2种不同填料曝气生物滤池处理生活污水的经验模型

对分别装有火山岩和陶粒填料的2套平行运行的曝气生物滤池，在不同的进水负荷下进行生活污水的试验研究。结果表明火山岩的溶解性COD（SCOD）去除效果要优于陶粒。同时，根据大量试验数据针对2个反应器进出水SCOD随反应器高度的变化关系，建立一套经验模型。推算出不同水力负荷下的经验模型常数n和K值，结果表明模型的预测值与实测值是相吻合的，该模型可作为设计者和运行者的参考依据。     

两段曝气生物滤池进行生活污水处理及经验模型研究

采用两段曝气生物滤池进行生活污水处理,A段反应器进水负荷分别控制在9.17、15.59、22.01 m3/(m2·d),气水比为6∶1(体积比,下同),而B段气水比则控制在2∶1。试验结果表明,系统出水稳定优质(SCOD<30 mg/L、NH3 N<4 mg/L、SS<10 mg/L),若做进一步的消毒处理后可进行回用。同时,从简化工艺设计的角度出发,针对A段进、出水溶解性COD(SCOD)和反应器高度,建立了一套经验模型。通过大量的试验数据模拟,推算出不同水力负荷下的经验模型常数n和K值,从而为工程设计提供了依据和方法。     

曝气生物滤池去除有机物及硝化氨氮的影响因素研究

采用以陶粒为填料的曝气生物滤池(BAF)处理低浓度生活污水,研究在气水比一定的条件下,水力负荷、有机负荷及氨氮负荷对BAF去除有机物及硝化氨氮的性能的影响.研究结果表明,当试验进水COD为105.8～156.6 mg/L,气水比为3:1的条件下,降解有机物的最佳水力负荷为1.35～1.68 m3/(m2·h),COD平均去除率为86.3%.氨氮负荷是影响反应器硝化性能的直接因素.当水力负荷为1.05 m3/(m2·h),平均进水COD为106.1 mg/L时,若使出水氨氮低于15 mg/L,则反应器能承受的最大进水氨氮负荷为0.5 kg/(m3·d)左右.并确立了相应的反应器动力学模型.     

不同填料对再生水补水型水体物种形成研究

稳定、多样的河湖水系生态系统恢复和维持难度大。针对北京典型再生水补水型河湖水体富营养化现象,选用火山岩、焦炭、沸石、陶粒、人工草等填料考察其对再生水补水型水体净化效果和物种的形成作用。结果表明:填充陶粒的反应器再生水出水各指标变化最为显著,其氮、磷等营养盐得到了较好地去除。火山岩、焦炭、沸石、陶粒和人工草5种填料附着细菌种属差异较小;附着浮游植物大多以硅藻门为主。5种填料反应器水体中的氮循环转化功能菌数量明显高于无填料反应器,其中陶粒反应器中数量最高,与水化学分析结果相吻合。陶粒对生境修复有着一定的促进作用。     

两段式蚯蚓强化快速渗滤系统的试验研究

通过分析不同水力负荷下两段式蚯蚓强化快速渗滤系统进出水水质以及堵塞问题,研究水力负荷对两段式蚯蚓强化快速渗滤系统污水处理效果的影响.试验结果表明,陶粒柱中,当水力负荷从2 m3/(m2·d)提高到6 m2/(m2·d)时,COD去除率下降.水力负荷对出水污泥SS的影响不显著,但出水污泥VSS/SS却与水力负荷呈极显著正相关;煤渣桂中,水力负荷提高对有机物去除效果有一定的影响,但影响程度较小.随水力负荷的提高,煤渣柱出水NH4 -N浓度逐渐升高.其平均去除率分别为74.51%,58.21%、45.53%,下降趋势明显;由于陶粒柱中蚯蚓的作用和陶粒柱的预处理作用,在提高水力负荷的情况下,陶粒柱和煤渣柱均未发生堵塞问题,装置运行稳定.     

IC反应器厌氧氨氧化启动与运行特性研究

采用一套有效容积为20 L的IC反应器,接种啤酒废水厌氧处理池污泥,保持反应器进水NH+4-N浓度为120 mg/L,NO-2-N浓度为150 mg/L,在温度为30±1 ℃的条件下,对ANAMMOX反应过程的启动和运行特性进行了研究.结果表明反应器的启动经历了污泥低负荷驯化期、负荷提高期和高负荷运行期3个阶段;在反应器运行到第130 d,反应器启动成功;NH+4-N和NO-2-N的去除率分别约82.1%和94.5%;去除的NH+4-N和NO-2-N及生成的NO-3-N三者之间的比值为11.160.3;在反应器中形成了粒径为1～2 mm的颗粒污泥.     

