投加阳离子聚合物加速UASB反应器中颗粒污泥形成

运行2个UASB反应器，研究常温低浓度进水条件下，投加阳离子季胺盐絮凝剂对厌氧颗粒污泥形成的影响。一个反应器中投加阳离子季胺盐絮凝剂（称A反应器），另一个反应器作为对照不投加絮凝剂（称B反应器）。经过196 d的运行，2个反应器中均形成了活性较高、沉降性能良好的颗粒污泥。A反应器中的污泥颗粒更多、粒径更大，粒径＞0.5 mm的污泥颗粒的百分比比B反应器的多16%～19.3%。研究结果表明，投加阳离子聚合物加速了颗粒污泥的形成，提高了颗粒污泥的产甲烷活性和沉降性能。     

污泥负荷对上流式厌氧污泥床中颗粒污泥快速形成的影响

运行两个相同的升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器R1和R2,设定两个反应器的初始污泥负荷(MCOD/(MVSS·d))分别为0.12、0.17 kg /(kg·d),并根据COD去除情况逐步地提高污泥负荷水平,在运行过程中控制R2的污泥负荷始终高于R1 37%～40%,以此来研究污泥负荷对颗粒污泥快速形成的影响.实验结果表明,R2内颗粒污泥的形成速率高于R1,其污泥负荷在达到0.29～0.51 kg /(kg·d)时,开始形成大量的厌氧颗粒污泥.最终R2内形成的颗粒污泥粒径为1.00～4.00 mm的占36.1%,并有6.3%的颗粒污泥粒径在4.00 mm以上;而R1中这两个粒径范围的颗粒污泥仅为11.8%和1.2%.同时R2内较大的污泥负荷也使其产生的颗粒污泥具有相对较高的VSS/TSS.最终得出结论,0.29～0.51 kg /(kg·d)的污泥负荷能加速厌氧颗粒污泥的形成过程,而低于这个污泥负荷则不利于颗粒污泥的形成.     

常温下IC反应器启动过程中的颗粒污泥性能研究

在常温下用自配葡萄糖废水启动IC反应器,研究了厌氧颗粒污泥的形成过程和特性。IC反应器进水浓度为3 000 mg COD/L,水温为14.5～26℃,25 d内形成了颗粒污泥。结果表明,随着运行时间和容积负荷的增加,颗粒污泥粒径逐渐增大。反应器启动完成后,反应器中2 mm的颗粒污泥增加到6.6%,0.3 mm的颗粒从57.7%减少到39.4%;VSS浓度从24.7 g/L上升到48.2 g/L;VSS/SS从34.4%增加到72.8%。颗粒污泥的沉降速度与颗粒粒径成正比,0.3～3 mm的颗粒污泥的沉降速度介于34.05～109.75 m/h之间,具有良好的沉降性能。初始接种污泥几乎没有产甲烷活性,与第30 d的初期颗粒污泥相比,成熟的颗粒污泥的产甲烷活性提高了46.7%。     

中试规模IC反应器处理大豆蛋白废水的颗粒污泥培养和启动

实验研究了中试规模下,以城市剩余污泥接种IC反应器处理大豆蛋白废水时,厌氧颗粒污泥的驯化和反应器的启动过程。控制反应器内废水的温度在30~38℃、p H在6.8~7.5和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)不高于600~800 mg/L的条件下,经过98 d运行,IC反应器对COD去除率达到80%~90%,容积负荷达到9.5 kg COD/(m3·d)。成熟厌氧颗粒污泥为黑色,边界清晰,呈椭球形,平均粒径d50为1.5 mm,粒径1 mm的颗粒占92.3%。扫描电镜观察发现,颗粒污泥中产甲烷鬓毛菌(Methanosaetaceae)占优势。     

好氧颗粒污泥的培养及处理味精废水

以厌氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥,在模拟废水条件下利用SBR 35 d成功培养出了具有同步硝化反硝化作用的好氧颗粒污泥,反应器对COD和NH4+-N去除率分别高于95%和99%。将该反应器用于处理味精废水,当COD、NH4+-N的容积负荷分别为2.4 kg/(m3.d)、0.24 kg/(m3.d)时,COD、NH4+-N和TN去除率分别高于90%、99%和85%。处理味精废水后的颗粒污泥粒径由之前的0.8～2.5 mm减小至0.6～1.8 mm,颗粒结构较之前更加密实。     

