阳极氧化联合电-Fenton氧化深度处理垃圾渗滤液

采用多孔碳素阴极、Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5-IrO2阳极构建电化学氧化系统用于渗滤液的深度处理。研究结果表明,所构建的电化学氧化系统通过阳极氧化和电-Fenton氧化2种机制降解有机污染物;处理过程中阴极表面形成的沉淀物对TOC和COD的衰减也产生了影响。在阴极电位为-1.0 V、Fe2+初始浓度为0.5 mmol/L的条件下,电化学处理120 min获得了58%的TOC去除;处理480 min COD去除率为55%,NH3-N去除率为99%,TN去除率为60%,色度几乎被完全去除。GC-MS分析结果表明,渗滤液中以腐殖质类物质为主的有机化合物被降解为分子量相对较小的有机物,直至完全矿化。联合阳极氧化和电-Fenton氧化机制的电化学处理方法为垃圾渗滤液深度处理提供了新的选择。     

电-Fenton法处理4-氯酚废水

采用电解法对4-氯酚废水进行了处理。以活性炭纤维(ACF)为阴极，铁为阳极，并向阴极不断通入空气，电解过程中生成的H2O2与阳极溶解的Fe^2 形成Fenton(芬顿)试剂，Fenton试剂在电解的过程中可以产生大量活性羟基 OH，能够很好地氧化降解废水中的4-氯酚。在最佳试验条件下：室温，氯酚浓度为50mg／L，电解时间为60min，pH值为4．5，电流密度为15．38A／m^2，Na2SO4浓度为3g／L时，4-氯酚去除率为85．70％。     

电化学法去除水中的硝酸根

以钛基氧化物涂层材料（Ti／SnO2-Sb2O5-IrO2）为阳极，碳纳米管修饰的石墨（GE—CNT）为阴极构建电化学系统进行硝酸根（NO3-）去除研究，考察了阴极材料、阴极电位和pH值对电化学法去除水中NO[的影响，同时检测了铵离子（NH4＋）和亚硝酸根（NO2-）的生成量。结果表明，利用碳纳米管修饰的石墨阴极可获得较好的硝态氮去除效果；随着阴极电位负移，NO3-去除率随之升高；酸性条件下NO3-去除率最高，NH；生成量也更多。对于由NO3-转化产生的NH4＋，在氯离子存在条件下再次进行电化学处理120min，其去除率可达97．1％。     

电催化氧化处理除草剂异噁草酮废水的效能

为有效处理含异噁草酮除草剂废水，以Sb掺杂Ti／SnO2电极为阳极，不锈钢板为阴极，采用电催化氧化技术对异噁草酮废水进行降解，研究了不同影响因素对异噁草酮去除率的影响，并分析了异噁草酮的降解效果。结果表明，当异噁草酮初始浓度为100mg／L、电流密度为20mA／cm2、电解质投加量为0．10mol／L，反应120min后，异噁草酮去除率达到94％，此时TOC去除率为57．9％，能耗为25kWh／m2，且废水的可生化性能显著提高。     

基于Ti/SnO2阳极氧化法的典型染料废水电化学氧化规律

采用Ti／SnO2电极间接阳极氧化法处理直接深棕M和活性艳蓝KNR模拟染料废水，研究电解质种类、pH、电压、NaCl投加量及电解时间对其降解效果的影响；在最佳组合条件下，通过分析uV—Vis光谱以及降解过程中氮元素的存在形式，研究上述2种染料的降解规律。结果表明，在pH为3，电压20V，NaCl投加量为2．5g／L的条件下，电解30min后，直接深棕M和活性艳蓝KNR的脱色率分别达到80％和95％，60min后直接深棕M的COD去除率可达75％，活性艳蓝KNR的COD去除率达到90％；电解60min后，直接深棕M的偶氮双键完全破坏，萘环和苯环结构被逐步降解，活性艳蓝KNR溶液电解2min，其分子结构中的蒽醌共轭体系被破坏，随反应的进行，蒽醌结构逐渐被破坏，染料逐步降解。     

