厌氧／缺氧SBR反硝化除磷效能的研究

采用厌氧 缺氧SBR反应器对以硝酸盐作为电子受体的反硝化除磷过程进行了研究。结果表明 ,反硝化聚磷菌完全可以在厌氧 缺氧交替运行条件下得到富集。稳定运行的厌氧 缺氧SBR反应器的反硝化除磷效率 >90 % ,出水磷浓度 <1mg L。进水COD浓度对反硝化除磷的效率影响很大 ,在COD浓度 <180mg L时 ,进水COD浓度越高 ,除磷效率也就越高。较高浓度的进水COD浓度将导致有剩余的COD进入缺氧段 ,对反硝化吸磷构成不利影响。污泥龄为 16d时 ,厌氧 缺氧SBR反应器取得稳定和理想的反硝化除磷效果。污泥龄减少到 8d ,由于反硝化聚磷菌的流失导致反硝化除磷效率的下降。当污泥龄恢复到 16d时 ,经过一段时间的运行 ,反硝化聚磷菌重新得到富集 ,除磷效率恢复到 90 %以上。     

进水碳氮磷比对反硝化除磷效果及碳源转化利用影响

厌氧/缺氧序批式活性污泥反应器中,以乙酸钠为单一碳源培养反硝化聚磷菌,考察了碳氮磷比对反硝化除磷效果及碳源转化利用的影响。结果表明:(1)进水有机碳源的浓度直接影响厌氧段磷的释放。进水碳氮磷质量比为20∶6∶1时,系统反硝化除磷效果最佳,去除氮磷所需的耗氧有机物最少,磷酸盐和总氮去除率分别达到98.1%和98.8%。(2)胞内聚β-羟基丁酸(PHB)的积累和消耗与COD的降解、糖原质的合成有良好的相关性。进水COD越高,厌氧段PHB的储存量越大,合成1.0mg/g的PHB约需要降解5mg/L的COD。缺氧段PHB为反硝化除磷提供能量并再合成糖原质,生成0.63mol的糖原约需要消耗1mol的PHB。     

碳源对反硝化除磷效能及N_2O产生的长期影响

基于碳源对反硝化除磷效能以及N2O产生机制尚未明确的现状,采用厌氧/缺氧/好氧序批式反应器(An/A/O-SBR),考察了碳源(乙酸、丙酸和两者的混合酸(摩尔比为1∶1))对反硝化除磷效能和污泥形态的长期影响。结果发现,混合酸系统脱氮除磷效果最稳定,氮和磷平均去除率分别为67.7%和87.0%;而乙酸和丙酸系统较不稳定,氮和磷平均去除率分别为97.6%、51.0%和41.9%、100.0%。混合酸系统检测到明显的N2O释放,而乙酸和丙酸系统的N2O产率较低。     

反硝化除磷的影响特性试验

采用SBR反应器(厌氧/缺氧/好氧工艺),分别研究了乙酸盐及硝酸盐浓度变化对反硝化除磷的影响特性。试验结果表明,当进水COD浓度>230mg/L时,乙酸盐浓度的变化对释磷、除磷速率等影响并不显著。在硝酸盐浓度<30mg/L时,硝酸盐浓度越高,缺氧段除磷速率也就越高。在C/P>23,C/N>5条件下,SBR系统对磷、氮去除率在90%以上。     

反硝化除磷的影响特性试验

采用SBR反应器（厌氧/缺氧/好氧工艺）,分别研究了乙酸盐及硝酸盐浓度变化对反硝化除磷的影响特性.试验结果表明,当进水COD浓度＞230 mg/L时,乙酸盐浓度的变化对释磷、除磷速率等影响并不显著.在硝酸盐浓度＜30 mg/L时,硝酸盐浓度越高,缺氧段除磷速率也就越高.在C/P＞23,C/N＞5条件下,SBR系统对磷、氮去除率在90%以上.     

