改进分光光度法测Ni以规避大量干扰离子

为测定含大量干扰离子的水样中镍的浓度,提出一种改进的分光光度法。即以多种物质的吸光曲线回归方程,将实时测得的水样吸光度分解成多种物质的吸光度,利用多元一次方程进行求解并计算出浓度的方法。新方法在不进行修正时,对含Cr6+干扰的水样Ni2+测定的结果,误差较小。多组分的水样测量吸光度误差较大,通过引入修正系数修正后误差大幅下降。方法中Ni2+、Fe3+的吸光度与显色时间基本无关;而对于Mn2+、Cu2+和Cr6+,显色时间应控制在0.5～2.5 min内或10 min外,以保证测得吸光度值的稳定与准确。对组成不同的含Mn2+和Fe3+水样测得的Ni2+浓度分析,变异系数(CV)4.74%,检出限为0.275 mg/L,精确度和精密度较好。同时,这种规避方法还具有其他作用,可以在分析组分的同时粗略算出含量。     

降低水质氨氮测定中试剂空白值的方法

氨氮的测定通常采用纳氏试剂比色法,该法具有操作简便、灵敏等特点。但我们在日常分析水样中普遍发现,有时所购买的抗金属干扰掩蔽剂酒石酸钾钠试剂含氨较高,造成该方法试剂空白值增高,试剂空白值吸光度大于0.06。由于试剂空白值较高,因此给分析结果带来误差。本文采用纳氏试剂对50％的酒石酸钾钠溶液进行提纯,方法简便易行,解决了以上问题,使试剂空白吸光度降至小于0.025,取得满意效果。     

紫外分光光度法测定水质COD的技术研究

紫外分光光度法测定水质COD是利用有机物吸收紫外线的特征来测量水中的有机物浓度。用邻苯二甲酸氢钾标准溶液作为水样,验证了水样中COD与254nm紫外线的吸光度在一定范围内有良好的线性关系。线性回归方程为y=125.33x-2.3605,相关系数r=0.9945。由于一般污水中有悬浊物的影响,因此研究了采用可见分光光度法补偿浊度的影响的可行性。     

应用改进分光光度法测定多组分水样的COD

提出改进分光光度法测定多组分水样的化学需氧量(COD)。以多种物质的吸光曲线回归方程,将实时测得的水样吸光度分解成多种物质的吸光度,利用多元一次方程进行求解并计算出COD的方法。新方法对含邻苯二甲酸氢钾和丙烯酰胺水样测量的COD,误差平均值为+5.0%,对更多组分的水样测量紫外吸光度误差较大,通过引入修正系数修正后误差大幅下降,10次测量的变异系数约0.5%,精密度较好。通过分析新方法实际运用时存在的优劣之处,提出综合高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)来弥补其测量上不足的新型废水监测模式,以实现监测的快速测量、低耗能、低污染和实时性。     

紫外分光光度法 水中硝酸盐氮的测定

简介硝酸根离子在紫外区有强烈的吸收,利用其在220毫微米波长处的吸光度可定量测定硝酸盐氮。氯化物在此波长不干扰测定。此法适于测定自来水、井水、地下水和清洁的地表水中的硝酸盐氮。测定范围为0.04—8毫克/升,最底检测浓度为40微克/升氮。测定样品时先用稀盐酸酸化,以防止氢氧化物和碳酸盐的干扰,氯化物对硝酸根的吸收光谱没有影响,可溶性的有机物在紫外区吸收,从而干扰测定,但其影响可用在275毫微米处测定的吸收值进行校正。     

基于三波长透射率的水体色度检测标准

为了推动有关分光光度法测量水体色度的国家标准的建立，对美国和台湾地区的水体色度标准检测方法进行了研究，提出了新的基于三波长透射率测量水体色度的方法。根据现行国家标准中的色度学相关数据，选择在595、555和445 nm 3个波长处的光谱透射率计算水样的三刺激值，依照国标推荐的色差公式建立了测量水样色度的标准检量线。利用所提出的新的水体色度测量方法对5个水样的色度值进行了实际测量，结果表明，新的测量方法所得到的水体色度值与铂钴比色法一致。     