石墨棒阳极电化学氧化降解甲基橙

以石墨棒为阳极,采用电化学氧化法降解水溶液中甲基橙。通过紫外可见光谱和HPLC分析初步鉴定了甲基橙降解过程中的部分中间产物;通过硝酸银滴定法证明了使用的支持电解质氯化钠能参与并促进氮氮双键和苯环的破坏;通过紫外可见光谱、COD的变化考察了电解质的种类及浓度、电极种类、修饰及形状、槽电压和酸碱度等参数对石墨棒阳极降解甲基橙能力的影响。实验结果表明,以石墨棒为阳极、以石墨棒或者铜环为阴极组成的二维电极体系,和以石墨棒为阳极、以铜环为阴极并填充活性炭组成的三维电极体系,在氯化钠水溶液中均能有效降解甲基橙,20 min后脱色率超过95%,3 h后COD去除率超过90%。     

超声波／零价铁降解对硝基苯胺的试验研究

对在超声波、零价铁和超声波／零价铁(U／Fe^0)等体系中对硝基苯胺的降解规律进行了研究。研究结果表明。对硝基苯胺在超声波作用下，降解规律符合一级反应动力学模型，但超声波对高浓度的对硝基苯胺降解效果较差。在U／Fe^0体系中，超声波和零价铁对降解对硝基苯胺具有协同作用，对硝基苯胺降解速率显著提高。降解机理显示，对硝基苯胺在零价铁表面上发生原电池反应，被还原为对苯二胺，在超声波作用下进一步降解。在U／Fe^0体系中添加Cu^2 ，形成Fe／Cu原电池，可进一步促进对硝基苯胺的降解速率，降解效率优于铸铁屑形成的Fe／C原电池。     

混凝辅助电化学法处理橙黄G染料废水

以石墨板为阳极，研究了电化学氧化法对橙黄G染料废水的降解效果。比较了在NaCl、Na2 SO4以及NaCl与FeSO4·7H2O组合的支持电解质体系中的处理效果，同时考察了电压、初始pH、电解质浓度、电极间距和电解时间等因素对废水中橙黄G脱色率及COD去除率的影响。研究结果表明，橙黄G的脱色主要是活性氯的氧化作用，橙黄G分子的矿化可能主要是电解过程中产生的·OH的作用，FeSO4·7H2O的加入增加了混凝作用，使得处理效果进一步提高。最佳脱色条件下橙黄G脱色率和COD的去除率分别为97．6％和56．3％，B／C（BOD／COD）由0．09提高至0．41，可生化性有较大改善，并且随着降解时间的增加，COD去除率逐渐升高。此结果表明，橙黄G废水COD的去除相对于脱色存在滞后性。     

Fe~0/O_2体系降解苯胺废水机理

以苯胺为研究对象,在Fe~0/O_2体系中开展了降解实验。考察了苯胺在Fe~0/O_2体系与单一Fe0体系和单一O2体系下的降解效果,探究了Fe~0/O_2体系中活性氧化物的产生及降解苯胺的可能途径。结果表明:初始浓度为5.1 mg·L~(-1)的苯胺在Fe~0/O_2体系中可完全降解,降解过程存在协同效应,在Fe~0/O_2体系下降解速率常数为单一零价铁体系与单一氧化体系降解速率常数之和的46.15倍;Fe~0/O_2体系中活性氧化物主要有H2O2和·OH等自由基,苯胺在体系中的降解以·OH氧化为主,可能的降解途径为矿化和聚合,并以矿化为主;苯胺降解过程中氮素产物的变化表明降解体系中存在大量含氮有机物等中间产物。     

