基于实测光谱的叶绿素a估测模型

为了有效地监测太湖湖区的富营养化程度，建立一种最佳的估测模型。对太湖水体进行了连续监测，获得了从2004年10月20～29日的实测光谱数据和水质数据。通过实测光谱反射率和叶绿素a浓度的相关分析，得到了叶绿素a反演的最佳波段，并通过比值法、反射峰位置法、峰谷距离法、峰高法和一阶微分法建立了基于实测光谱的叶绿素a浓度的估测模型。通过14个检验点，分别对5种模型进行了对比分析，结果发现，通过比值法建立的估测模型总体误差最小，估测精度最高，其695 nm附近反射峰与677 nm反射谷的比值与叶绿素a浓度之间具有良好的相关性，可决系数R²可达0.7433，可以作为整个湖区叶绿素a浓度的最佳估测模型。最后，应用该模型对该季节湖区的营养化程度做出了总体评价。     

南太湖富营养化调查及评价

2009年4月至2010年4月,综合利用TN、可溶性无机氮(DIN)、叶绿素a(Chl-a)、透明度(SD)、TP和浮游植物等指标,通过参数法、综合营养状态指数法及浮游植物优势种法评价了南太湖富营养化水平。结果表明:(1)南太湖夹浦、新塘、小梅口、幻溇4个断面的TN质量浓度为1.80~2.53 mg/L,TP质量浓度为0.08~0.11 mg/L,DIN质量浓度为0.55~1.10 mg/L,Chl-a质量浓度为6.4~19.2μg/L。(2)夹浦、新塘和小梅口3个断面的综合营养状态均为轻度富营养,幻溇断面为中营养。南太湖综合营养状态水平呈现出由西南向东北逐级递减的趋势。(3)南太湖的浮游植物优势种的演替过程为鱼腥藻(Anabeana)→微囊藻(Microcystis)→拟浮丝藻(Planktothricoides),但均属于蓝藻。因此,浮游植物优势种法评价的南太湖富营养化水平为重富营养化,但该方法由于不确定性较大,一般只作为参考。     

小型景观湖水质模拟及应用研究

由于小型景观水体的体量和再生水补水措施的施行，其水质随环境和入水水质的变化和富营养化过程较大型水体快。由EFDC模型和WASP模型耦合建立小型浅水景观湖生态动力学模型，用实测水质数据进行参数率定与验证，可实现小型景观水体水质变化趋势的模拟，为水质管理提供决策支持。在此基础上，对民主湖在几种水质保障方案下1年的水质变化进行了模拟预测和对比，结果表明，作为富营养化程度表征的叶绿素a在空间和时间分布上均存在一定的规律性，夏季由于温度升高，叶绿素a浓度较高，说明藻类等浮游植物迅速增殖，是水质恶化水华暴发的高发期，而采取加大湖水水力循环和改善入口水质的控制方案，可使水质得到良好保障。     

青西郊野公园建设过程中大莲湖浮游植物年际变化及与环境因子的关系

为了解青西郊野公园建设过程中大莲湖水生态环境变化动态,分别于公园建设前(2014年)、建设过程中(2016年)及开园运营后(2017年)对大莲湖水质及浮游植物群落进行了调查监测。3个年度水体综合营养状态指数平均值分别为49.84、54.66、53.16,表明水体呈现轻度富营养化趋势;3个年度分别采集浮游植物106、98、78种,均以绿藻门种数最多;3个年度浮游植物丰度平均值分别为6.36×10~6、1.05×10~7、1.89×10~7个/L,呈逐年递增趋势;基于浮游植物多样性指数评价,3个年度大莲湖水体水质基本处于中污染水平。冗余分析表明叶绿素a(Chl-a)、透明度和TN是影响大莲湖浮游植物种类和丰度的重要环境因子,其中Chl-a和透明度对浮游植物种类有显著影响,TN和透明度对浮游植物丰度有显著影响。     

广州市南沙区水生生态环境现状的调查研究

在广州市南沙区水域采集地表水和水生生物样品,对水质主要理化指标、叶绿素a含量和初级生产力以及水生生物(浮游植物和浮游动物)的种类、数量、多样性和均匀度指数等进行调查,综合评价了南沙区水域水生生态环境质量.结果表明,利用不同指标对南沙区水域进行评价获得的结果基本一致,介于贫营养化至中营养化状态之间,水生生态环境质量状况较好.     