厌氧-好氧颗粒污泥SBR处理城市污水的中试研究

采用中试规模的厌氧-好氧交替式颗粒污泥SBR处理实际城市污水,研究了好氧颗粒污泥的培养过程、处理效果及颗粒污泥的特性。以絮状活性污泥为接种污泥,经过72 d的培养后,反应器内出现小粒径颗粒污泥。在随后的230 d运行实验中,通过调整曝气阶段的溶解氧浓度、排水体积交换率以及周期运行方式,使得反应器中颗粒污泥粒径和比例逐渐增加。在最佳工况运行条件下,反应器中污泥浓度为3 000～4 000 mg/L,SVI值为45～55 mL/g,对COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷的平均去除率分别为91.63%、74.02%、68.42%和96.41%,达到了同时脱氮除磷的效果。     

低浓度氨氮废水在ABR中的厌氧氨氧化研究

在低浓度氨氮条件下利用厌氧折流板反应器(anaerobic baffled reactor,ABR)以厌氧污泥混合河涌底泥为接种源启动厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,anammox)反应。系统连续运行4个月后出水趋于稳定,当NH3-N和NO2--N容积负荷分别为3.91 g/(m3.d)和3.21 g/(m3.d)时,平均去除率分别为85.7%和98.8%。利用荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)技术对ABR厌氧污泥进行了分析。随后,以缩短HRT或增加进水NH3-N和NO2?-N浓度的方式来逐步提高反应器运行负荷,最后当NH3-N和NO2--N容积负荷分别达到65.53 g/(m3.d)和68.46 g/(m3.d)时,平均去除率为76.3%和91.3%,并培育出粒径为1.7～2.5 mm的颗粒污泥。利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察培育得到颗粒污泥与接种颗粒污泥,发现经驯化的ABR系统内微生物种类已变得较为单一,优势菌群发生明显变化。     

好氧颗粒污泥的培养及其对污染物去除特性研究

采用序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)进行好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)培养,比较仅接种普通絮状污泥培养(R1)与接种普通絮状污泥及部分厌氧颗粒污泥培养(R2)下污泥颗粒化进程、污泥特性及污染物去除特性。结果表明,通过逐渐缩短SBR沉淀时间、提高有机负荷,R1、R2分别在17、23d时出现乳白色颗粒,颗粒粒径较小(0.1～0.5mm),颗粒污泥成熟时由白色转变为黄色,污泥容积指数(SVI)均保持在40mL/g左右;培养60d时,R1、R2内污泥基本实现颗粒化,颗粒化程度分别为90.0%、84.4%;R1、R2中胞外聚合物(EPS)质量浓度均在56d时分别为84.75、64.05mg/g(以单位质量挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)中的质量计,下同),其中R1、R2中多糖(PS)在EPS中占主要比重;R1、R2中培养的AGS均具有密实的结构和良好的沉降性能,对污染物具有良好的去除效果,培养后期R1、R2对COD平均去除率分别为96%、94%,对TN平均去除率分别为60%、56%,对TP平均去除率分别为65%、61%。R2中接种的部分厌氧颗粒污泥可能对EPS的分泌起到一定抑制作用,从而影响污泥的颗粒化进程。     

一种高速反硝化颗粒污泥的培养

以葡萄糖为碳源,在USB反应器内接种好氧活性污泥在40 d内培养出良好的反硝化颗粒污泥.颗粒污泥形成经历了2个阶段:起始阶段,接种的好氧活性污泥中非反硝化菌逐渐衰亡演变为"惰性固体",与原有的固体一起,成为反硝化菌附着生长的载体,与此同时,反硝化菌在载体表面渐渐繁殖,形成细颗粒污泥;随后,反硝化菌在细颗粒污泥表面不断增殖,颗粒长大,发育成为成熟的颗粒污泥.成熟的颗粒污泥密实,表面均为杆状菌,且排列紧密,当污泥床容积负荷为19.1 g N/L·d时,去除率高达98.4%(N).     

