RO浓水-废水联合培养小球藻的实验研究

为了实现微藻培养基的低成本化和废水资源化利用多重目的的耦合,对反渗透浓缩液(RO浓水)作为培养基培养小球藻(Chlorella sp.)的可行性及其影响因素进行了探讨。实验取一级、二级处理出水和消化反应上清液及3种废水与RO浓水混合液制成6种培养基培养小球藻,探究最佳培养基;在此基础上探究浓度与温度对小球藻生长的影响。结果表明,培养15 d后,3种添加了RO浓水的培养基比3种纯废水培养基更有利于小球藻的生长,其中消化反应上清液-RO浓水混合液是最佳培养基;浓水浓度0%~90%的该混合液中小球藻生物量增加315%~780%,且小球藻的生物量表现为随RO浓水浓度的增大先增加后减小的变化趋势,30%是小球藻最佳培养浓度;在10、20和30℃下,浓度0%~90%的培养基中小球藻生物量增加了140%~570%,各浓度中的小球藻均在20℃下生长最好。     

藻菌共培养对小球藻生长及苯酚降解的影响

工业苯酚废水无序排放会对环境造成极大危害,构建既能去除苯酚又能积累微藻生物质的藻菌组合对实现苯酚废水净化及其资源化利用具有重要意义。首先,研究了小球藻对苯酚的耐受性和降解性能;然后,构建了其与简单芽胞杆菌Bacillus simplex的共培养体系;最后,测试了藻菌比、藻菌接种浓度和苯酚浓度等对小球藻生长及苯酚降解的影响。结果表明:小球藻能耐受400 mg·L~(-1)的苯酚,但其对100～600 mg·L~(-1)苯酚的降解率仅为1.21%～11.66%;对于藻菌共培养体系,在固定小球藻接种浓度为0.2 g·L~(-1)、藻菌比为1∶4～4∶1条件下,3～5 d完全降解了400 mg·L~(-1)的苯酚,小球藻叶绿素(a+b)含量较单藻组增加了0.14～2.21倍,且随着藻菌比降低,苯酚降解效率及小球藻生物量逐步提高;在固定藻菌比为1∶1、小球藻初始接种浓度为0.05～0.4 g·L~(-1)条件下,4～5 d完全降解400 mg·L~(-1)苯酚,且在藻接种浓度为0.2 g·L~(-1)条件下,小球藻具有最高的比生长速率;在藻菌接种浓度0.2 g·L~(-1)、藻菌比1∶1条件下,6 d内完全降解500 mg·L~(-1)的苯酚,且在各苯酚浓度(200～600 mg·L~(-1))下,小球藻叶绿素(a+b)含量较初始接种值增加了1.54～4.71倍。与简单芽胞杆菌共培养可以促进小球藻生长并提高其苯酚降解能力,在苯酚废水净化及资源化利用领域展现了一定的应用潜力。     

Harvesting of Chlorella sp. using hollow fiber ultrafiltration

Introduction

The suitability of the application of ultrafiltration (UF) to harvest Chlorella sp. from the culture medium was examined. We investigated the effects of two improved UF system, forward air?Cwater flushing and backwash with permeate, on the concentration process.

Materials and methods

Backwash with permeate was selected as an optimization of the improved UF system, which was more effective for permeate flux recovery. Moreover, the hollow fiber UF system by adding periodical backwash with permeate was examined for Chlorella sp. harvesting.

Results and discussion

It was found that Chlorella sp. could be concentrated with high recovery in a lab-scale experiment. An overall algal biomass recovery of above 90% was achieved when the volume concentration factor was 10. For an original biomass of 1.3?±?0.05?g/L, 1?min backwash followed by 20?min forward concentrating was more effective, which resulted in a recovery of 94% and a high average flux of 30.3?L/m²/h. In addition, the algal recovery was highly correlated to the volume concentration factor and the initial biomass. A high concentration factor or a high initial biomass resulted in a low biomass recovery.     

Toxicity of surfactants to green microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Scenedesmus subspicatus and to marine diatoms Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Skeletonema costatum

Ecotoxicity of different commercial surfactants (six anionic, two amphoteric and one nonionic), essential constituents of cleansing hair products (shampoos), as well as ecotoxicity of eight shampoos containing different combinations of these surfactants, were tested in order to evaluate their possible toxic effects on microalgae. Specific objective of this research was to compare the sensitivity of selected freshwater and marine microalgae to these widely used surfactants and well-known pollutants in surface waters. Internationally validated methods (ISO standards) for the determination of toxic effects on the growth of planktonic freshwater green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Scenedesmus subspicatus and marine diatoms Skeletonema costatum and Phaeodactylum tricornutum, were used. The obtained results showed that the concentrations of tested surfactants and shampoos, which resulted in 50% growth reduction of planktonic freshwater green algae, when compared to the controls without test substances (EC50), were in the range from 0.32 to 4.4 mg l(-1) for surfactants and from 2.1 to 8.5 mg l(-1) for shampoos expressed as active substance. Marine diatoms were significantly more sensitive to the tested surfactants than freshwater green algae (EC50 0.14-1.7 mg l(-1) for surfactants and 0.35-1.25 mg l(-1) for shampoos). According to the classification on the basis of environmental effects, the obtained results suggested that all tested surfactants can be classified as having toxic effects on freshwater green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Some of them indicated that they have a very toxic effect on Scenedesmus subspicatus and marine diatoms Skeletonema costatum and Phaeodactylum tricornutum.     