紫外波长对UV/Cl2高级氧化去除水中有机物的影响

为明确紫外波长对UV/Cl_2高级氧化体系的影响,使用中心波长分别为267、275和286 nm的发光二极管LED作为光源,探究Cl_2光解动力学、UV/Cl_2体系自由基生成、对模式化合物溶液以及天然水、再生水TOC的去除。结果表明:在中性或酸性体系中,267 nm最接近HClO最大吸收波长237 nm,吸光度和量子产率均较大,羟基自由基产生水平较高,有机物去除效果较好;在碱性体系中,286 nm最接近ClO~-最大吸收波长292 nm,尽管量子产率较小,但吸光度很大,有机物去除效果较好;由于水杨酸在292 nm附近有较强的竞争吸收,使用UV_(286)去除水杨酸效果被削弱。应用UV/Cl_2技术选择波长时需要考虑吸光度、量子产率、竞争吸收等因素;对于弱碱性天然水或再生水,采用波长为292 nm的紫外光一般可获得较优处理效果。     

碱性菊橙光度法测定亚硝酸根

研究了碱性菊橙、亚硝酸根、8-羟基喹啉的重氮偶联反应所形成的显色体系,根据其在506 nm处有最大吸收,建立了测定亚硝酸根离子的新方法。在0.06~0.90 mg/L范围内,亚硝酸根离子的浓度与吸光度服从比耳定律。检测限为4.9×10-3mg/L,表观摩尔吸收系数是2.8×104L/(mol.cm)。     

零价纳米铁去除ReO4-的研究

采用NaBH4与FeSO4液相还原法制备零价纳米铁,用制得的零价纳米铁去除ReO4-,然后用分光光度法在610 nm处测定ReO4-的吸光度,从而计算零价纳米铁对ReO4-的去除率.结果表明:(1)ReO4-初始浓度越低,反应速率越快,对最终ReO4-去除率影响不大.(2)pH对反应产生很大影响,将溶液pH调至中性或微...     

臭氧对混凝剂形态及功能的影响

应用Ferron逐时络合比色法,从铝形态分布及其转化的角度,研究了臭氧对聚合氯化铝混凝性能影响并探究其原因。结果表明,预臭氧对聚合氯化铝(PAC)的混凝效果有显著影响。在一定质量浓度范围内(0~3.60mg/L),臭氧浓度越高,水样浊度越高(其UV254(即254nm波长下水样的紫外吸光度值,表征含芳香环结构和共轭双键结构的有机物含量)和溶解性有机碳(DOC)的去除效果较显著)。臭氧对混凝剂水解形态有显著影响。预臭氧后,混凝絮体形成和浊度的去除与铝混凝剂中中等聚合态铝(Alb)的含量有关,Alb的含量越高,浊度去除效果越好。因此,臭氧剂量的增加抑制Alb生成可能是导致浊度升高的一个重要原因。     

树脂吸附法处理邻甲苯胺生产废水的研究

在最佳工艺条件下，采用NDA-804树脂对邻甲苯胺生产废水进行吸附-脱附实验。原废水经吸附处理后，邻甲苯胺去除率和CODcr去除率均大于99％．树脂脱附率接近100％。高浓度脱附液可以回收邻甲苯胺，达到了废水治理与资源化的效果。     

Influence of the application of sewage sludge on the degradation of pesticides in the soil

A study was made of the influence of the application of sewage sludge on the degradation of pesticides in the soil. Two kinds of sludge were used, with different characteristics, one from an urban treatment plant and one from a food processing plant. Three organophosphorus insecticides, fenitrothion, diazinon and dimethoate, were studied. The relative importance was determined of the chemical and biological degradation processes, which involved experiments on soil and sterile soil samples. A comparative study was also made of the degradation of pesticide residues and the evolution of the microbial population. The application of sludge seems to have a complex effect on the degradation of pesticides, determined by the bioavailability and biodegradability of their active ingredient. The biodegradation of pesticide residues brings about alterations in the microorganism population of the soil.     

梁滩河沉积物中氮磷垂直分布研究

以梁滩河为研究对象,从上游到下游布置了15个采样点,研究了这些采样点的氮、磷浓度,并以其中几个采样点为主要对象,着重研究了氮、磷在不同深度的垂直分布情况。结果表明,梁滩河的上游左支氮、磷浓度已经较高,而上游右支受污染严重,特别是TN严重超标,说明长期受到生活污水和农业废水的污染。分析其垂直分布规律,TN、TP最高值大多出现在中间层,TP在底层的浓度总体要比表层高,而TN在底层的浓度总体要比表层低。梁滩河沉积物中氮、磷主要集中在中间层,中间层是营养物储存的主要场所。     

Photolysis of nonylphenol ethoxylates: the determination of the degradation kinetics and the intermediate products