利用亚硝酸盐为电子受体反硝化聚磷菌的筛选与富集

依据DPB原理,利用SBR动态反应器和静态释/聚磷装置.以A2/O工艺厌氧段污泥为种泥,研究以亚硝酸盐为电子受体反硝化聚磷菌的筛选与富集,同时对选择、富集污泥的反硝化聚磷性能进行了考察.结果表明:利用亚硝酸盐为电子受体的反硝化聚磷菌存在于A2/O厌氧段污泥中,通过厌氧/好氧和厌氧/缺氧方式运行后,聚磷菌总数由1400个/mL增加到32 000个/mL,其中反硝化聚磷菌占聚磷菌总数的比例也由14.5%提高到81%,磷酸盐和亚硝酸盐去除率分别由最初的8.65%和7.55%上升到91%和95.62%;筛选与富集利用亚硝酸盐为电子受体的反硝化聚磷菌时,缺氧段进水COD的浓度须控制在10 mg/L以下;当体系处于稳定状态,且亚硝酸盐氮浓度高达30 mg/L时,并未对反硝化聚磷菌的生存产生抑制和体系运行产生干扰,此时磷酸盐出水低至1.06 mg/L.     

碳源对静置/好氧/缺氧SBR脱氮除磷性能的影响

以合成废水为研究对象,分别以丙酸钠、乙酸钠/丙酸钠(1∶2碳/碳)、乙酸钠和葡萄糖为外加碳源,建立同步脱氮除磷的静置/好氧/缺氧序批式反应器(SOA-SBR)。通过比较长期运行过程中各反应器的脱氮除磷效果,考察不同碳源对静置/好氧/缺氧SBR脱氮除磷性能的影响,并通过分析典型周期内氮、磷元素及微生物体内储能物质的变化,探究其影响机理。结果表明,丙酸钠为碳源时SBR能获得96%的最佳除磷效果以及78.3%的总氮去除率;乙酸钠为单一碳源时可取得92.3%的除磷率和93.7%的总氮去除率;而混合碳源对于氮、磷的去除能力介于丙酸钠和乙酸钠之间;葡萄糖为单一碳源时系统对于磷和总氮的去除率仅26%和36.7%。丙酸钠和乙酸钠均能取得良好的同步脱氮除磷效果,但乙酸钠对总氮去除能力更佳。通过分析典型周期中内聚物含量变化表明,微生物体内聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHA)和糖原质含量的变化与系统反硝化能力和溶解性正磷酸盐(SOP)去除效果呈正相关性。     

Rapid enrichment of polyphosphate accumulating organisms and its characteristics of phosphorus removal

在序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)中快速富集聚磷菌(PAOs),考察PAOs中Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis(以下简称Accumulibacter)种群的除磷特性.结果表明,在水温(20.0士0.5)℃下控制厌氧初始pH为7.50～7.80,好氧段DO为2.0～4.0 mg/L,进水乙酸与丙酸摩尔比为3.0的条件下,PAOs能够在60 d内实现快速富集,荧光原位杂交检测(FISH)显示,Accumulibacter占全菌比例达到62.4％士4.7％;厌氧溶解性正磷酸盐(SOP)释放量(SOP.)与挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)吸收量(VFAa)的比值与活性污泥中Accumulibacter占全菌比例呈线性关系,说明全菌中Accumulibacter的相对数量对活性污泥的除磷特性具有显著影响；在长期没有硝酸盐的条件下培养的Accumulibacte反硝化除磷能力较弱,Accumulibacte不能有效驯化为反硝化聚磷菌(DPAOs).     

改进型A~2/O工艺处理城市生活污水的脱氮除磷效能研究

在分析传统A2/O工艺缺陷的基础上,提出了一种改进型A2/O工艺。为了防止回流污泥中的硝酸盐进入厌氧区,在传统A2/O工艺的厌氧区后面增加一个体积较小的缺氧选择池,回流污泥进入缺氧选择池,并进行反硝化消耗回流污泥中的硝酸盐;同时,在缺氧区通过反硝化除磷实现"一碳两用"。结果表明,改进型A2/O工艺有较好的脱氮除磷效果,在COD为298mg/L、TN为55mg/L左右、TP为7mg/L左右时,系统对COD、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为88.44%、77%、95%。     