磷浓度对海洋小球藻叶绿素荧光及生长的影响

海水富营养化影响微藻生长,引起海洋初级生产力变化.以海洋小球藻(Chlorella sp.)为研究对象,研究不同磷浓度对其叶绿素荧光、细胞密度和色素含量变化的影响,以期找到海洋小球藻最适生长的磷浓度,为富营养条件下微藻生长的研究提供基础资料.结果表明,在培养温度为(22±1) ℃、光照强度为4 000 lx、光暗比为12 h:12 h条件下,不同磷浓度对海洋小球藻叶绿素荧光、细胞密度及色素含量影响显著,最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、实际光能转化效率(ΦPSⅡ)和电子传递速率(ETR)均呈先升后降的趋势,3.62 μmol/L处理组显著低于其他各组,434.52 μmol/L处理组一直处在较高水平.说明海洋小球藻的光合作用对高磷的适应范围较广,但对低磷浓度培养反应敏感.非光化学淬灭(qN)的值,3.62 μmol/L处理组高于其他各组.从细胞密度和色素含量的变化可以看出,36.21 μmol/L处理组最高,434.52、3.62 μmol/L处理组均低于36.21 μmol/L处理组.海洋小球藻生长的最适磷摩尔浓度为36.21 μmol/L.     

Wastewater nutrient removal by Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Scenedesmus sp

Two different species of photosynthetic microalgae, Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Scenedesmus sp., were grown in settled and activated sewage filtrates at two different inoculum sizes, aimed to reduce nutrient load from wastewater. Higher growth rates were recorded in cultures with higher inoculum size, and algal cells usually grew better in settled sewage than in activated sewage. As algae started to grow and multiply, both nitrogen and phosphorus content in wastewater decreased significantly. The removal rate was rapid during the first week of growth and more than 2/3 of wastewater N and P was reduced. After the initial period, the removal rate slowed down. At the end of this study, more than 80% of total-P and inorganic N present in settled sewage were reduced but such removal efficiency was lower in activated sewage. In general, high inoculum size of algal cells provided more N and P removal than low inoculum, and Chlorella cells performed better than Scenedesmus. These results suggest that cultivation of Chlorella seems to be one of the feasible methods to reduce the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus entering the nearby coastal water, thus preventing the eutrophication problem. It is also clear that algal ponds with high inoculum size might be more suitable to be installed as a secondary rather than a tertiary treatment process.     

Toxicity evaluation of butyl acrylate on the photosynthetic pigments,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters,and oxygen evolution activity of Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Platymonas subcordiformis

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Butyl acrylate is a hazardous and noxious substance (HNS) listed in the top 50 chemicals that is most likely to be involved in HNS spilling incident....     

Effects of adsorbent dose and size on phosphate-removal from wastewaters

Laboratory scale production of rinsed tamarind nutshell activated carbon (TNSAC) was done by the method of single stage chemical activation, with zinc chloride as an activation agent. Using this adsorbent, adsorption studies were conducted in agitated batch flow reactors with a fixed initial phosphate concentration and with varying adsorbent particle sizes and doses, The highest percentages adsorbed, for an adsorbent dose of 4 g litre(-1), were 57% and 44%, respectively, for adsorbent particle sizes of 106.1 microm and 232.4 microm. Two different models have been developed for predicting the percentage of phosphates adsorbed. Both models manifested high coefficients of correlation, indicating their robustness. The adsorption isotherms developed were observed to resemble the form of Freundlich isotherms. A generalized model has been developed for predicting the adsorptive capacity with respect to the stated test conditions. This model exhibited good coefficients of correlation.     