基于异养-硫自养反硝化耦合技术的陶粒-硫磺混合生物填料对城市污水处理厂尾水的深度脱氮

针对城市污水处理厂脱氮能力的不足,设计了2种不同体积比的陶粒-硫磺混合生物填料反应器(陶粒与硫磺的体积比分别为2∶1和5∶1),并用其对城市污水处理厂尾水进行了深度处理.结果表明,陶粒与硫磺体积比为2∶1的混合生物填料反应器(R2,高硫耦合组)在C/N为4,HRT为4h的条件下处理模拟废水时脱氮效率最高,TN平均去除率...     

多层滤料BAF处理城镇污水

为强化BAF对城镇污水中COD、SS、NH3-N和TN等污染物的同步去除效果,本研究建立新型多层滤料BAF系统,考察了其深度处理城镇污水的效能,并与2套单一滤料BAF系统进行对比。多层滤料BAF系统底部为缺氧段,采用火山岩滤料;中部和顶部为好氧段,分别采用陶粒和聚丙乙烯泡沫滤珠滤料。2套单层滤料BAF分别采用陶粒和火山岩滤料,也分为缺氧段和好氧段。结果表明,多层滤料BAF和陶粒BAF对SS的去除效果较好,平均去除率分别为(86.1±4.6)%和(83.5±4.4)%,而火山岩BAF对SS的平均去除率仅为(80.4±7.1)%;多层滤料BAF对COD的去除率为71.7%,与2种单层滤料BAF差别不大;多层滤料BAF对NH3-N和TN的去除效果与火山岩BAF接近,但明显优于陶粒BAF。对多层滤料BAF沿程去污特性进行分析发现:底部的火山岩层对COD和TN的去除效果较好,中部的陶粒层对SS和NH3-N的去除效果较好,顶部的聚丙乙烯泡沫滤珠层可进一步去除SS、NH3-N和TN。     

T-S模糊神经网络在厌氧反应器预测中的应用

3个厌氧反应器运行稳定后,用三氯甲烷和2、4-二硝基酚作为毒物负荷对它们进行了冲击试验.利用负荷冲击试验所得的数据集建立了T-S模糊神经网络,并用其预测了反应器的容积产气率、挥发性脂肪酸和CH4体积含量.研究结果表明,基于某一反应器建立的T-S模糊神经网络可以很好地预测毒物负荷冲击下该反应器的容积产气率、挥发性脂肪酸和CH4变化规律,实测值与预测值的相关系数均＞0.850;但是基于某一反应器建立的模糊神经网络用来预测其他反应器时,其预测能力较差,预测值和实测值的相关系数基本上＜0.500.     

核桃壳-陶粒填料曝气生物滤池去除氨氮的研究

对核桃壳-陶粒填料曝气生物滤池(BAF)的挂膜启动和处理效果进行了研究,同时考察不同的水力负荷、气水比、填料层高度对污染物去除效果的影响。结果表明:微生物在核桃壳-陶粒填料上成功挂膜仅需21d,运行稳定后核桃壳-陶粒填料BAF的COD、氨氮去除率分别稳定在92.0%、88.3%左右;在水力负荷为0.06~0.08m3/(m2·h)、气水比为9∶1(体积比)的条件下,核桃壳-陶粒填料BAF处理效果较好且较稳定,氨氮和COD去除率可达70%以上;填料层0~15cm段为核桃壳-陶粒填料BAF去除COD的高效段,15~30cm段为去除氨氮的高效段。     

Piggery waste treatment by using down-flow anaerobic fixed bed reactors

A study of the role of the depth in the performance of laboratory-scale down-flow anaerobic fixed-bed reactors (DFAFBR) was carried out at different nominal hydraulic retention times (HRT(N)) using piggery waste as substrate at different influent concentrations (2, 4, 6 and 8 g COD/L). The profiles of soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD) (SCOD), organic nitrogen (O.N.), ammonia nitrogen (A.N.), pH and electrical conductivity (E.C.) through the reactor depths showed an initial highly active zone, which was located around the first half of the reactor depth, and a second zone with a lower biological activity. It was found that the depth of the active zone decreased as the HRT(N) increased and that the slopes of the profiles obtained increased with the rise in the influent concentration. A hydraulic test showed an increase in the dispersion number when the HRT(N) increased. The reactors showed a hydraulic pattern between plug-flow and back-mix. The real values of HRT (Theta) also defined as real contact times were determined to be 0.7, 2.1, 3.4, 4.7, 6.4 and 8 days for values of HRT(N) of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 days, respectively. It was found that the concentration of SCOD within the reactor decreased exponentially with the increase in the value of theta. Additionally, the influent concentration had a strong influence on the SCOD variation concentration, mainly at values of theta under 1.5 days, which corresponded to the first part of the reactors.     

