工湿地运行后潜流湿地基质严重堵塞的问题,分析造成基质堵塞的原因,从工艺路线、碎石床结构、填料径粒和布水方式等方面对原有人工湿地进行分析研究,找出堵塞原因,提出技术改造方案,并经过工程模型实验进行验证,在此基础上确定"预处理-潜流湿地(垂直流)-调节池-潜流湿...     

潜流人工湿地污染河水处理系统中的填料堵塞问题研究

利用潜流人工湿地系统处理污染河水,水力负荷为0.15 m3/(m2·d).研究了该系统长期运行过程中的填料堵塞问题及其对污染物去除率的影响.构建了潜流人工湿地污染河水处理中试系统,在运行两年后,潜流人工湿地填料存在一定的堵塞现象,填料孔隙率最大减少了2.67%.填料孔隙堵塞现象主要发生在该中试系统的前段(沿水流方向距进水点0～5 m),其填料堵塞物质主要为无机颗粒物.植物对填料堵塞问题的改善作用并不显著.填料的部分堵塞对该中试系统中污染物的去除率有一定的影响,运行第2年氨氮的去除率略有降低,而COD的去除率有增加的趋势.     

复合垂直流与潜流人工湿地沿程脱氮除磷对比研究

针对复合垂直流和潜流人工湿地对COD、TP、NH_4~+-N、NO~3~--N和TN的沿程去除规律进行了对比研究.结果表明,夏季复合垂直流人工湿地的去除效果均好于潜流人工湿地.对于复合垂直流人工湿地,污染物的去除主要集中在下行流池,且在进水端0～20 cm对COD、TP、NH_4~+-N和TN都有快速降解的过程.对于潜流人工湿地,进水端0～40 cm主要是COD和TP的快速降解沉淀,之后硝化作用逐渐加强,潜流人工湿地沿程均会发生反硝化作用,TN浓度基本呈均匀下降趋势.     

阶段曝气和植物对人工湿地处理城镇污水厂尾水的影响

采用人工配水模拟城镇污水处理厂尾水水质,利用3套阶段曝气垂直潜流人工湿地(VSFCW)对其进行处理。结果表明:当水力负荷分别为30、90和180 cm·d-1时,3套人工湿地对COD具有较好的去除效果,其去除率都大于66.7%;在处理总磷(TP)和总氮(TN)方面,VSFCW-1(无植物-曝气垂直潜流人工湿地)去除效果远远低于VSFCW-2(芦苇-曝气垂直潜流人工湿地)和VSFCW-3(芦苇-不曝气垂直潜流人工湿地),VSFCW-2(芦苇-曝气垂直潜流人工湿地)和VSFCW-3(芦苇-不曝气垂直潜流人工湿地)对TP和TN的去除率分别在80.0%和75.0%以上且具有较强的抗水力负荷冲击能力。VSFCW-2(芦苇-曝气垂直潜流人工湿地)和VSFCW-3(芦苇-不曝气垂直潜流人工湿地)对COD、TP的去除主要是集中在沿程的前1/4段(0~24 cm),后3/4段(24~115 cm)保证了出水水质的稳定。     

环境因素对不同工艺人工湿地反硝化功能基因丰度影响

反硝化细菌在人工湿地对N元素去除的过程中发挥着关键作用.为了解湿地类型、基质、植被和水力负荷及物理参数对人工湿地反硝化功能细菌丰度的影响,构建了9个不同工艺组合的人工湿地小试装置.利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测湿地基质中反硝化功能基因nirS,nirK和nosZ的丰度.结果显示,湿地中nirS,nirK和nosZ丰度(以每ng总DNA中的拷贝数计)分别为4.88×103～2.13×105 copies/ng,1.2×101 ～ 2.14×103 copies/ng和1.98×103～ 2.09 × 105copies/ng,其中nirS显著高于nirK丰度,nirS丰度与湿地出水的pH显著正相关.分析湿地4种设计参数对反硝化功能基因丰度的影响程度,结果显示,对nirS丰度影响程度大小依次为湿地类型＞植被类型＞水力负荷＞基质类型,水平潜流和上行垂直流人工湿地中nirS丰度显著高于下行垂直流人工湿地,无植物人工湿地nirS丰度显著高于有植物人工湿地;对nirK丰度影响程度大小依次为湿地类型＞植被类型＞基质类型＞水力负荷,水平潜流人工湿地nirK丰度显著高于下行垂直流湿地;对nosZ丰度影响程度大小依次为湿地类型＞水力负荷＞植被类型＞基质类型,但影响都不显著.     

