采油污水生物处理技术

采油污水是石油工业中的重点污染源之一。本文论述了采油污水生物处理的难度和技术可行性，总结了国内外近年来采油污水生物处理技术的现状及研究进展。     

组合方法去除新型采油污水中有机污染物的研究

含聚丙烯酰胺采油污水的有效处理是近年来困扰油田三次采油生产的一个难题。研究采用移动床生物膜技术与O3/UV/H2O2高级氧化技术的组合方法来处理含聚丙烯酰胺采油污水。实验结果表明,移动床生物膜技术可以有效去除污水中的石油类有机物,但对聚丙烯酰胺几乎无效果。O3/UV/H2O2高级氧化技术可以降解污水中的聚丙烯酰胺。组合方法处理后的含聚丙烯酰胺采油污水水质可以达到污水综合排放标准中的一级要求。     

Fenton氧化与生化组合技术处理油田采油废水的研究

采用Fenton氧化与生化组合技术处理生物难降解的采油废水的研究结果表明，Fenton氧化技术不但对采油废水中有机质有较好的去除率，而且大大地改善了废水的可生化性，在H2O2的投加浓度和Fe^2 与H2O2的摩尔比分别为10mmol／L和0．1的条件下，经过30min氧化后可使废水BOD值由原来的5mg／L上升至40mg／L；同时随着氧化时间的延长，废水中残余的有机物分子量逐渐降低。30min氧化后的废水经过生物处理，其出水COD值为102mg／L，可以满足国家综合污水外排标准，经济分析结果表明，该技术处理采油废水的运行成本为1．47元／t。这一技术在解决石油行业采油废水的外排达标方面具有很好的应用前景。     

Fenton氧化与生化组合技术处理油田采油废水的研究

采用Fenton氧化与生化组合技术处理生物难降解的采油废水的研究结果表明 ,Fenton氧化技术不但对采油废水中有机质有较好的去除率 ,而且大大地改善了废水的可生化性 ,在H2 O2 的投加浓度和Fe2 + 与H2 O2 的摩尔比分别为10mmol/L和 0 .1的条件下 ,经过 30min氧化后可使废水BOD值由原来的 5mg/L上升至 4 0mg/L ;同时随着氧化时间的延长 ,废水中残余的有机物分子量逐渐降低。 30min氧化后的废水经过生物处理 ,其出水COD值为 10 2mg/L ,可以满足国家综合污水外排标准 ,经济分析结果表明 ,该技术处理采油废水的运行成本为 1 4 7元 /t。这一技术在解决石油行业采油废水的外排达标方面具有很好的应用前景。     

气升循环分体式膜生物反应器污水处理与回用技术

介绍了一种新型膜生物反应器———气升循环分体式膜生物反应器污水处理和再生回用技术。该技术膜单元和生物单元分置 ,生物单元和膜单元间的水力循环利用气升动力 ,无需循环水泵 ,系统具有维护方便、运行能耗低和建设投资省等特点。采用该技术处理生活污水和厕所污水 ,处理水质可达到建设部颁布的《生活杂用水水质标准》(CJ2 5 1 89)。给出了该技术处理生活污水和厕所污水的工程建设投资指标、水处理成本和水处理能耗指标 ,处理能耗 0 6～ 0 8kWh/m3 。该新型膜生物反应器污水再生回用技术具有良好的市场应用前景 ,技术经济可行。     

气升循环分体式膜生物反应器污水处理与回用技术

介绍了一种新型膜生物反应器——气升循环分体式膜生物反应器污水处理和再生回用技术。该技术膜单元和生物单元分置，生物单元和膜单元间的水力循环利用气升动力，无需循环水泵，系统具有维护方便、运行能耗低和建设投资省等特点。采用该技术处理生活污水和厕所污水，处理水质可达到建设部颁布的《生活杂用水水质标准》(CJ25．1-89)。给出了该技术处理生活污水和厕所污水的工程建设投资指标、水处理成本和水处理能耗指标，处理能耗0．6-0．8kWh／m^3。该新型膜生物反应器污水再生回用技术具有良好的市场应用前景，技术经济可行。     