低COD浓度废水启动EGSB反应器

以厌氧活性污泥和好氧活性污泥接种于2个膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器中,进水流量为10 mL/min,回流量为180 mL/min,进水COD浓度在180 mg/L左右,有机负荷率(OLR)为1.728 kg COD/m3·d左右,污泥负荷率(SLR)为0.19 kg COD/kg MLSS·d左右,出水COD浓度维持在40mg/L左右,COD去除率达80%以上.控制温度在32～35 ℃,pH在6.8～7.2,反应器内氧化还原电位在-340 mV以下,水力停留时间(HRT)4.2 h,上升流速4.86 m/h以及加入80 mg/L絮凝剂(硫酸铝钾),缩短了启动时间,促进了颗粒污泥的形成.分别经过60 d和120 d运行,反应器启动成功.结果表明,上升流速、絮凝剂和污泥类型对颗粒污泥的形成有影响;接种好氧活性污泥在低浓度COD下,合理控制负荷速率能成功启动EGSB反应器.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Leaching of seven pesticides currently used in cotton crop in Mato Grosso State—Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the leaching of pesticides and the applicability of the Attenuation Factor (AF) Model to predict their leaching. The leaching of carbofuran, carbendazim, diuron, metolachlor, α and β endosulfan and chlorpyrifos was studied in an Oxisol using a field experiment lysimeter located in Dom Aquino – Mato Grosso. The samples of percolated water were collected by rain event and analyzed. Chemical and physical soil attributes were determined before pesticide application to the plots. The results showed that carbofuran was the pesticide that presented a higher leaching rate in the studied soil, so was the one representing the highest contamination potential. From the total carbofuran applied in the soil surface, around 6 % leached below 50 cm. The other pesticides showed lower mobility in the studied soil. The calculated values to AF were 7.06E-12 (carbendazim), 5.08E-03 (carbofuran), 3.12E-17 (diuron), 6.66E-345 (α-endosulfan), 1.47E-162 (β-endosulfan), 1.50E-06 (metolachlor), 3.51E-155 (chlorpyrifos). AF Model was useful to classify the pesticides' potential for contamination; however, that model underestimated pesticide leaching.     

Endosulfan in China 2—emissions and residues

Background, aim, and scope  Endosulfan is one of the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and also a candidate to be included in a group of new persistent organic pollutants (UNEP 2007). The first national endosulfan usage inventories in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution has been reported in an accompanying paper. In the second part of the paper, we compiled the gridded historical emissions and soil residues of endosulfan in China from the usage inventories. Based on the residue/emission data, gridded concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese soil and air have been calculated. These inventories will provide valuable data for the further study of endosulfan. Methods  Emission and residue of endosulfan were calculated from endosulfan usage by using a simplified gridded pesticide emission and residue model—SGPERM, which is an integrated modeling system combining mathematical model, database management system, and geographic information system. By using the emission and residue inventories, annual air and soil concentrations of endosulfan in each cell were determined. Results and discussion  Historical gridded emission and residue inventories of α- and β-endosulfan in agricultural soil in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution have been created. Total emissions were around 10,800 t, with α-endosulfan at 7,400 t and β-endosulfan at 3,400 t from 1994 to 2004. The highest residues were 140 t for α-endosulfan and 390 t for β-endosulfan, and the lowest residues were 0.7 t for α-endosulfan and 170 t for β-endosulfan in 2004 in Chinese agricultural soil where endosulfan was applied. Based on the emission and residue inventories, concentrations of α- and β-endosulfan in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were also calculated for each grid cell. We have estimated annual averaged air concentrations and the annual minimum and maximum soil concentrations across China. The real concentrations will be different from season to season. Although our model does not consider the transport of the insecticide in the atmosphere, which could be very important in some areas during some special time, the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil derived from the endosulfan emission and residue inventories are in general consistent with the published monitoring data. Conclusions  To our knowledge, this work is the first inventory of this kind for endosulfan published on a national scale. Concentrations of the chemical in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were calculated for each grid cell. Results show that the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil agree reasonably well with the monitoring data in general. Recommendations and perspectives  The gridded endosulfan emission/residue inventories and also the air and soil concentration inventories created in this study will be updated upon availability of new information, including usage and monitoring data. The establishment of these inventories for the OCP is important for both scientific communities and policy makers.     