Fe^o／厌氧微生物体系降解2，4，6-三氯酚特性研究

通过摇床间歇实验，研究了厌氧微生物与零价铁（Fe^o）联合体系降解2，4，6-三氯酚（TCP）的特性，结果表明，在pH7．5，35℃，150r／min，Fe^o10g／L条件下，TCP初始浓度为30mg／L时，TCP降解的拟一级反应速率常数为0．0207h～，添加少量碳源可达到0．0390h^-1，其降解速率是前者的1．88倍；添加碳源的体系在220h内连续多次投加TCP降解率都达到80％以上，而不加碳源的体系在第2次投加TCP后降解率就只有30％左右；添加不同碳源，降解速率不同；添加2-溴乙烷磺酸钠（BESA）以及SO4^2-、NO3^-和S^2-对TCP降解有不同的抑制作用。     

电化学氧化法去除超高盐榨菜废水中的氨氮

采用电化学氧化法去除超高盐榨菜废水中的氨氮,阳极为Ti/RuO2-TiO2-IrO2-SnO2网状电极,阴极为网状钛电极,考察了电流密度、电解时间、极板间距、初始pH以及极水比对氨氮去除率的影响,并分析了电流密度对氨氮能耗和阳极效率的影响。结果表明,在初始氨氮浓度为472.73 mg/L,电流密度为156 mA/cm2,极板间距为1.5 cm,极水比为0.8dm2/L,原水pH为4.3～5.0时,电解30 min和60 min时氨氮的去除率分别为89.75%和99.94%,电解30 min时,氨氮能耗最低为96 kWh/kg,阳极效率最高为8.47 g/(h.m2.A)。     

臭氧催化氧化降解苯胺的机理

对臭氧单独氧化和臭氧催化氧化下的苯胺降解效率进行了比较,并通过液质联机分析了氧化过程中产物变化情况。实验结果表明,催化剂MnO2-CuO-CeO2/沸石的添加能有效地提高臭氧氧化苯胺的降解率,当苯胺初始浓度为200mg/L,反应20 min后,苯胺的去除率由原来的75%提高到89%;通过LC-MS分析,臭氧催化氧化苯胺降解过程中代谢产物依次为对亚胺醌、对苯醌、马来酸和草酸,并由此推断出了臭氧催化氧化降解苯胺的途径。     

Efficient removal of insecticide “imidacloprid” from water by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes

The oxidative degradation of imidacloprid (ICP) has been carried out by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs), anodic oxidation, and electro-Fenton, in which hydroxyl radicals are generated electrocatalytically. Carbon-felt cathode and platinum or boron-doped diamond (BDD) anodes were used in electrolysis cell. To determine optimum operating conditions, the effects of applied current and catalyst concentration were investigated. The decay of ICP during the oxidative degradation was well fitted to pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics and absolute rate constant of the oxidation of ICP by hydroxyl radicals was found to be k _abs(ICP)?=?1.23?×?10⁹ L mol^?1 s^?1. The results showed that both anodic oxidation and electro-Fenton process with BDD anode exhibited high mineralization efficiency reaching 91 and 94 % total organic carbon (TOC) removal at 2 h, respectively. For Pt-EF process, mineralization efficiency was also obtained as 71 %. The degradation products of ICP were identified and a plausible general oxidation mechanism was proposed. Some of the main reaction intermediates such as 6-chloronicotinic acid, 6-chloronicotinaldehyde, and 6-hydroxynicotinic acid were determined by GC-MS analysis. Before complete mineralization, formic, acetic, oxalic, and glyoxylic acids were identified as end-products. The initial chlorine and organic nitrogen present in ICP were found to be converted to inorganic anions Cl^?, NO₃ ^?, and NH₄ ⁺.     