国家环境保护水污染控制工程技术(浙江)中心 浙江省环境污染控制技术研究重点实验室 浙江省环保公共科技创新服务平台 浙江省环境保护科学设计研究院工程研究中心

<正>技术系列:1、生物强化脱氨氮技术:融合了微生物强化与生物载体固定化技术,提高了生物脱氨氮效率。2、磁场强化污水处理技术:将磁性絮凝剂与磁分离技术有机结合,处理效率高,占地面积小,适用于工业废水预处理及污水脱氮除磷。3、污水处理厂提标改造技术:适用于以工业废水为主的集中式污水处理厂的提标改造。4、废水深度处理与回用技术:适用于印染、造纸、城镇污水处理厂尾水的深度处理及回用。     

国家环境保护水污染控制工程技术(浙江)中心 浙江省环境污染控制技术研究重点实验室 浙江省环保公共科技创新服务平台 浙江省环境保护科学设计研究院工程研究中心

正技术系列:1、生物强化脱氨氮技术:融合了微生物强化与生物载体固定化技术,提高了生物脱氨氮效率。2、磁场强化污水处理技术:将磁性絮凝剂与磁分离技术有机结合,处理效率高,占地面积小,适用于工业废水预处理及污水脱氮除磷。3、污水处理厂提标改造技术:适用于以工业废水为主的集中式污水处理厂的提标改造。4、废水深度处理与回用技术:适用于印染、造纸、城镇污水处理厂尾水的深度处理及回用。5、锅炉烟气脱硝技术:适用于水泥炉窑、垃圾焚烧炉、玻璃炉窑以及燃煤锅炉排放的NO_x气体减排。6、流域污染水体原位生态修复技术:适用于湖泊、港湾水体修复以及景观河道污染控制与治理。7、人工湿地生态处理技术:适用于污水处理厂尾水深度处理、农村及小城镇污水处理。     

提高生物法处理效率的几种方案

生物法处理污水,在生物技术中应用范围最广。仅在西德,每年就有数十亿吨污水采用各种生物处理技术进行处理。污水生物处理与其它生物生产方法不同,它不是生产或改进产品的方法。它只是把生产中产生的无价值物质尽可能变成对环境无害的物质,再排入自然界进行循环。     

国家环境保护水污染控制工程技术(浙江)中心 浙江省环境污染控制技术研究重点实验室 浙江省环保公共科技创新服务平台 浙江省环境保护科学设计研究院工程研究中心

正技术系列:1、生物强化脱氨氮技术:融合了微生物强化与生物载体固定化技术,提高了生物脱氨氮效率。2、磁场强化污水处理技术:将磁性絮凝剂与磁分离技术有机结合,处理效率高,占地面积小,适用于工业废水预处理及污水脱氮除磷。3、污水处理厂提标改造技术:适用于以工业废水为主的集中式污水处理厂的提标改造。4、废水深度处理与回用技术:适用于印染、造纸、城镇污水处理厂尾水的深度处理及回用。5、锅炉烟气脱硝技术:适用于水泥炉窑、垃圾焚烧炉、玻璃炉窑以及燃煤锅炉排放的NO_x气体减排。     

四种净水工艺对水源水微量有机物去除的研究

以UV254和CODMn代表饮用水源水中有机物替代指标.对常规处理、生物陶粒预处理、生物滤池、生物活性炭(BAC)、颗粒活性炭(GAC)、纳滤和光催化氧化进行组合,形成不同的处理流程,研究各流程对UV254和CODMn的去除效果.结果表明,各工艺流程都有一定的处理效率,其中以生物滤池和纳滤为主的组合流程处理效果最佳.此流程对UV254的去除率接近100%,CODMn的去除率达到78.6%,大大提高了饮用水的安全性.     

生物法/人工湿地工艺处理采油废水及其生态毒性削减研究

采用2种生物法/人工湿地工艺(水解酸化/好氧/人工湿地工艺和水解酸化/人工湿地(进水区强化曝气)工艺)处理胜利油田某联合处理站经隔油、混凝处理的采油废水,并运用发光细菌技术研究采油废水在处理过程中的生态毒性削减规律.研究结果表明,在水解酸化段水力停留时间(HRT)为20 h,好氧段HRT为10 h,人工湿地HRT为2 d的工况下,水解酸化/好氧/人工湿地工艺与水解酸化/人工湿地(进水区强化曝气)工艺的出水水质均能满足COD≤80 mg/L、NH_4~+-N≤15 mg/L的处理要求.发光细菌法试验结果表明,经隔油、混凝处理后的采油废水属高毒性废水,再经水解酸化/人工湿地(进水区强化曝气)工艺处理后生态毒性大幅削减,出水生态毒性降至低毒.     