进水氨氮浓度对好氧/缺氧/延长闲置SBR脱氮除磷性能的影响

以合成废水为研究对象,考察了不同进水氨氮浓度(20,40和60 mg/L)条件下好氧/缺氧/延长闲置SBR的脱氮除磷效果,并通过分析典型周期内氮磷元素及微生物体内各储能物质的变化,探究了进水氨氮浓度对好氧/缺氧/延长闲置SBR脱氮除磷性能的影响机理。结果表明,进水氨氮浓度为20,40和60 mg/L时,系统总磷(TP)去除率分别为96.6%、90.1%和81.8%,总氮去除率分别为93.1%、74.9%和60.0%。研究表明,进水氨氮浓度可影响好氧释磷与吸磷、聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHAs)合成、缺氧反硝化以及闲置段释磷。进水氨氮浓度越高,用于微生物生长的碳源越多,PHAs的合成量越少,则好氧段吸磷减少;较高的进水氨氮浓度使缺氧段反硝化不彻底,较多的硝态氮将抑制下一周期好氧段释磷,系统脱氮除磷性能减弱。     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Leaching of seven pesticides currently used in cotton crop in Mato Grosso State—Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the leaching of pesticides and the applicability of the Attenuation Factor (AF) Model to predict their leaching. The leaching of carbofuran, carbendazim, diuron, metolachlor, α and β endosulfan and chlorpyrifos was studied in an Oxisol using a field experiment lysimeter located in Dom Aquino – Mato Grosso. The samples of percolated water were collected by rain event and analyzed. Chemical and physical soil attributes were determined before pesticide application to the plots. The results showed that carbofuran was the pesticide that presented a higher leaching rate in the studied soil, so was the one representing the highest contamination potential. From the total carbofuran applied in the soil surface, around 6 % leached below 50 cm. The other pesticides showed lower mobility in the studied soil. The calculated values to AF were 7.06E-12 (carbendazim), 5.08E-03 (carbofuran), 3.12E-17 (diuron), 6.66E-345 (α-endosulfan), 1.47E-162 (β-endosulfan), 1.50E-06 (metolachlor), 3.51E-155 (chlorpyrifos). AF Model was useful to classify the pesticides' potential for contamination; however, that model underestimated pesticide leaching.     

Endosulfan in China 2—emissions and residues

Background, aim, and scope  Endosulfan is one of the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and also a candidate to be included in a group of new persistent organic pollutants (UNEP 2007). The first national endosulfan usage inventories in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution has been reported in an accompanying paper. In the second part of the paper, we compiled the gridded historical emissions and soil residues of endosulfan in China from the usage inventories. Based on the residue/emission data, gridded concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese soil and air have been calculated. These inventories will provide valuable data for the further study of endosulfan. Methods  Emission and residue of endosulfan were calculated from endosulfan usage by using a simplified gridded pesticide emission and residue model—SGPERM, which is an integrated modeling system combining mathematical model, database management system, and geographic information system. By using the emission and residue inventories, annual air and soil concentrations of endosulfan in each cell were determined. Results and discussion  Historical gridded emission and residue inventories of α- and β-endosulfan in agricultural soil in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution have been created. Total emissions were around 10,800 t, with α-endosulfan at 7,400 t and β-endosulfan at 3,400 t from 1994 to 2004. The highest residues were 140 t for α-endosulfan and 390 t for β-endosulfan, and the lowest residues were 0.7 t for α-endosulfan and 170 t for β-endosulfan in 2004 in Chinese agricultural soil where endosulfan was applied. Based on the emission and residue inventories, concentrations of α- and β-endosulfan in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were also calculated for each grid cell. We have estimated annual averaged air concentrations and the annual minimum and maximum soil concentrations across China. The real concentrations will be different from season to season. Although our model does not consider the transport of the insecticide in the atmosphere, which could be very important in some areas during some special time, the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil derived from the endosulfan emission and residue inventories are in general consistent with the published monitoring data. Conclusions  To our knowledge, this work is the first inventory of this kind for endosulfan published on a national scale. Concentrations of the chemical in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were calculated for each grid cell. Results show that the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil agree reasonably well with the monitoring data in general. Recommendations and perspectives  The gridded endosulfan emission/residue inventories and also the air and soil concentration inventories created in this study will be updated upon availability of new information, including usage and monitoring data. The establishment of these inventories for the OCP is important for both scientific communities and policy makers.     