电催化氧化处理除草剂异草酮废水的效能简

为有效处理含异草酮除草剂废水，以Sb掺杂Ti/SnO₂电极为阳极，不锈钢板为阴极，采用电催化氧化技术对异草酮废水进行降解，研究了不同影响因素对异草酮去除率的影响，并分析了异草酮的降解效果。结果表明，当异草酮初始浓度为100 mg/L、电流密度为20 mA/cm²、电解质投加量为0.10 mol/L，反应120 min后，异草酮去除率达到94%，此时TOC去除率为57.9%，能耗为25 kWh/m³，且废水的可生化性能显著提高。     

电化学脱硝过程参数的响应曲面优化研究

以Ti/IrO2-TiO2-RuO2为阳极,Cu/Zn合金电极为阴极,在无隔膜电解池中对这一新构造电极对的脱硝氮性能进行了研究。为了有效结合阴极硝氮还原能力和阳极氧化能力,采用响应曲面法中的Box-Behnken设计优化了对电化学脱硝过程有显著影响的4个重要因素:氯化钠含量、电流密度、pH和初始硝氮浓度。优化结果表明,相对于pH和初始硝氮浓度,氯化钠含量和电流密度对脱硝性能影响更大,而阴极硝氮还原性能主要受初始硝氮浓度、pH的影响。以6 h内电极对脱氮百分率为响应量,优化得最佳电化学脱硝过程参数为:氯化钠含量,1 g/L;电流密度,24.99 mA/cm2;pH,1.81;初始硝氮浓度100 mg/L。在此实验条件下,6 h内电极对脱氮百分率预测值为99.84%。通过3次重复验证实验,确认实际6 h内电极对脱氮百分率为91.34%。预测值与实测值两者相差不大,由此可知,Box-Behnken设计是一种优化电化学脱氮实验参数的有效方法,经过优化后的电极对具有较佳的脱氮效率。     

Aniline degradation by Electro-Fenton and peroxi-coagulation processes using a flow reactor for wastewater treatment

The degradation of 10-30 l of a 1000 ppm aniline solution in 0.050 M Na2SO4 + H2SO4 at pH 3.0 and 40 degrees C by Electro-Fenton and peroxi-coagulation processes at constant current until 20 A has been studied using a pilot flow reactor in recirculation mode with a filter-press cell containing an anode and an oxygen diffusion cathode, both of 100 cm2 area. H2O2 is produced by the two-electron reduction of O2 at the cathode, being accumulated with a current efficiency between 60% and 80% at the first stages of electrolyses performed with a Ti/Pt anode. In the presence of 1 mM Fe2+, less H2O2 is accumulated, but it is not detected using an Fe anode. The Electro-Fenton process with 1 mM Fe2+ and a Ti/Pt or DSA anode yields an insoluble violet polymer, while the soluble total organic carbon (TOC) is gradually removed, reaching 61% degradation after 2 h at 20 A. In this treatment, pollutants are preferentially oxidized by hydroxyl radicals formed in solution from reaction of Fe2+ with H2O2. The peroxi-coagulation process with an Fe anode has higher degradation power, allowing to remove more than 95% of pollutants at 20 A, since some intermediates coagulate with the Fe(OH)3 precipitate formed. Both advanced electrochemical oxidation processes (AEOPs) show moderate energy costs, which increase with increasing electrolysis time and applied current.     

Plans For APCA’s 53rd Meeting Shaping Up As May Date Nears

A continuous method for the measurement of SO₂ in ambient air at trace levels is described. The principle of detection is based on the anodic oxidation of SO₂ in a galvanic cell. A differential measuring technique with a cell with two anodes and one cathode is used; background and noise current are low and stable. A feature of the measuring system is that the air sample is passed through a porous anode against a head of electrolyte on the other side of the anode. The minimum values for the time constant and the lower detection limit were 3 seconds and about 3µg/m³, respectively. The selectivity of the method was compared with those of other techniques in field testing. Trace concentrations measured by the galvanic method in the range from 12 to 135 µg/m³ were in good agreement with those of the flame photometric and the West-Gaeke method. With a Pt/Ni₂B/graphite anode the mean oxidation efficiency was 94 ± 2% on the basis of 2 faraday/mol of SO₂ within the tested concentration range of 50 to 560 µg/m³. During a field test no decrease in the anode activity was observed over a period of ten months. Examples are given for the galvanic detection of other compounds using porous measuring electrodes.     