Piggery waste treatment by using down-flow anaerobic fixed bed reactors

A study of the role of the depth in the performance of laboratory-scale down-flow anaerobic fixed-bed reactors (DFAFBR) was carried out at different nominal hydraulic retention times (HRT _N ) using piggery waste as substrate at different influent concentrations (2, 4, 6 and 8 g COD/L). The profiles of soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD) (SCOD), organic nitrogen (O.N.), ammonia nitrogen (A.N.), pH and electrical conductivity (E.C.) through the reactor depths showed an initial highly active zone, which was located around the first half of the reactor depth, and a second zone with a lower biological activity. It was found that the depth of the active zone decreased as the HRT _N increased and that the slopes of the profiles obtained increased with the rise in the influent concentration. A hydraulic test showed an increase in the dispersion number when the HRT _N increased. The reactors showed a hydraulic pattern between plug-flow and back-mix. The real values of HRT (Θ) also defined as real contact times were determined to be 0.7, 2.1, 3.4, 4.7, 6.4 and 8 days for values of HRT _N of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 days, respectively. It was found that the concentration of SCOD within the reactor decreased exponentially with the increase in the value of θ. Additionally, the influent concentration had a strong influence on the SCOD variation concentration, mainly at values of θ under 1.5 days, which corresponded to the first part of the reactors.     

Characterization and modeling of nutrient-deficient tomato-processing wastewater treatment using an anaerobic/aerobic system

Tomato-processing wastewaters are typical of slowly biodegradable high strength wastewaters generated from the food canning industry. Three different samples of influent and three samples of anaerobic effluents corresponding to the three influents collected from an on-site pilot-scale anaerobic/aerobic system were characterized using respirometric methods. Respirometric studies demonstrated that the pretreatment in the anaerobic reactor of the pilot-scale system increased the readily biodegradable fraction from an average of 40% of the SCOD in the influent to 50% of the SCOD in the anaerobic effluent, improved kinetics from an average micro(max) of 1.5d(-1) in the influent to 3.5d(-1) in the anaerobic effluent, and eliminated nutrient deficiency. Furthermore, the system was calibrated and simulated by application of wastewater characterization and biokinetic data derived form respirometric tests of influent and anaerobic effluent in Activated Sludge Model no.1 (ASM1).     

多隔室厌氧折流板反应器(ABR) 的水力特性试验研究

对ABR反应器的水力流态进行了示踪剂试验,分析了特征截面面积对ABR水力特性的影响,采用停留时间分布(RTD)法研究了不同进水COD浓度和HRT条件下ABR反应器的水力特性,结果表明不同进水COD浓度时ABR反应器的RTD曲线相似,表明进水COD浓度不是影响ABR水力特性的主要因素;不同HRT条件下RTD曲线差异很大,表明HRT对ABR的水力特性影响较大,随着水力停留时间的延长,N值增大,1/Pe减小,ABR的流态趋于推流流态,随着HRT的缩短,N值减小,1/Pe数增大,ABR反应器趋于完全混合流态.     

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification of municipal wastewater in aerobic membrane bioreactors.

Simultaneous nitrification-denitrification (SND) of municipal wastewater was investigated in a laboratory-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) operated at two different hydraulic retention times (HRTs), 0.5 and 1 day, dissolved oxygen 3.0 to 0.5 mg/L, and solids retention time (SRT) between 28 and 120 days. The organic loading rate (OLR) (0.11 to 0.64 kg chemical oxygen demand [COD]/m3/d) and influent soluble COD (SCOD)/ total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) ratio (5 to 19) were varied by the addition of glucose. The ammonia-nitrogen and TKN removals were over 97%, and total nitrogen removal was approximately 89% in the MBR. The maximum specific nitrification rates (98 mg N/d/g VSS) and specific denitrification rates (81 mg N/d/g VSS) occurred at an SCOD/TKN ratio of 9.1. The optimum conditions for maximum total nitrogen removal by SND in a single reactor MBR have been found to be low dissolved oxygen (< 0.6 mg/L) and high OLR (approximately 0.64 kg COD/m3/d) at an HRT of 0.5 day and SRT of approximately 85 days.     