The photolysis of nonylphenol ethoxylates with an average oligomers length of ten ethoxylate units (NPEO(10)) in aqueous solution under UV, as well as the influence of humic acid (HA) on the photolysis was studied. A 125W high-pressure mercury lamp was employed as the light source. The intermediate products from the photolysis were determined by LC-MS. The results indicated that NPEO(10) underwent direct photolysis upon exposed to UV. The degradation pathway was complex. Besides the generally proposed degradation pathway of ethylene oxide (EO) side chains shortening, the oxidation of alkyl chain and EO chain led to intermediates having both a carboxylated (as well as carbonylated) ethoxylate and alkyl chain of varying lengths. The hydrogenation of benzene ring was also detected. The kinetics data showed that the first order reaction kinetics could be well used to describe the kinetics of NPEO(10) degradation. In the presence of dissolved organic matter by HA addition, the performance of NPEO(10) photodegradation was reduced. The photolysis rate decreased with increased HA concentration.     

Kinetics of the biodegradation pathway of endosulfan in the aerobic and anaerobic environments

The enriched mixed culture aerobic and anaerobic bacteria from agricultural soils were used to study the degradation of endosulfan (ES) in aqueous and soil slurry environments. The extent of biodegradation was ∼95% in aqueous and ∼65% in soil slurry during 15 d in aerobic studies and, ∼80% in aqueous and ∼60% in soil slurry during 60 d in anaerobic studies. The pathways of aerobic and anaerobic degradation of ES were modeled using combination of Monod no growth model and first order kinetics. The rate of biodegradation of β-isomer was faster compared to α-isomer. Conversion of ES to endosulfan sulfate (ESS) and endosulfan diol (ESD) were the rate limiting steps in aerobic medium and, the hydrolysis of ES to ESD was the rate limiting step in anaerobic medium. The mass balance indicated further degradation of endosulfan ether (ESE) and endosulfan lactone (ESL), but no end-products were identified. In the soil slurries, the rates of degradation of sorbed contaminants were slower. As a result, net rate of degradation reduced, increasing the persistence of the compounds. The soil phase degradation rate of β-isomer was slowed down more compared with α-isomer, which was attributed to its higher partition coefficient on the soil.     

The influence of the season and the biotic factors on the cytosolic metal concentrations in the gills of the European chub (Leuciscus cephalus L.)

The influence of the season and the biotic factors (age and gill mass) on metal and protein levels in the gill cytosol of the young chubs (2 and 3 years old) was studied in Sava River in autumn 2005 and spring 2006. The obtained results are the first reported cytosolic concentrations of five metals and proteins for the chub gills. The average levels in autumn and spring, respectively, for total cytosolic proteins were 11.2 and 19.9 mg ml(-1), for Zn 6.3 and 10.3 microg ml(-1), for Fe 3.9 and 9.6 microg ml(-1), for Cu 68.4 and 79.0 ng ml(-1), for Mn 55.0 and 63.5 ng ml(-1), and for Cd 2.9 and 3.6 ng ml(-1). The influence of the gill mass on both the protein and the metal levels was observed, but it was seasonally dependent. In autumn, positive correlations were obtained between the gill mass and four parameters (total proteins, Mn, Zn and Fe), and negative with Cu. Contrary, in spring, even negative correlations of total proteins and some metals with the gill mass were observed. The proposed explanation for the different dependence of metal levels on the gill mass in autumn and spring was the seasonal difference in feeding intensity and metabolic rate, with presumably faster metabolism and water filtration through gills in spring. This hypothesis was further supported by the statistically significantly higher concentrations of the total proteins, Zn and Fe, as well as the Fulton condition indices in the spring period.     

State of the environment in the arrangement area of the enterprises for repairing and utilization of nuclear-powered submarines

The influence of nuclear-powered utilization (disjunction) upon the state of health of the soil, vegetation and atmospheric air was studied. It was stated that the concentration of hazardous metals in the air of an industrial site did not exceed the permissible levels. In the residential area the cases of increased concentrations of manganese and chromium were noted. The major pollutants of vegetation are manganese, titanium, copper and nickel. The authors propose a complex of anthropogenic factors to be the cause of the environmental contamination by hard metals. The volume activity of radioactive aerosols in the studied site is confined to the local hum.     

氢氧化镁混凝过程絮体形成研究

以不同浊度高岭土水样为研究对象,运用激光光散射法对氢氧化镁混凝剂絮体开始形成时间和氯化镁最小投加量进行测定,探讨了氯化镁投加量对沉后出水浊度和Zeta电位的影响.结果表明:(1)氢氧化镁混凝剂絮体开始形成时间随着氯化镁投加量的增大而缩短;pH增大及浊度增大时,絮体开始形成时间总体缩短,pH=11.5、氯化镁投加量为25...