长春南湖营养盐与叶绿素a的分布与富营养化评价

在研究长春南湖水体中TP、TN和叶绿素a的时空分布及相关性的基础上,采用综合富营养化指数法对南湖水体进行评价。结果表明:(1)常温期,TP、TN和叶绿素a含量均为9月5月;9月的TP、TN为表层底层,叶绿素a含量为底层表层;5月的TP、TN和叶绿素a的含量均为底层表层;TP为渔场保护区人为活动区荷花池区,TN和叶绿素a含量均为渔场保护区荷花池区人为活动区。(2)冰封期,TP、TN和叶绿素a含量为水层冰层;TP、叶绿素a含量为渔场保护区人为活动区,TN为人为活动区渔场保护区。与常温期相比,TP、TN和叶绿素a含量总体上均为9月5月2月;各区水体中TP和叶绿素a含量的分布与常温期保持一致,而TN的分布有一定的变化。(3)相对于氮,磷含量的高低是控制藻类及浮游生物生长更为关键的因子。(4)9月的营养级别是中度富营养,2月的营养级别是中营养,5月的营养级别是轻度富营养。综合营养状态指数大小依次为9月5月2月。常温期不同功能区的营养级别均属轻度富营养。     

北京南海子湖藻垫在春夏交替季节水华过程中的作用

藻垫对湖泊水体水华发生是否有影响及影响机制是目前水体富营养化研究的一个前沿课题。本文以北京南海子湖为例,研究湖底藻垫对水体水华爆发的影响。通过对干燥藻垫和水华过程新产生的藻垫进行培养对比实验,揭示不同时期形成的藻垫对水体藻生物量的影响即水华的影响。结果表明,不同干燥时间的藻垫均对水体藻生物量有影响,进入藻生长平台期,水体叶绿素a浓度范围为15~20μg/L,而灭菌后的藻垫培养水体中叶绿素a浓度低于10μg/L;水华爆发后新生成的藻垫对水体藻生物量也有贡献,培养水体叶绿素a范围也达到15-20μg/L;干燥时间对藻垫培养后水体浮游植物生物量的影响较弱。     

3种沉水植物对再生水水质维护效果的比较

为了防止再生水利用时出现富营养化现象,选用苦草(Vallisneria natans(Lour.)Hara)、金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum L.)和穗状狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum L.)3种沉水植物,配合投加鲢鱼(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)和椭圆背角无齿蚌(Anadonta woodiana elliptica),对再生水水质进行维护,对比不同组合对再生水的净化和保持效果。结果表明:金鱼藻能较好维护再生水的水质稳定,实验中后期COD、氨氮分别在30、0.4mg/L以下,而且金鱼藻可较好地抑制浮游植物的生长,叶绿素a基本都小于叶绿素a水华阈值(40μg/L),同时鲢鱼和椭圆背角无齿蚌的投加能完善生态系统,并维护再生水pH的稳定。     

神经网络在次级河流回水区叶绿素a浓度预测中的应用

以长江次级河流之一的临江河为研究对象，探讨神经网络应用于次级河流回水区叶绿素a浓度短期预测的可行性。利用主成分分析法（PCA）选取对叶绿素a浓度影响较大的指标，在这些指标数据的基础上建立RBF神经网络模型。网络训练和测试的结果表明，模型模拟精度较高，说明RBF神经网络模型可以用于次级河流回水区叶绿素a浓度的短期预测。通过对临江河回水区叶绿素a影响因子的分析，表明控制水体中磷含量应是临江河回水区富营养化防治的重点。     