垂直流人工湿地中基质组合对污水的处理效果及模型模拟

选择石砾、粗砂、细砂作为垂直流人工湿地的基质在实验室内研究不同粒径的基质在不同的水力负荷和对不同浓度污水对污染物的去除效果,根据实验结果选取基质应用于示范基地,利用人工湿地模型Subwet2.0对人工湿地示范基地进行模型模拟,为农村生活污水人工湿地系统的处理设计及模拟出水水质提供参考。研究结果表明:石砾、粗砂、细砂为基质对污染物去除率较好的水力负荷分别为小于0.9、0.6和0.3 m/d时;石砾基质对COD的最佳污染负荷为970 mg/L,粗砂、细砂基质为468~970 mg/L;粗砂和细砂基质对NH_4~+-N去除效果相似;在北方地区垂直流人工湿地主体基质建议使用粗砂或石砾以减少堵塞的风险;利用Subwet2.0模型模拟人工湿地示范基地的出水水质,根据当地条件在反应参数的取值范围内调整了相应的参数值,模拟的结果符合性很高。     

人工湿地基质中腐殖质的积累与分布特点

腐殖质来源于生物残体的降解,可参与多种污染物迁移转化,具有重要环境生态效应.本研究以常见的水平潜流和垂直流2种系统为研究对象,探讨了以无机基质为主构建的常规人工湿地中腐殖质的积累与分布特点.研究结果表明,随着污水处理运行,水平潜流和垂直流人工湿地中,大部分基质中腐殖质全碳量均有增加,水平潜流系统含量在1.7～ 18 g/kg,垂直流系统在1.9 ～7.5 g/kg;胡敏素是各系统腐殖质的主体组成,含量最高,水平潜流系统含量在1.55～17.22g/kg,垂直流系统在1.43 ～7.21 g/kg.腐殖质另外2种组分,富里酸和胡敏酸碳含量都比较低,水平潜流系统富里酸碳含量在0 ～0.68 g/kg,胡敏酸碳含量0.008 ～0.26g/kg;垂直流系统富里酸碳含量在0.015 ～0.38 g/kg,胡敏酸碳含量在0.05～0.15 g/kg,各系统中富里酸碳含量均高于胡敏酸碳含量;各系统中,根系基质腐殖质全碳及3种组分含量都显著高于非根际基质;不管是水平潜流还是垂直流,低水力负荷系统的比高水力负荷系统更高.     

人工湿地在河道生态修复应用中的进展及优化

认为人工湿地是河道生态修复的优选工艺,据此介绍了人工湿地在河道生态修复中的应用进展,并从构型、工艺组合、基质和植物四个方面进行了优化研究,结果表明：I-VFCW是构建人工湿地的优选构型;人工湿地与氧化塘、砂滤、接触氧化、絮凝沉淀等工艺组合,能够降低湿地堵塞的危险,提高处理能力;钢渣是除磷的优选基质,沸石是脱氮的优选基质;芦苇、香蒲、美人蕉等是优选植物。     

Quantification of pore clogging characteristics in potential permeable reactive barrier (PRB) substrates using image analysis

Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) are now an established approach for groundwater remediation. However, one concern is the deterioration of barrier material performance due to pore clogging. This study sought to quantify the effect of pore clogging on the alteration of the physical porous architecture of two novel potential PRB materials (clinoptilolite and calcified seaweed) using image analysis of SEM-derived images. Results after a water treatment contaminated with heavy metals over periods of up to 10 months identified a decrease in porosity from c. 22% to c. 15% for calcified seaweed and from c. 22% to c. 18% for clinoptilolite. Porosity was reduced by as much as 37% in a calcified seaweed column that clogged. The mean pore size (2D) of both materials slightly decreased after water treatment with c. 11% reduction in calcified seaweed and c. 7% reduction in clinoptilolite. An increase in the proportion of crack-shaped pores was observed in both materials after the contaminated water treatment, most noticeably in the bottom of columns where contaminated water first reacted with the material. The distribution of pores (within a given image) derived from the distance transform indicated the largest morphological differences in materials was recorded in calcified seaweed columns, which is likely to impact significantly on their performance as barrier materials. The magnitude of porosity reduction over a short time period in relation to predicted barrier longevity suggest these and similar materials may be unsuited for barrier installation in their present form.     

Biofilm growth-percolation models and channeling in biofilter clogging

Biomass accumulation is a load-limiting factor in the operation of biofilters used for air pollution control. As the biofilm thickens, portions at the base are no longer exposed to contaminants and oxygen and, thus, provide no treatment. Smaller pores are filled with biomass so that air no longer flows into them. As airflow paths are restricted, air may be prevented from reaching some pores even before they are filled. Eventually blockage becomes sufficiently widespread so that increasing head loss and decreasing removal efficiency require that the system be shut down. Optimization of biofilter design requires a better understanding of the mechanisms by which biofilters clog. In this work, a numerical percolation model of the blockage process was developed for application to biofilters. It allows comparison of pore blockage histories for various pore size distributions and predicts biomass accumulation, head loss, and treatment efficiency as a function of time, as well as total time, until blockage prevents further operation. Although the model was reasonably accurate in predicting the time before complete clogging, it underestimated intermediate values of head loss. Observations of a clogged biofilter suggest that this occurs because clogging later in the process is nonuniform at scales that are large in comparison with individual pores.     

芦苇人工湿地在环境保护中的应用

叙述了芦苇人工湿地污水处理技术的分类、特点及其在国内外的研究与应用进展。介绍了复合式芦苇湿地、新型芦苇床填料等相关的新技术，指出系统的堵塞和芦苇的衰退等问题是进一步发展芦苇湿地亟待解决的问题。     

芦苇人工湿地在环境保护中的应用

叙述了芦苇人工湿地污水处理技术的分类、特点及其在国内外的研究与应用进展。介绍了复合式芦苇湿地、新型芦苇床填料等相关的新技术,指出系统的堵塞和芦苇的衰退等问题是进一步发展芦苇湿地亟待解决的问题。     

潜流人工湿地水力学特性及工程设计

以净化低污染水体的潜流人工湿地水力学特性工程设计为重点，系统开展了室内外实验研究，并利用Peelet数分析了水平潜流人工湿地碎石床渗流返混程度。结果表明，潜流人工湿地集水花管孔口出流计算、基质填料内渗流计算、碎石床平均水力停留时间计算可分别借鉴薄壁孔口恒定淹没出流、线性或非线性渗流、活塞流理论；但受工程实际条件及运行淤堵等影响，工程实测结果均小于理论计算值。基于室内外实验成果，提出一套包括集配水系统水力计算、填料内渗流计算、平均水力停留时间计算在内的潜流人工湿地水力学特性计算方法和参数选择，可为人工湿地技术的工程设计提供借鉴。     

Preferential flow path development and its influence on long-term PRB performance: column study