电絮凝处理煤层气产出水

采用电絮凝法处理煤层气产出水,通过铁和铝2种电极材料的处理效果的比较,选择铝电极进行实验,研究了电极间距、原水pH值以及电流密度等因素对电絮凝处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,电絮凝法对煤层气产出水的化学需氧量(COD)和固体悬浮物(SS)具有良好的去除效果,原水pH接近中性时处理效果较好,电絮凝处理过程中不需添加可溶性盐和改变pH值。实验中确定的电絮凝处理条件为:电极间距1 cm,电流密度30 A/m2,反应10 min后,出水的COD、SS分别为9.6 mg/L和8.5 mg/L,去除率分别达到75.1%和88.8%,出水pH为7.8,电能消耗为1.75 kWh/m3。     

微污染水源水的控制技术

饮用水水源的污染日益严重,对人类的健康和传统净水工艺都构成了较大的威胁,更加剧了水资源的危机,文中阐述了近年来我国处理微污染水源水的主要技术,强化混凝处理技术,臭氧活性炭联用深度处理技术,生物活性炭深度处理技术,光催化氧化法技术,膜法深度处理技术,吸附预处理技术,生物预处理技术等,并给出了各种处理方法的优缺点。     

Formation of hazardous by-products resulting from the irradiation of natural organic matter: comparison between UV and VUV irradiation

The use of ultraviolet (UV) or vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photo-oxidation followed by biological treatment for the removal of natural organic matter (NOM) in drinking water is a potential water treatment technique under investigation. This paper reports on the trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP), the haloacetic acid formation potential (HAAFP), and formation of nitrite and peroxide following both UV and VUV irradiation of NOM prior to biological treatment. The total THMFP was found to decrease with increasing UV and VUV irradiation dose, although there was a linear increase in bromoform formation. Determination of the THMFP of NOM fractions obtained after irradiation, showed that the hydrophobic fraction was dominated by chlorinated species which accounted for the majority of the total THMFP, while bromoform was observed only in the hydrophilic fraction of NOM. VUV irradiation reduced the HAAFP with increasing dose, in contrast, UV irradiation had a limited effect on the overall HAAFP. Following UV or VUV irradiation, the chlorinated species accounted for the majority of HAAFP; however, significant formation of brominated haloacetic acid (HAA) was observed. The nitrate concentration of the untreated water directly influenced the concentration of nitrite produced as a consequence of UV and VUV irradiation. Hydrogen peroxide formation was greater during VUV irradiation than during UV irradiation. Samples exposed to various doses of UV or VUV irradiation (up to 138 J cm(-2)) were deemed non-cytotoxic (African green monkey kidney cells) and non-mutagenic (Ames test).     

瘦西湖风光电能驱动的曝气生物接触氧化水净化系统结构与功能

在瘦西湖选择中试河段,利用太阳能风能绿色能源,研发了风光电能驱动的曝气生物接触氧化水净化系统。系统由风光互补发电子系统、曝气生物接触氧化子系统、植物生态子系统组成。风光电能驱动的曝气生物接触氧化水净化系统运行正常。按照景观娱乐用水水质标准进行水质监测,采用模糊综合评价与贴近度计算方法,进行了系统水净化功能评价。结果表明,在试验段原水水质低于景观水C类,经该系统水净化后,可以达到景观水B类。系统的开发与实验,探索了利用绿色能源河湖水净化的新途径。     

Improvement of DOC removal by multi-stage AOP-biological treatment

The single and multi-stages advanced oxidation process (AOP)-biological treatments were evaluated to apply for drinking water treatment, especially for the water containing less susceptible dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to ozone, comparing with the ozonation-biological treatment. Minaga reservoir water and the secondary effluent from a Municipal wastewater treatment plant were used as dissolved organic matter (DOM) solutions. DOC removals after 60 min AOP-biological treatment were 62% and 41% in the Minaga reservoir water and the secondary effluent, respectively, whereas those in the ozonation-biological treatment only 40% and 15% of DOC were removed, respectively. The result indicated that the single-stage AOP-biological treatment could improve DOC removal in comparison with the single-stage ozonation-biological treatment. This is because the AOP mineralized both biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) produced in the early stage of oxidation and non-biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (NBDOC), whereas only BDOC was mineralized by further ozonation and NBDOC was not oxidized in the ozonation-biological treatment. The multi-stage treatment could not improve DOC removal in comparison with the single-stage treatment in the ozonation-biological treatment for the secondary effluent containing less susceptible DOC to ozone. However, the multi-stage AOP-biological treatment significantly reduced DOC and achieved 71% of DOC removal by 4 times repetition of 15 min oxidation, whereas DOC removal was 41% in the single-stage AOP-biological treatment for the same oxidation time. The improvement of DOC removal by the multi-stage AOP-biological treatment was due to BDOC removal as a radical scavenger by subsequent biological treatment in the early stage of oxidation and direct mineralization in the latter stage of oxidation.     