池塘养殖水体pH、营养盐、叶绿素a及3种磺胺类抗生素分布特征及其相关性分析

为了解农村池塘养殖水体的水质情况,分析了湖北宜东平原34个农村分散养殖鱼塘水体中pH、叶绿素a、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及3种磺胺类抗生素(SAs,即磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺甲噁唑及磺胺异噁唑),并讨论了它们之间的相关性.结果表明,所监测鱼塘水体pH值差异较小,范围为7.26 ～8.96,但鱼塘之间的TN、TP及叶绿素a含量差别大,其含量范围分别为0.074 ～47.185 mg/L、0.007 ～ 1.311 mg/L及4～421 μg/L.其中有85.29％的鱼塘水体TN含量劣于地表水Ⅴ类标准,17.65％ TP劣于Ⅴ类,只有3个鱼塘的叶绿素a含量小于10 μg/L,水体富营养化严重.鱼塘水中3种SAs的浓度范围为23 ～ 828 ng/L,其检出率顺序为磺胺异噁唑(47％)＞磺胺甲噁唑(18％)＞磺胺二甲嘧啶(6％).对所考察因子的相关性研究表明,鱼塘养殖水体的pH、TN及TP无相关,但磺胺二甲嘧啶与TN/TP呈显著正相关(r=0.345,P=0.05).叶绿素a与水体中TN及TP的关系呈较好的幂指数函数关系,而且TP为浮游植物的生长限制因子.     

Quantification of polychlorinated biphenyls in plastic granulates from the recycling of cables - Reference materials and interlaboratory comparison

A procedure for the quantification of the PCB marker congeners 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180 in plastic waste form the recycling of cables in the range of content between 0.1 mgkg(-1) and 20 mgkg(-1) was validated. Representative reference materials for laboratory analyses were produced using granulates from different recycling processes. The method development included aspects of grinding, sieving, homogenising as well as the comparison of extraction methods and chromatographic conditions. The validated procedure foresees grinding of the technical sample to an upper particle size limit of 0.50mm followed by extraction with an unpolar solvent such as n-hexane and gas chromatographic determination. LOD and LOQ for individual congeners ranged between 0.01 mgkg(-1) and 0.08 mgkg(-1). Electron capture detection (ECD) and mass selective detection (MS) were equivalent if chromatographic conditions were appropriately selected. The application of MS was advantageous in presence of significant amounts of interfering components which have been found in some cables. Three reference materials containing the marker congeners in the range of 0.1 mgkg(-1)-5 mgkg(-1) were submitted to a final validation intercomparison with 23 selected field laboratories using the developed method. Relative reproducibility standard deviations varied between 15% and 33%.     

An improved extraction method to determine the initial emittable concentration and the partition coefficient of VOCs in dry building materials

Based on the extraction method presented by Smith et al. (2008), this paper proposes an improved method, the multi-emission/flush regression method, to simultaneously determine the initial emittable concentration and the partition coefficient. Compared to the extraction method, the proposed method has the following advantages: (1) it is unnecessary for the target volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to emit completely from the material, thus greatly reducing experimental time; (2) it provides a simpler way to obtain the partition coefficients of VOCs for tested materials and can avoid the measurement uncertainties at low VOC concentrations which often occur during the last few cycles of the extraction method; (3) it does not require grinding the building material into powders thus making this method more convenient to use. Comparisons were made between the initial emittable VOC concentrations determined by the original extraction method and the proposed method. Results show good agreements between these two methods. To further validate the proposed method, the type of static chamber developed by Wang et al. (2006) was used to conduct the experiment for a type of medium density board, and formaldehyde was selected as the target compound. Based on the initial emittable concentration and partition coefficient obtained using the proposed method, and the diffusion coefficient obtained by the mercury intruding porosimetry, the chamber formaldehyde concentration was predicted and compared with the experimental measurements. Results show that the predicted chamber VOC concentration using the measured parameters agree well with the experimental data.     

