亚甲基蓝在污泥活性炭上的吸附

以剩余污泥为原料,氯化锌为活化剂制备污泥活性炭。研究了初始pH值、吸附温度及离子强度对污泥活性炭吸附亚甲基蓝效果的影响。采用高分辨电子扫描电镜(SEM)和氮吸脱附曲线对污泥活性炭进行了表征。结果表明,随着pH值的升高,吸附量增大,碱性条件下最好。在15～55℃的范围内,亚甲基蓝的吸附量先增加后降低,温度为35℃时吸附量达到最大值。加入氯化钠后的污泥活性炭的吸附能力变弱,但随着离子强度的增大,变弱的强度减少。污泥活性炭以中孔为主和污泥活性炭具有不规则结构,预示着污泥活性炭较高的吸附能力。污泥活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附符合Lang-muir等温吸附方程。污泥壳活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附符合二级反应动力学方程反应特征。     

天然及CaCl2改性沸石对四环素的吸附

通过静态吸附实验研究了水中四环素在天然和CaCl2改性沸石上的吸附行为及机制。实验表明,天然沸石对四环素具有吸附能力,CaCl2改性可以提高沸石对四环素的吸附能力。天然和改性沸石对四环素的吸附符合拟二级动力学模型,颗粒内扩散不是吸附过程的主要控制步骤。Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)等温吸附模型可以较好地描述实验所用2种沸石对四环素的吸附行为,D-R等温方程拟合结果显示吸附过程包含离子交换作用。通过对天然和改性沸石吸附四环素前后溶液中主要阳离子浓度变化分析证实了该吸附过程包含离子交换作用。实验研究了pH值变化对沸石吸附四环素的影响,当pH=3～5时,天然和改性沸石对四环素的吸附量均随pH值的增加而急剧下降,而pH=5～10时,天然和改性沸石对四环素的吸附量变化均不明显,推测可能是离子交换作用和化学沉淀吸附作用所致。另外,实验还初步探索了溶液离子强度对沸石吸附四环素的影响情况,随着溶液中Na+和Ca2+离子强度的增加,吸附量先急剧降低随后趋向平稳,进一步说明了沸石对四环素的吸附过程不是由单一机制控制的。     

天然及CaCl_2改性沸石对四环素的吸附

通过静态吸附实验研究了水中四环素在天然和CaCl2改性沸石上的吸附行为及机制。实验表明,天然沸石对四环素具有吸附能力,CaCl2改性可以提高沸石对四环素的吸附能力。天然和改性沸石对四环素的吸附符合拟二级动力学模型,颗粒内扩散不是吸附过程的主要控制步骤。Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich（D-R）等温吸附模型可以较好地描述实验所用2种沸石对四环素的吸附行为,D-R等温方程拟合结果显示吸附过程包含离子交换作用。通过对天然和改性沸石吸附四环素前后溶液中主要阳离子浓度变化分析证实了该吸附过程包含离子交换作用。实验研究了pH值变化对沸石吸附四环素的影响,当pH=3～5时,天然和改性沸石对四环素的吸附量均随pH值的增加而急剧下降,而pH=5～10时,天然和改性沸石对四环素的吸附量变化均不明显,推测可能是离子交换作用和化学沉淀吸附作用所致。另外,实验还初步探索了溶液离子强度对沸石吸附四环素的影响情况,随着溶液中Na＋和Ca2＋离子强度的增加,吸附量先急剧降低随后趋向平稳,进一步说明了沸石对四环素的吸附过程不是由单一机制控制的。     

巯基改性活性炭对水溶液中汞的吸附性能研究

利用活性炭与巯基乙酸间的酯化反应，制备了巯基改性活性炭AC-SH，并通过静态吸附实验研究了该材料对水溶液中汞的吸附性能。研究结果表明，该改性方法可以在活性炭上嫁接2.31 mmol/g的巯基，AC-SH对汞的最大吸附容量高达556 mg/g；AC-SH的适用pH值范围非常广，在pH 1.5～10.5范围内其对汞的吸附去除率均达到90％以上，最佳吸附pH值范围为3～7；氯离子对AC-SH的吸附性能具有一定的抑制作用，原因在于它能和汞离子络合形成一系列吸附性能较差的Hg-Cl络合物。     

U(Ⅵ)在石棉尾矿酸浸渣上的吸附

为了研究U(Ⅵ)在石棉尾矿酸浸渣上的吸附行为,利用红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜等手段分别对石棉尾矿和石棉尾矿酸浸渣进行详尽表征。采用静态实验法考察吸附剂浓度、时间、pH、离子强度和温度等因素对吸附的影响,并进一步分析了吸附动力学和热力学。在研究范围内,U(Ⅵ)在石棉尾矿酸浸渣上的吸附受pH值、离子强度和温度的影响明显。当pH6时,吸附率随pH的增大而增大,此时吸附作用主要是离子交换作用或表面络合;当pH6,随pH的增大吸附率会降低,且离子强度越大,吸附率越低,则表明静电吸附或表面络合是其主要的吸附机制。动力学符合准二级动力学方程,热力学符合Langmuir吸附等温线方程。     