Electro-Fenton degradation of the antibiotic sulfanilamide with Pt/carbon-felt and BDD/carbon-felt cells. Kinetics,reaction intermediates,and toxicity assessment

The degradation of 230 mL of a 0.6-mM sulfanilamide solution in 0.05 M Na₂SO₄ of pH 3.0 has been studied by electro-Fenton process. The electrolytic cell contained either a Pt or boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode and a carbon-felt cathode. Under these conditions, organics are oxidized by hydroxyl radicals formed at the anode surface from water oxidation and in the bulk from Fenton’s reaction between initially added (and then electrochemically regenerated) Fe²⁺ and cathodically generated H₂O₂. From the decay of sulfanilamide concentration determined by reversed-phase liquid chromatography, an optimum Fe²⁺ concentration of 0.20 mM in both cells was found. The drug disappeared more rapidly using BDD than Pt, and, in both cases, it was more quickly removed with raising applied current. Almost total mineralization was achieved using the BDD/carbon-felt cell, whereas the alternative use of Pt anode led to a slightly lower mineralization degree. In both cells, the degradation rate was accelerated at higher current but with the concomitant fall of mineralization current efficiency due to the greater increase in rate of the parasitic reactions of hydroxyl radicals. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography allowed the identification of catechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, p-benzoquinone, and 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene as aromatic intermediates, whereas ion exclusion chromatography revealed the formation of malic, maleic, fumaric, acetic, oxalic, formic, and oxamic acids. NH₄ ⁺, NO₃ ^?, and SO₄ ^2? ions were released during the electro-Fenton process. A plausible reaction sequence for sulfanilamide mineralization involving all detected intermediates has been proposed. The toxicity of the solution was assessed from the Vibrio fischeri bacteria luminescence inhibition. Although it acquired its maximum value at short electrolysis time, the solution was completely detoxified at the end of the electro-Fenton treatment, regardless of the anode used.     

微波-Fenton对沼液中抗生素和激素的高级氧化

采用微波强化Fenton氧化处理系统,研究H2O2浓度、Fe2+浓度、初始pH、微波辐射时间和微波辐射功率对沼液中喹乙醇、土霉素、四环素及金霉素降解效果的影响.结果发现,采用微波强化Fenton氧化降解沼液中抗生素与激素的最优条件是:H2O2浓度为40 mg/L、Fe2+浓度为12 mg/L、初始pH为4、微波辐射时间为2 min、微波辐射功率为中火(445W),沼液中喹乙醇、土霉素、四环素、金霉素和COD的去除率分别达到67％、93％、91％、88％和46％.在水浴条件下,与单独微波辐射和单独Fenton相比,微波强化Fenton氧化有明显的优越性.     

光电催化氧化法降解藻毒素MCLR

使用DSA阳极,对光电催化氧化降解藻毒素MCLR的效能及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,电极表面的TiO2在光催化氧化降解MCLR的过程中发挥了明显的光催化作用。在光降解、电催化氧化、光催化氧化和光电催化氧化4个过程中,光电催化氧化对MCLR和TOC的去除率最高,分别可达100%和13%,并且光电催化氧化的去除率大于光催化氧化和电催化氧化之和,表明后两者的耦合过程产生了一定的协同作用。辐照光源和电流密度存在最佳匹配条件,分别为UVC辐照、电流密度10 mA/cm2和UVA辐照、电流密度1.0 mA/cm2,此条件下光电协同作用最显著。在光电催化氧化过程中,随极板间距增大而出现的去除率下降取决于电催化过程,而不是光催化过程;光电催化氧化MCLR的去除率随其初始浓度增加而减小。