Biodegradation capacity of tributyltin by two Chlorella species

Two microalgal species, Chlorella vulgaris and Chlorella sp., which showed high tributyltin (TBT) tolerant ability were investigated for their capabilities in degrading TBT at sublethal concentration. The distribution of TBT and its degraded products dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT) in the incubation medium, extracellular surface and intracellular fraction were monitored during an exposure period of 14 days. Results showed that biosorption of TBT by the algal cell wall was the major mechanism in reducing 40% of the initial TBT from the medium in the first 2 days. The half-life of TBT incubated with C. vulgaris was 60 h while that of Chlorella sp. was 80 h. The occurrence of DBT at Day 1 in the culture medium provided direct evidence to the biodegradation of TBT by both Chlorella species. At the end of the experimental period, 27 and 41% of the original TBT were recovered as DBT and MBT in cultures of C. vulgaris, respectively. In contrast, DBT appeared to be the only degradation product of Chlorella sp. and only 26% of the original TBT was transformed to DBT. Despite the same genus, TBT was debutylated to a greater extent to MBT by C. vulgaris, while DBT was the end degradation product by Chlorella sp. The capability of such debutylating process therefore accounted for the higher tolerant ability of C. vulgaris than Chlorella sp.     

Differential sensitivity of marine algae Dunaliella salina and Chlorella sp. to P25 TiO2 NPs

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The use of P25 TiO2 NPs in consumer products, their release, and environmental accumulation will have harmful effects on the coastal ecosystems. The...     

Repeated use of two Chlorella species, C. vulgaris and WW1 for cyclic nickel biosorption.

Two living Chlorella species were used to remove nickel from solution containing 30 micrograms Ni ml-1 in 10 successive cycles. The present study also examined the continued viability of these two algal species after repeated exposure to nickel. The two species of Chlorella were Chlorella vulgaris (commercially available) and WW1 (indigenous species isolated from domestic sewage and was tentatively identified as Chlorella miniata). The nickel removal percentage of WW1 cells was maintained at around 85% in the first five cycles, then declined slightly from the fifth cycle onwards, and finally achieved around 70% removal at the end of the 10th cycle. On the contrary, the removal efficiency of C. vulgaris declined from 50 to 30% during the 10 cycles of nickel bisorption. At the end of these 10 successive cycles, WW1 accumulated a substantial amount of Ni2+ (the cumulative cellular Ni concentration was 0.92% dry w.), while the value was only 0.17% in the case of C. vulgaris. These results suggest that the local isolate, WW1, had more consistent and satisfactory ability for removing Ni than the commercial C. vulgaris. Both algal species were still capable of dividing after each nickel treatment cycle, suggesting that the cells were not killed even when significant amounts of nickel were adsorbed/absorbed. However, Ni exposure adversely affected the physiological activity of algal cells as reflected by the decline in division rate and chlorophyll-a activity in both species. Such negative effects became more obvious as the number of cyclic treatments was increased. Nevertheless, WW1 cells appeared to recover from nickel treatment when re-cultivated in commercial medium for 2 weeks.     

Effects of procymidone, fludioxonil and pyrimethanil on two non-target aquatic plants.

Procymidone, fludioxonil, and pyrimethanil are widely used to control the pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea in Champagne's vineyards. These fungicides may end up in surface waters and present potential risks for aquatic vascular plants and algae. Therefore, their toxicity was evaluated on Lemna minor and Scenedesmus acutus in six-day or 48-h tests, respectively. Based on growth and chlorophyll (Chl) content of L. minor and S. acutus cultures, the results showed that the alga was the most sensitive to the fungicides. Among the fungicides, pyrimethanil was the most toxic for L. minor, its nominal IC50 was 46.16 mg l(-1) and that of the other two was >100 mg l(-1). In contrast, pyrimethanil appeared the least toxic for S. acutus at low concentration, nominal IC50 were 22.81, 4.85, and 4.55 mg l(-1) for pyrimethanil, fludioxonil, and procymidone, respectively. Fate of the fungicides in the media was also investigated and acute toxicity of the agrochemicals is discussed in regard to concentration in the culture media. Poor solubility of procymidone and fludioxonil appeared to be partly responsible for the low toxicity of these fungicides. Based on these toxicity data and the concentrations found in ponds collecting vineyard runoff water, these pesticides should not impair the establishment of pioneer plants.     

Ultrasonic destruction of surfactants: application to industrial wastewaters.

This research focused on the use of sonication to destroy surfactants and surface tension properties in industrial wastewaters that affect traditional water treatment processes. We have investigated the sonochemical destruction of surfactants and a chelating agent to understand the release of metals from surfactants during sonication. In addition, the effects of physical properties of surfactants and the effect of ultrasonic frequency were investigated to gain an understanding of the factors affecting degradation. Sonochemical degradation of surfactants was observed to be more effective than nonsurfactant compounds. In addition, as the concentration is increased, the degradation rate constant does not decrease as significantly as with nonsurfactant compounds in the near-field acoustical processor reactor. The degradation of metal complexes is not as effective as in the absence of the metal. However, this is likely an artifact of the model complexing agent used. Surfactant metal complexes are expected to be faster, as they will accumulate at the hot bubble interface, significantly increasing ligand exchange kinetics and thus degradation of the complex.     