污泥基活性炭吸附Cu（2＋）的应用研究

以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为原料,以ZnCl2为活化剂制取污泥基活性炭。以此污泥基活性炭为吸附剂,对含Cu2＋的废水进行了吸附实验研究。考察了溶液pH值、Cu2＋的起始浓度对Cu2＋离子吸附量的影响;利用等温吸附实验作出吸附等温线,并考察了污泥基活性炭吸附剂吸附Cu2＋的动力学方程。实验结果表明,污泥基活性炭对Cu2＋具有良好的吸附性能。吸附的最佳pH值为5;吸附符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程,吸附为优惠吸附,吸附量随着吸附质溶液浓度的增加而增大;吸附平衡时间为4 h,吸附动力学符合二级动力学方程。     

污泥基活性炭吸附Cu2+的应用研究

以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为原料，以ZnCl₂为活化剂制取污泥基活性炭。以此污泥基活性炭为吸附剂，对含Cu²⁺的废水进行了吸附实验研究。考察了溶液pH值、Cu²⁺的起始浓度对Cu²⁺离子吸附量的影响；利用等温吸附实验作出吸附等温线，并考察了污泥基活性炭吸附剂吸附Cu²⁺的动力学方程。实验结果表明，污泥基活性炭对Cu²⁺具有良好的吸附性能。吸附的最佳pH值为5；吸附符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程，吸附为优惠吸附，吸附量随着吸附质溶液浓度的增加而增大；吸附平衡时间为4 h，吸附动力学符合二级动力学方程。     

花生壳活性炭对水中荧光素钠的吸附及动力学

H3PO4活化花生壳炭(750℃)为吸附剂,荧光素钠为吸附质.考察了炭化温度、投加量、pH、离子强度、吸附时间以及初始浓度对花生壳活性炭吸附荧光素钠的影响.重点研究了花生壳活性炭对荧光素钠的等温吸附特征,并利用准一级、准二级动力学模型和颗粒内扩散方程对花生壳活性炭吸附荧光素钠的动力学过程进行了分析.结果表明,本实验条件下,Langmuir等温吸附模型能很好地描述花生壳活性炭对荧光素钠的吸附效果,吸附强度因子a为正值,表明吸附过程在本实验条件下可自发进行.通过带入实验数据校对得出准二级动力学方程能更好地描述花生壳活性炭对水中荧光素钠的吸附动力学过程.     

流动注射分光光度法研究离子强度对活性炭吸附阴、阳离子染料的影响

运用流动注射分光光度法，考察了不同离子强度(NaCl)下，在水溶液中表面带负电的活性炭分别吸附阴、阳离子染料的动力学行为。实验结果表明，对于所考察的2种阳离子染料和3种阴离子染料，活性炭的表观吸附速率常数均随着离子强度的增大而增大。这种加速吸附效应的出现，主要是因为离子强度的增大促进了活性炭表面与染料之间的非静电力作用。     

四环素在石墨上的吸附行为研究

考察了石墨和四环素的相关性质,并通过静态吸附实验探讨了四环素在石墨表面的吸附行为及其机理。结果表明,四环素在石墨表面的吸附量、四环素的K_(ow)值以及四环素(+,-,0)的形态分布在pH尺度上的变化趋势表现出较高的相似性。据此推断四环素主要通过疏水力作用吸附于石墨表面,该作用力最大值出现在pH=5～6之间,而其他pH条件下,该作用力会随吸附剂、吸附质间静电斥力的增强和四环素自身溶解度的增加而被削弱。     

Roles of physical and chemical properties of activated carbon in the adsorption of lead ions

Elucidation of the roles of chemical and physical properties of activated carbons is an important basis for the systematic development of adsorbents with optimal properties specific for certain applications. Such an understanding has challenged most researchers and this has been attributed with the difficulty in decoupling the effect of chemical and physical properties that characterize activated carbons. This study proposed empirical modeling in resolving the effects of individual carbon properties in lead adsorption. A model based on lead adsorption and carbon properties including total surface area, mean pore size and heteroatom concentrations has been shown to adequately describe the lead adsorption onto activated carbons prepared from bagasse. To support this investigation a series of activated carbons were prepared from bagasse by physical and by chemical activation techniques. The surface chemical properties of the carbons were inferred from carbon pH and heteroatom concentrations. The physical characterizations of the carbons included total surface area by the BET technique and mean pore size measured using the Horvath-Kawazoe equation. Adsorption tests were conducted using a low concentration of lead (5 ppm) and the solution pH was maintained at 1.0 to maintain lead speciation to the un-complexed Pb(2+) ion. The adequacy of the proposed empirical models was statistically assessed. This form of analysis was shown to provide valuable information in tailor making adsorbents and selecting appropriate adsorbents for lead adsorption.     