Impact of spiked concentrations of Cd,Pb, As and Zn in growth medium on elemental uptake of Nasturtium officinale (Watercress)

This study is aimed at investigating the impact of water quality on the uptake and distribution of three non-essential and toxic elements, namely, As, Cd and Pb in the watercress plant to assess for metal toxicity. The plant was hydroponically cultivated under greenhouse conditions, with the growth medium being spiked with varying concentrations of As, Cd and Pb. Plants that were harvested weekly for elemental analysis showed physiological and morphological symptoms of toxicity on exposure to high concentrations of Cd and Pb. Plants exposed to high concentrations of As did not survive and the threshold for As uptake in watercress was established at 5 ppm. Translocation factors were low in all cases as the toxic elements accumulated more in the roots of the plant than the edible leaves. The impact of Zn on the uptake of toxic elements was also evaluated and Zn was found to have an antagonistic effect on uptake of both Cd and Pb with no notable effect on uptake of As. The findings indicate that phytotoxicity or death of the watercress plant would prevent it from being a route of human exposure to high concentrations of As, Cd and Pb in the environment.     

Butyltin compounds in sediment and fish from the Polish Coast of the Baltic Sea

Concentrations of mono- (MBT), di- (DBT), and tri-(TBT) butyltin compounds were measured in eggs, liver, and muscle of nine species of fish from four regions of the Baltic Sea - the Firth of Vistula, the Gulf of Gdańsk, Puck Bay, and the mouth of the Vistula River. The overall concentration ranges among all the fish sampled from the four sites were: < 7 to 79 ng/g for MBT, 6 to 1100 ng/g for DBT, 7 to 3600 ng/g for TBT, and 16 to 4800 ng/g for total BTs, on a wet wt basis. The highest concentration of total BTs was found in herring liver from the Firth of Vistula (4800 ng/g, wet wt) and in roach muscle from Puck Bay (3300 ng/g, wet wt), while the least concentration was found in burbot eggs and liver from the Vistula River (39 and 32 ng/g, wet wt, respectively). TBT was the major form of BTs present in most samples analyzed. Sediment samples collected from shipyards in the Gulf of Gdańsk contained butyltin concentrations ranging from 1.2 to 46 μg/g (dry wt) for MBT, 2.0 to 42 μg/g for DBT, and 2.6 to 40 μg/g for TBT. As with the fish, the majority of the BTs in sediment were present as TBT, which suggested recent exposure of the aquatic environment of the region to TBT.     

Malathion-induced sublethal toxicity on the hematology of cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis)

The effect of malathion [diethyl(dimethoxythiophosphorylthio)succinate] at sublethal concentration (0.006 ppm) on hematological parameters of the cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis) was studied for 24 hrs to 240 hrs of exposure and remarkable hematological alterations were observed. The study on hematological parameters revealed a highly significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the total erythrocytes count in malathion-exposed animals from 24 hours to 96 hrs of exposure as compared to control. Significant decreases (P < 0.01) of hemoglobin and packed cell volume were also observed from 48 hrs to 240 hrs. A significant increase (P < 0.01) in leucocytes count was noted throughout the exposure period. Elevated numbers of lymphocytes and eosinophils as found in the present study revealed lymphocytosis as well as eosinophilia, suggesting that this was a result of direct stimulation of the immunological defense due to the presence of a toxic substance or may be associated with tissue damage. The cytomorphological and cytopathological study of erythrocytes and leucocytes in malathion-exposed frogs at 0.006 ppm concentration revealed various cytotoxic effects at different exposure times. It was noted that the size and the shape of the erythrocytes were subjected to variation in different blood disorders.     

Relation between forest vegetation, atmospheric deposition and site conditions at regional and European scales

Several monitoring programs have been set up to assess effects of atmospheric deposition on forest ecosystems. The aim of the present study was to evaluate effects on the understorey vegetation, based on the first round of a regional (the Netherlands) and a European forest monitoring program. A multivariate statistical analysis showed surprisingly similar results for both data sets; the vegetation appeared to be largely determined by the ‘traditional’ factors soil, climate, and tree species, but there was a small but statistically significant effect of atmospheric deposition. The effects of deposition include a slight shift towards nitrophytic species at high N deposition in the European network, and towards acidophytic species at high S-deposition in the Dutch network. The relatively small effect of atmospheric deposition is understandable in view of the very large natural variation in environmental conditions. Time series of both vegetation and environment are needed to assess deposition effects in detail.