不同萃取方法对长江口边滩多环芳烃萃取效果的影响

选取索氏提取法和加速溶剂萃取仪(ASE)提取法,对长江口边滩样品进行多环芳烃萃取实验,并利用气相色谱/质谱仪对萃取出来的多环芳烃进行定量分析,研究了不同萃取方法以及不同溶剂条件下多环芳烃的总量、分布特征.结果表明,长江口边滩多环芳烃最高值出现在吴淞口；索氏提取法在多环芳烃萃取效果上优于加速溶剂萃取仪提取法；混合溶剂萃取...     

剩余污泥中微生物絮凝剂的提取方法比较

分别采用低浓度和高浓度剩余污泥对剩余污泥中微生物絮凝剂(MBF)的多种提取方法(超声法、树脂法、超声-树脂法、树脂-超声法、超声-树脂-超声法和树脂-超声-树脂法等)进行了比较研究.结果表明,各种复合形式的提取效果均优于超声法或树脂法单独使用的提取效果.在各种复合形式中,以树脂-超声法所提取MBF的含量最高且絮凝效果最好.此外,所提取的MBF浓度与污泥浓度正相关.从剩余污泥中直接提取MBF,在降低MBF生产成本的同时实现了污泥的资源化利用.     

蒽醌生产中废硫酸的萃取脱色处理

以萃取法对蒽醌生产中的废硫酸进行脱色处理,优化选择工对脱色工艺进行初步的探讨。处理前的废硫酸色度约５０００倍,ＣＯＤ浓度约３００００ｍｇ／Ｌ,经过萃取脱色后色度低于１５０倍,去除率〉９７％,ＣＯＤ浓度约２５０ｍｇ／Ｌ,去除率约为９９％,硫酸含量约４０％。同活性炭吸附等方法相比,该萃取法具有操作简单,成本低,处理效果好的特点。     

Comparative study of extraction methods for the determination of PAHs from contaminated soils and sediments

The following four methods were compared on the extraction efficiency of 16 EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): German method of the Verband Deutscher Landwirtschaftlicher Untersuchungs und Forschungsanstalten (VDLUFA), two methods of the International Organization for Standardization using shaking (ISO A) and Soxhlet extraction (ISO B) and an ultrasonic method. Recovery rates of 16 PAHs were determined in two soils. Extraction efficiency was evaluated in five soils and three sediments. Effect of drying soils and sediments on extraction efficiency was tested using the VDLUFA and the ultrasonic methods. Our study shows that the number of aromatic rings, rather than extraction procedures, significantly influenced recovery rates of individual PAHs. No significant differences in extraction efficiency of the four methods were observed for less polluted samples. For highly polluted soils, extraction efficiency decreased in the following order: VDLUFA method > ISO A > ultrasonic method > ISO B. Influence of soil moisture on extraction efficiency depended to some extent on both solvent used and content of PAHs in samples. A mixture of dichloromethane/acetone (5:1) is recommended for PAH extraction from moist samples when the ultrasonic method is used.     

Microtox testing of pentachlorophenol in soil extracts and quantification by capillary electrochromatography (CEC)--a rapid screening approach for contaminated land

An approach to rapid soil testing which involved the use of simple solvent extraction methods was developed. The analytes of interest were priority pollutants of low water solubility which could not be readily removed from the soil using water. Direct toxicity testing of the soil samples by Microtox showed a high background toxicity which prevented realistic toxicity data from being obtained for the contaminants present. A range of different extraction solutions was used in an attempt to extract the contaminants while eliminating the matrix effects of the soil. It was necessary that the solvents selected for extraction of the soil samples were not of significant toxicity, as this could potentially mask the toxic effects of any compounds extracted from the soil. The extraction efficiencies of solvent systems were evaluated using pentachlorophenol (PCP) as a model compound of known toxicity in the Microtox assay. A rapid and cost-effective method was developed in order to determine the amount of PCP recovered from the soil by the extraction solvents employed. This method consisted of a solid phase extraction (SPE) step followed by quantification using capillary electrochromatography (CEC). Recoveries were greater when a higher proportion of organic solvent (methanol) was used in the extraction process, and lowest when water was used. An extraction based on water could provide information on the potential for leaching of contaminants from the soil into nearby water bodies in an environmental setting. An organic solvent extraction method could indicate how much toxicity soil-dependent organisms might be exposed to through ingestion. Extraction based on 50% (v/v) methanol in water was considered to be the most suitable overall extraction solution for soil screening, given that this permitted extraction of the water-insoluble compound PCP at a level which was clearly toxic in the Microtox assay while also retaining the capability to extract water-soluble contaminants.     