Analysis of adsorption equilibrium for aqueous solution of weak organic electrolyte-activated carbon system

Several models for the adsorption of weak organic electrolytes on activated carbons from dilute aqueous solutions have been reported recently. It is apparent, however, that the electrokinetics of carbon surface has not been sufficiently addressed by these studies. The present treatment therefore employed the fundamental concepts provided by these studies, in conjunction with electrokinetic measurements and mass titration, to predict experimentally observed adsorption data. Important and convenient parameters for characterisation of activated carbon surfaces were thus evaluated. The interplay between reduced potential, pH and adsorption capacity were examined for adsorption of weak acidic electrolytes on untreated, oxidised and nitrided activated carbons. The best-fit parameters for aqueous adsorption on the carbon samples were also acquired.     

Adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 4-chloro-2-metylphenoxyacetic acid onto activated carbons derived from various lignocellulosic materials

Adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4-chloro-2-metylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) from aqueous solution onto activated carbons derived from various lignocellulosic materials including willow, miscanthus, flax, and hemp shives was investigated. The adsorption kinetic data were analyzed using two kinetic models: the pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order equations. The adsorption kinetics of both herbicides was better represented by the pseudo-second order model. The adsorption isotherms of 2,4-D and MCPA on the activated carbons were analyzed using the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. The equilibrium data followed the Langmuir isotherm. The effect of pH on the adsorption was also studied. The results showed that the activated carbons prepared from the lignocellulosic materials are efficient adsorbents for the removal of 2,4-D and MCPA from aqueous solutions.     

流动注射分光光度法研究离子强度对活性炭吸附阴、阳离子染料的影响

运用流动注射分光光度法,考察了不同离子强度(NaCl)下,在水溶液中表面带负电的活性炭分别吸附阴、阳离子染料的动力学行为。实验结果表明,对于所考察的2种阳离子染料和3种阴离子染料,活性炭的表观吸附速率常数均随着离子强度的增大而增大。这种加速吸附效应的出现,主要是因为离子强度的增大促进了活性炭表面与染料之间的非静电力作用。     

Adsorption of phenolic compounds by activated carbon--a critical review

Adsorption of phenol and its derivatives on activated carbons is considered based on numerous papers related to this issue. Special attention is paid to the effects of carbon surface functionalities, pH of solution and heterogeneity effects that accompany adsorption of phenolic compounds. Moreover, in this paper the most important aspects are overviewed referring to irreversible adsorption of phenols and impact of different substituents of phenolic compounds on their uptake by activated carbons is considered. Finally, some remarks pertaining to applications of novel adsorbents for phenol adsorption are discussed and illustrated by means of a few examples.     

污泥活性炭对复合染料的脱色及其重金属浸出毒性

用自制的污泥活性炭处理亚甲基蓝与酸性品红组成的染料废水,研究了pH、吸附时间、温度等因素对复合组分染料废水脱色率的影响,测试分析了污泥活性炭在处理亚甲基蓝与酸性品红复合组分染料废水过程中的重金属浸出毒性。结果表明:与处理单一组分染料废水相比较,处理复合染料废水时pH的影响较为复杂,2种染料在污泥活性炭上存在竞争吸附,但是污泥活性炭对复合组分染料的脱色效果较好。污泥活性炭对复合染料的吸附过程符合Langmuir型吸附。在处理染料废水的过程中,污泥活性炭中的重金属镉、锌及铬会浸出,重金属镉、锌的浸出浓度符合国家标准,但铬的浸出浓度已接近国家标准上限。     

Influence of solute dissociation constants on the optimum adsorption of weak electrolytes on activated carbons

The pH of solutions has dramatic effects on the adsorption capacity of activated carbons from solutions, while the adsorption curves for weak electrolytes acquired as a function of pH show maxima at some intermediate pH. This intermediate pH is usually near the pKa of the electrolyte. Some apparent controversy inherent in these statements has, however, motivated experimental and analytical investigation of these systems. The present investigation therefore employed standard ASTM techniques in the study of adsorption systems, as well as non-linear least squares regression techniques to predict adsorption on activated carbon. It was observed that the adsorption isotherms do not indicate the existence of clear adsorption maxima for pKa values above 10. The existence of both a maximum as well as a minimum on the adsorption of a range of moderately weak electrolytes is indicated. Good agreement was observed between experimental and predicted adsorption isotherms.     

Characterization of metal adsorption kinetic properties in batch and fixed-bed reactors

Copper adsorption kinetic properties in batch and fixed-bed reactors were studied in this paper. The isothermal adsorption experiments showed that the copper adsorption capacity of a granular activated carbon (Filtrasorb 200) increased when ionic strength was higher. The presence of EDTA diminished the adsorption. An intraparticle diffusion model and a fixed-bed model were successfully used to describe the batch kinetic and fixed-bed operation behaviors. The kinetics became faster when the solution pH was not controlled, implying that the surface precipitation caused some metal uptake. The external mass transfer coefficient, the diffusivity and the dispersion coefficient were obtained from the modeling. It was found that both external mass transfer and dispersion coefficients increased when the flow rate was higher. Finally effects of kinetic parameters on simulation of fixed-bed operation were conducted.