The operating life of an Fe(0)-based permeable reactive barrier (PRB) is limited due to chemical reactions of Fe(0) in groundwater. The relative contributions from mineral precipitation, gas production, and microbial activity to the degradation of PRB performance have been uncertain. In this controlled field study, nitrate-rich, site groundwater was treated by Fe(0) in large-volume, flow-through columns to monitor the changes in chemical and hydraulic parameters over time. Tracer tests showed a close relationship between hydraulic residence time and pH measurements. The ionic profiles suggest that mineral precipitation and accumulation is the primary mechanism for pore clogging around the inlet of the column. Accumulated N(2) gas generated by biotic processes also affected the hydraulics although the effects were secondary to that of mineral precipitation. Quantitative estimates indicate a porosity reduction of up to 45.3% near the column inlet over 72 days of operation under accelerated flow conditions. According to this study, preferential flow through a PRB at a site with similar groundwater chemistry should be detected over approximately 1 year of operation. During the early operation of a PRB, pH is a key indicator for monitoring the change in hydraulic residence time resulting from heterogeneity development. If the surrounding native material is more conductive than the clogged Fe-media, groundwater bypass may render the PRB ineffective for treating contaminated groundwater.     

Probabilistic study of well capture zones distribution at the Lauswiesen field site

The delineation of well capture zones is of utmost environmental and engineering relevance as pumping wells are commonly used both for drinking water supply needs, where protection zones have to be defined, and for investigation and remediation of contaminated aquifers. We analyze the probabilistic nature of well capture zones within the well field located at the "Lauswiesen" experimental site. The test site is part of an alluvial heterogeneous aquifer located in the Neckar river valley, close to the city of Tübingen in South-West Germany. We explore the effect of different conceptual models of the structure of aquifer heterogeneities on the delineation of three-dimensional probabilistic well catchment and time-related capture zones, in the presence of migration of conservative solutes. The aquifer is modeled as a three-dimensional, doubly stochastic composite medium, where distributions of geo-materials and hydraulic properties are uncertain. We study the relative importance of uncertain facies geometry and uncertain hydraulic conductivity and porosity on predictions of catchment and solute time of travel to the pumping well by focusing on cases in which (1) the facies distribution is random, but the hydraulic properties of each material are fixed, and (2) both facies geometry and material properties vary stochastically. The problem is tackled within a conditional numerical Monte Carlo framework. Results are provided in terms of probabilistic demarcations of the three-dimensional well catchment and time-related capture zones. Our findings suggest that the uncertainty associated with the prediction of the location of the outer boundary of well catchment at the "Lauswiesen" site is significantly affected by the conceptual model adopted to incorporate the heterogeneous nature of the aquifer domain in a predictive framework. Taking into account randomness of both lithofacies distribution and materials hydraulic conductivity allows recognizing the existence of preferential flow paths that influence the extent of the well catchment and the solute travel time distribution at the site.     

正反粒径混合级配钢渣灰岩人工湿地处理生活污水的试验研究

构建小试试验研究了正反粒径混合级配填铺与正粒径级配填铺(组合填料为钢渣与灰岩)的垂直潜流人工湿地单元对生活污水中各主要指标的降解效果,同时比较分析了填料填铺方式对缓解人工湿地堵塞问题的影响.结果表明,当原水COD在134.72～653.33 mg/L、NH3-N在42.72～272.60mg/L,TN在107.40～6...     

Understanding particulate matter formation in the California San Joaquin Valley: conceptual model and data needs

Quantitative information from the 1995 Integrated Monitoring Study (IMS95) is used to develop a conceptual model, which describes the chemical characteristics and the physical processes responsible for the accumulation of PM in the San Joaquin Valley of California. One significant finding of the conceptual model is the sensitivity of ammonium nitrate (46% of winter PM_2.5) and nitric acid to oxidants, which may be VOC-sensitive rather than NO_x-sensitive. Key gaps in current knowledge are identified using the conceptual model, e.g., the relative sensitivity of winter oxidants to VOC and NO_x, mechanistic details of secondary organic aerosol formation, mechanisms of dispersion under calm conditions, and the importance of dry deposition. Some recommendations are also provided for the formulation of air quality models suitable to address the accumulation of PM in the San Joaquin Valley.