大豆蛋白和屠宰废水处理工艺研究

介绍了两公司大豆蛋白废水的水质水量和性质特征,分析工程的工艺设计和调试运行状况.对大豆蛋白和屠宰废水的处理,采用混和处理的总体工艺,理论研究和运行实践表明,混和处理利于均衡生物处理营养,优化厌氧处理工艺型式及参数.污泥培养时,尽快从间歇运行变为连续运行,利于基质和污泥的混和接触,促进油脂和脂肪酸的降解,防止油和脂肪酸的积累及其抑制作用,防止油脂包覆污泥,造成污泥漂浮流失.     

Cytogenotoxic activity of herbicidal and fungicidal pesticides on Triticum aestivum root meristem

Phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of pesticides with various mechanisms of targeted activity were studied in a hydroponic culture of 2-day-old seedlings of Triticum aestivum. All studied pesticides (with the exception of metribuzin) exhibited dose-dependent phytotoxicity (inhibited the growth of the main root and reduced the yield of root biomass). All studied pesticides did not affect mitotic index in the root apex meristem but did affect the duration of some phases of mitosis. Herbicides increased, while fungicides, on the contrary, decreased the duration of the cytokinesis phase. All pesticides (1 μg/mL) exhibited genotoxic activity: in the root apex meristem the number of cells with mitotic abnormalities was significantly higher than in the control variant (7–14 times). The genotoxic activity of metribuzin and tebuconazole was 2 times lower than for tribenuron-methyl, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, epoxiconazole and azoxystrobin. The genotoxicity of the studied pesticides was combined: depending on the class of the pesticide, clastogenic or aneugenous effects dominated.

     

含硫无机物对克雷伯氏菌NIII2产絮凝剂特性的影响

研究了含硫无机物对克雷伯氏菌NIII2发酵产絮凝剂特性的影响作用。结果表明:未外加硫或投加足量硫化钠时,NIII2菌,因易产酸,絮凝剂产量低,约2.14 g·L-1;而投加足够(16 mg·L-1,以硫元素计)硫代硫酸钠和硫酸钠时,絮凝剂产量提高,最高可达9.03 g·L-1。与未外加硫相比,外加足够硫酸钠或硫代硫酸钠,能使絮凝剂中蛋白质相对含量分别提高29.8%和25%,并提高絮凝剂中总巯基、二硫键含量以及Zeta电位,致使絮凝剂粒径可广泛分布于0.5~3.3 μm范围内,且大粒径分子所占比例提高,聚合度增大,从而稳定絮凝剂活性和性能。投加8.0 mg·L-1絮凝剂,2 g·L-1高岭土所产生的SS去除率达93%左右。NIII2菌所产絮凝剂为糖蛋白类,未投加含硫无机物或投加硫化钠时所产絮凝剂为O-糖苷键相连的糖蛋白,而投加硫代硫酸钠、硫酸钠时所产絮凝剂则为絮凝剂为非O-糖苷键糖蛋白。     

大豆蛋白和屠宰废水处理工艺研究

介绍了两公司大豆蛋白废水的水质水量和性质特征，分析工程的工艺设计和调试运行状况。对大豆蛋白和屠宰废水的处理，采用混和处理的总体工艺，理论研究和运行实践表明，混和处理利于均衡生物处理营养，优化厌氧处理工艺型式及参数。污泥培养时，尽快从间歇运行变为连续运行，利于基质和污泥的混和接触，促进油脂和脂肪酸的降解，防止油和脂肪酸的积累及其抑制作用，防止油脂包覆污泥，造成污泥漂浮流失。     

Effects of different silicate minerals on silicon activation by Ochrobactium sp. T-07-B

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - As a kind of solid waste with a high silicon content, electrolytic manganese residue (EMR) can be utilized as silicon source by plants through...     

Mutagenicity and genotoxicity assessment of industrial wastewaters

The genotoxicity of industrial wastewaters from Jajmau (Kanpur), was carried out by Ames Salmonella/microsome test, DNA repair-defective mutants, and Allium cepa anaphase–telophase test. Test samples showed maximum response with TA98 strain with and without metabolic activation. Amberlite resins concentrated wastewater samples were found to be more mutagenic as compared to those of liquid–liquid extracts (hexane and dichloromethane extracts). The damage in the DNA repair defective mutants in the presence of Amberlite resins concentrated water samples were found to be higher to that of liquid–liquid-extracted water samples at the dose level of 20 μl/ml culture. Among all the mutants, polA exhibited maximum decline with test samples. Mitotic index (MI) of root tip meristematic cells of A. cepa treated with 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 % (v/v) wastewaters were significantly lower than the control. Complementary to the lower levels of MI, the wastewaters showed higher chromosomal aberration levels in all cases investigated.