Biological remediation of explosives and related nitroaromatic compounds

Nitroaromatics form an important group of recalcitrant xenobiotics. Only few aromatic compounds, bearing one nitro group as a substituent of the aromatic ring, are produced as secondary metabolites by microorganisms. The majority of nitroaromatic compounds in the biosphere are industrial chemicals such as explosives, dyes, polyurethane foams, herbicides, insecticides and solvents. These compounds are generally recalcitrant to biological treatment and remain in the biosphere, where they constitute a source of pollution due to both toxic and mutagenic effects on humans, fish, algae and microorganisms. However, relatively few microorganisms have been described as being able to use nitroaromatic compounds as nitrogen and/or carbon and energy source. The best-known nitroaromatic compound is the explosive TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene). This article reviews the bioremediation strategies for TNT-contaminated soil and water. It comes to the following conclusion: The optimal remediation strategy for nitroaromatic compounds depends on many site-specific factors. Composting and the use of reactor systems lend themselves to treating soils contaminated with high levels of explosives (e.g. at former ammunition production facilities, where areas with a high contamination level are common). Compared to composting systems, bioreactors have the major advantage of a short treatment time, but the disadvantage of being more labour intensive and more expensive. Studies indicate that biological treatment systems, which are based on the activity of the fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium or on Pseudomonas sp. ST53, might be used as effective methods for the remediation of highly contaminated soil and water. Phytoremediation, although not widely used now, has the potential to become an important strategy for the remediation of soil and water contaminated with explosives. It is best suited where contaminant levels are low (e.g. at military sites where pollution is rather diffuse) and where larger contaminated surfaces or volumes have to be treated. In addition, phytoremediation can be used as a polishing method after other remediation treatments, such as composting or bioslurry, have taken place. This in-situ treatment method has the advantage of lower treatment costs, but has the disadvantage of a considerable longer treatment time. In order to improve the cost-efficiency, phytoremediation of nitroaromatics (and other organic xenobiotics) could be combined with bio-energy production. This requires, however, detailed knowledge on the fate of the contaminants in the plants as well as the development of efficient treatment methods for the contaminated biomass that minimise the spreading of the contaminants into the environment during post harvest treatment.     

污泥减量化技术的研究进展

从现阶段国内外污泥处理与处置在环境和经济方面存在的问题出发 ,阐明了研究污泥减量技术的紧迫性。根据生物处理工艺中影响剩余污泥产生的可能途径 ,将污泥减量技术分为降低细菌合成量的解偶联技术、增强微生物利用二次基质进行隐性生长的各种溶胞技术、利用食物链作用强化微型动物对细菌捕食的技术 ,介绍了各种技术的研究现状 ,并比较了减量效果和优缺点     

Palm oil mill effluent treatment and CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> sequestration by using microalgae—sustainable strategies for environmental protection

In this era of globalization, various products and technologies are being developed by the industries. While resources and energy are utilized from processes, wastes are being excreted through water streams, air, and ground. Without realizing it, environmental pollutions increase as the country develops. Effective technology is desired to create green factories that are able to overcome these issues. Wastewater is classified as the water coming from domestic or industrial sources. Wastewater treatment includes physical, chemical, and biological treatment processes. Aerobic and anaerobic processes are utilized in biological treatment approach. However, the current biological approaches emit greenhouse gases (GHGs), methane, and carbon dioxide that contribute to global warming. Microalgae can be the alternative to treating wastewater as it is able to consume nutrients from wastewater loading and fix CO₂ as it undergoes photosynthesis. The utilization of microalgae in the system will directly reduce GHG emissions with low operating cost within a short period of time. The aim of this review is to discuss the uses of native microalgae species in palm oil mill effluent (POME) and flue gas remediation. In addition, the discussion on the optimal microalgae cultivation parameter selection is included as this is significant for effective microalgae-based treatment operations.