序批式反应器用于牛场污水的处理

对序批式反应器 (SBR)用于牛场污水的处理进行了试验研究 ,主要研究了三个水力停留时间 (HRT)和有机负荷率对污染物去除率、出水水质和污泥特性的影响。试验结果表明 ,对 10 0 0 0mg/LCOD牛场污水 ,使用 1dHRT ,相应有机负荷率为 10gCOD/L·d时 ,混合出水COD、TS、VS、TKN和TN的去除率分别为 45 %、2 1.4%、34 .2 %、5 3.2 %和 2 2 .2 % ,上清液出水的分别为 80 .2 %、6 3.4%、6 6 .2 %、75 %和 38.3% ;两种出水的SCOD和NH3 N去除率相同 ,分别为 5 0 .0 %和 76 .5 %。经SBR处理后 ,污泥的沉降浓缩性能也有了比较明显的改善。     

Implications of non-equilibrium transport in heterogeneous reactive barrier systems: evidence from laboratory denitrification experiments

Organic substrates in reactive barrier systems are often heterogeneous material mixtures with relatively large contrasts in hydraulic conductivity and porosity over short distances. These short-range variations in material properties imply that preferential flow paths and diffusion between regions of higher and lower hydraulic conductivity may be important for treatment efficiency. This paper presents the results of a laboratory column experiment where denitrification is investigated using a heterogeneous reactive substrate (sawdust mixed with sewage sludge). Displacement experiments with a non-reactive solute at three different flow rates are used to estimate transport parameters using a dual porosity non-equilibrium model. Parameter estimation from breakthrough curves produced relatively consistent values for the fraction of the porosity consisting of mobile water (β) and the mass transfer coefficient (α), with average values of 0.27 and 0.42 d(-1), respectively. The column system removes >95% of the influent nitrate at low and medium flow, but only 50-75% of the influent nitrate at high flow, suggesting that denitrification kinetics and diffusive mass transfer rates are limiting the degree of treatment at lower hydraulic residence times. Reactive barrier systems containing dual porosity media must therefore consider mass transfer times in their design; this is often most easily accommodated by adjusting flowpath length.     

Treatment of N,N-dimethylacetamide waste gas by a trickle-bed air biofilter.

The system performance of a trickle-bed air biofilter (TBAB) for treating N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC) waste gas was investigated under different gas flow rates and influent concentrations. In the pseudo-steady-state conditions, the DMAC elimination capacity increased but the removal efficiency decreased as the influent loading increased. More than 90% and 80% DMAC removal efficiencies are achieved for influent loadings below 20.2 and 34.5 g DMAC/m3/h, respectively. The TBAB appears to be an effective treatment process for controlling DMAC emission with low-to-medium loadings and the effectiveness could be maintained over a long-period operation.     

Phosphorus fate and transport in soil columns loaded intermittently with influent of high phosphorus concentrations.

In this study, several columns of different lengths were filled with composite soils sampled from the field at corresponding depths and then loaded intermittently with influent of a high phosphorus concentration to evaluate phosphorus fate and transport in soil. The results indicate that the height of the mass transfer zone, solvent pore velocity, and soil's life expectancy for phosphorus removal increased with depth, while the retained phosphorus per kilogram of soil and the linear adsorption equilibrium coefficient, R, decreased with depth. An equation was developed to link liquid-phase phosphorus with solvent traveling time and soil depth. The results of X-ray diffraction and washout tests indicate that calcium-phosphorus precipitation and/or crystal growth occurred in the columns. The new protocol is useful for evaluation of phosphorus fate and transport in other subsurface systems, because it allows flexible adjustments in hydraulic loadings, feed solution, and sampling schemes.     

复合人工湿地中低浓度有机物的去除及Monod模型模拟

以复合人工湿地工程实例为研究对象,研究了其在连续5个月内对低浓度有机污染物的深度处理效果,采用简化的Monod动力学模型对研究湿地进行模拟并验证,讨论了污染负荷与去除率的相关性以及BOD/COD比值对有机污染物降解系数的影响。研究湿地总面积为5 000 m2,进水水量为860～1 560 m3/d,水力停留时间为1.48～2.69 d,水力负荷为0.17～0.31 m/d,进水中有机污染物浓度较低(BOD53.0～25.6 mg/L;COD 22.9～89.8 mg/L)。结果表明,复合湿地组合形式对BOD5和COD的去除率分别介于37.9%～79.0%和41.0%～68.7%之间,简化的Monod模型对湿地中BOD5和COD去除的预测值与实验观测值吻合程度较好;BOD5、COD的去除率分别随着进水BOD5和COD浓度的增加而增大,而增长趋势逐渐变缓,当有机污染负荷低时,模型的K值较小;低浓度有机污染物在VSF、FWS和HSF湿地中的去除效率与有机物是否容易或者缓慢被微生物降解的性质相关性较差,这可能与人工湿地中存在的其他因素促进了有机污染物的去除有关。