Impact of spiked concentrations of Cd,Pb, As and Zn in growth medium on elemental uptake of Nasturtium officinale (Watercress)

This study is aimed at investigating the impact of water quality on the uptake and distribution of three non-essential and toxic elements, namely, As, Cd and Pb in the watercress plant to assess for metal toxicity. The plant was hydroponically cultivated under greenhouse conditions, with the growth medium being spiked with varying concentrations of As, Cd and Pb. Plants that were harvested weekly for elemental analysis showed physiological and morphological symptoms of toxicity on exposure to high concentrations of Cd and Pb. Plants exposed to high concentrations of As did not survive and the threshold for As uptake in watercress was established at 5 ppm. Translocation factors were low in all cases as the toxic elements accumulated more in the roots of the plant than the edible leaves. The impact of Zn on the uptake of toxic elements was also evaluated and Zn was found to have an antagonistic effect on uptake of both Cd and Pb with no notable effect on uptake of As. The findings indicate that phytotoxicity or death of the watercress plant would prevent it from being a route of human exposure to high concentrations of As, Cd and Pb in the environment.     

Butyltin compounds in sediment and fish from the Polish Coast of the Baltic Sea

Concentrations of mono- (MBT), di- (DBT), and tri-(TBT) butyltin compounds were measured in eggs, liver, and muscle of nine species of fish from four regions of the Baltic Sea - the Firth of Vistula, the Gulf of Gdańsk, Puck Bay, and the mouth of the Vistula River. The overall concentration ranges among all the fish sampled from the four sites were: < 7 to 79 ng/g for MBT, 6 to 1100 ng/g for DBT, 7 to 3600 ng/g for TBT, and 16 to 4800 ng/g for total BTs, on a wet wt basis. The highest concentration of total BTs was found in herring liver from the Firth of Vistula (4800 ng/g, wet wt) and in roach muscle from Puck Bay (3300 ng/g, wet wt), while the least concentration was found in burbot eggs and liver from the Vistula River (39 and 32 ng/g, wet wt, respectively). TBT was the major form of BTs present in most samples analyzed. Sediment samples collected from shipyards in the Gulf of Gdańsk contained butyltin concentrations ranging from 1.2 to 46 μg/g (dry wt) for MBT, 2.0 to 42 μg/g for DBT, and 2.6 to 40 μg/g for TBT. As with the fish, the majority of the BTs in sediment were present as TBT, which suggested recent exposure of the aquatic environment of the region to TBT.     

Malathion-induced sublethal toxicity on the hematology of cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis)

The effect of malathion [diethyl(dimethoxythiophosphorylthio)succinate] at sublethal concentration (0.006 ppm) on hematological parameters of the cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis) was studied for 24 hrs to 240 hrs of exposure and remarkable hematological alterations were observed. The study on hematological parameters revealed a highly significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the total erythrocytes count in malathion-exposed animals from 24 hours to 96 hrs of exposure as compared to control. Significant decreases (P < 0.01) of hemoglobin and packed cell volume were also observed from 48 hrs to 240 hrs. A significant increase (P < 0.01) in leucocytes count was noted throughout the exposure period. Elevated numbers of lymphocytes and eosinophils as found in the present study revealed lymphocytosis as well as eosinophilia, suggesting that this was a result of direct stimulation of the immunological defense due to the presence of a toxic substance or may be associated with tissue damage. The cytomorphological and cytopathological study of erythrocytes and leucocytes in malathion-exposed frogs at 0.006 ppm concentration revealed various cytotoxic effects at different exposure times. It was noted that the size and the shape of the erythrocytes were subjected to variation in different blood disorders.     

Relation between forest vegetation, atmospheric deposition and site conditions at regional and European scales

Several monitoring programs have been set up to assess effects of atmospheric deposition on forest ecosystems. The aim of the present study was to evaluate effects on the understorey vegetation, based on the first round of a regional (the Netherlands) and a European forest monitoring program. A multivariate statistical analysis showed surprisingly similar results for both data sets; the vegetation appeared to be largely determined by the ‘traditional’ factors soil, climate, and tree species, but there was a small but statistically significant effect of atmospheric deposition. The effects of deposition include a slight shift towards nitrophytic species at high N deposition in the European network, and towards acidophytic species at high S-deposition in the Dutch network. The relatively small effect of atmospheric deposition is understandable in view of the very large natural variation in environmental conditions. Time series of both vegetation and environment are needed to assess deposition effects in detail.