Evaluation of pressurized liquid extraction for determination of organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides in soybean

The purpose of this study was to develop an analytical method for the determination of organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides in soybean by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). Two organic solvents, acetone and acetonitrile, were evaluated as extraction solvents. In both cases, the amount of extract was enhanced with increasing extraction temperature. The extracts obtained using acetonitrile were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after a cleanup process based on the analytical method for the Japanese Positive List System for Agricultural Chemicals Remaining in Foods. The effect of extraction temperature (range: 40– 130°C) on extraction efficiency was evaluated by a recovery study using 21 organophosphorus pesticides and 10 pyrethroid pesticides as target analytes and acetonitrile as the solvent. The results indicated that at 130°C, some organophosphorus pesticides might be degraded, whereas extraction temperatures between 70°C and 100°C were optimal. Next, a prepared sample containing fenitrothion and permethrin was analyzed. Although the sample was not soaked in water prior to analysis, PLE provided analytical results comparable to those obtained by solvent extraction with homogenization. Therefore, PLE is considered a simple and alternative technique for the extraction of organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides in soybean.     

Evaluation of pressurized liquid extraction for determination of organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides in soybean

The purpose of this study was to develop an analytical method for the determination of organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides in soybean by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). Two organic solvents, acetone and acetonitrile, were evaluated as extraction solvents. In both cases, the amount of extract was enhanced with increasing extraction temperature. The extracts obtained using acetonitrile were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after a cleanup process based on the analytical method for the Japanese Positive List System for Agricultural Chemicals Remaining in Foods. The effect of extraction temperature (range: 40- 130°C) on extraction efficiency was evaluated by a recovery study using 21 organophosphorus pesticides and 10 pyrethroid pesticides as target analytes and acetonitrile as the solvent. The results indicated that at 130°C, some organophosphorus pesticides might be degraded, whereas extraction temperatures between 70°C and 100°C were optimal. Next, a prepared sample containing fenitrothion and permethrin was analyzed. Although the sample was not soaked in water prior to analysis, PLE provided analytical results comparable to those obtained by solvent extraction with homogenization. Therefore, PLE is considered a simple and alternative technique for the extraction of organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides in soybean.     

Extraction of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons from groundwater at micromolar concentrations for isotopic analysis of chlorine.

A method is described for near-quantitative extraction of micromolar concentrations of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) from water for determination of chlorine (Cl) isotope ratios. A low pressure, carrier-gas procedure of extraction was proven to be applicable to CH2Cl2, CCl4, C2H2Cl2, and C2HCl3. The pH of the water was adjusted with NaOH to prevent extraction of CO2 from air and/or dissolved inorganic carbonate species. Recoveries of CAH samples (approximately 15 mumol), added to and extracted from approximately 340 ml of water, averaged approximately 96%. Average changes in the delta 37Cl values of the CAHs, attributable to the extraction process, were -0.01 +/- 0.06@1000. Significant isotopic fractionation of Cl was measured during partial extraction of C2CHCl3 from water, indicating that near-quantitative extraction is required for reliable stable Cl isotope analysis of CAHs. This method is also suitable for the extraction of dissolved CAH for gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometric measurements of hydrogen and carbon.