渤海湾潮间带表层和柱状沉积物中有机氯农药的沉积记录

测定了渤海湾潮间带表层和柱状沉积物样品中有机氯农药(OCPs)浓度,探讨了OCPs的垂直分布特征,结合柱状沉积物测年结果,研究了该区域OCPs的污染历史。结果表明,潮间带表层沉积物样品中OCPs为78.51～172.10 ng/g(以干质量计,下同),平均值为112.92 ng/g;六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)、七氯的检出率和残留量均较高,其中HCHs为8.08～56.33 ng/g,平均值为26.35 ng/g;DDTs为5.18～45.02 ng/g,平均值为28.25 ng/g;七氯为10.15～77.16 ng/g,平均值为48.33 ng/g。该区域20世纪50年代开始使用OCPs,70年代达到最高峰。成分分析的结果表明,可能存在着DDTs类物质的输入。     

海河干流、大沽排污河沉积物中有机氯农药的残留状况

调查了海河干流和大沽排污河沉积物中持久性有机氯杀虫剂(OCPs)的残留状况.在所选取的16个断面沉积物样品中均有大量HCHs、DDTs检出,表明海河和大沽排污河的DDT和HCH污染相当严重.海河沉积物中HCHs和DDTs总质量浓度分别为3.30～75.96、1.57～221.57 ng/g.大沽排污河沉积物中HCHs和DDTs的残留量分别为2.30～124.61、11.28～237.30ng/g.与国内外部分河流表层沉积物中HCHs、DDTs的含量相比,海河和大沽排污河沉积物中有机氯农药含量较高.最后根据两条河流沉积物中的OCPs的残留量,分析了其可能的污染源.     

西溪湿地底泥中有机氯农药分布特征及风险评价

以西溪湿地为主要研究区域,采集了西溪湿地主要河口的表层和柱状底泥样品,以气相色谱(GC)/电子捕获检测器(ECD)定量测定样品中滴滴涕(DDTs)、六六六(HCHs)的含量,并对其进行生态风险评价.结果表明:(1)西溪湿地底泥样品中DDTs浓度明显比HCHs高.有机氯农药(OCPs)在研究区域内的底泥表层样品中残留呈现...     

广西岩溶地下河水体中有机氯农药浓度分布特征研究

利用气相色谱检测器(GC-ECD)对广西典型岩溶区地下河水体中有机氯农药(OCPs)进行检测.结果表明:(1)广西典型岩溶区地下河水体中OCPs均有不同程度检出.岩溶地下河水体中OCPs质量浓度为0.09～16.17ng/L,均值为6.47 ng/L;水体中滴滴涕(DDTs)质量浓度为0.09～9.10 ng/L,均值...     

高铁酸盐与过硫酸钠联合降解水中滴滴涕和六六六

针对滴滴涕(DDTs)和六六六(HCHs)等有机氯农药(OCPs)难以同步降解的问题,采用高铁酸钾(K_2FeO_4)和过硫酸钠(Na_2S_2O_8)联合降解水溶液中的7种OCPs;分别考察了K_2FeO_4投加量、Na_2S_2O_8投加量和溶液初始pH因素的单独作用及交互作用对OCPs降解率的影响;采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析鉴定了降解产物,并探讨了K_2FeO_4/Na_2S_2O_8体系对各OCPs的降解机理。结果表明:K_2FeO_4/Na_2S_2O_8体系处理的OCPs降解率大于K_2FeO_4单独处理下的降解率;碱性环境(pH=9～11)有利于α-HCH和γ-HCH的降解,弱碱性环境(pH=7～9)有利于DDTs的降解,中性环境(pH=7)有利于β-HCH的降解。采用二次多项式和逐步回归法可以较好地拟合和预测OCPs降解率与反应条件的关系,当K_2FeO_4投加量8 g·L~(-1)、Na_2S_2O_8投加量2 g·L~(-1)、pH=11时,总环境风险削减率可达79.16%,与验证实验结果相近。这表明模型具有较好的预测能力。K_2FeO_4/Na_2S_2O_8联合处理对OCPs的降解途径主要为脱氯脱氢,但仍有不完全脱氯产物残留。与K_2FeO_4单独处理相比,K_2FeO_4/Na_2S_2O_8双氧化体系实现了对DDTs和HCHs的高效同步降解。     

有机质对污染土壤中DDTs热脱附行为的影响

采用2种不同性质土壤(黑土和棕壤)作为供试土壤,利用DDT农药自配滴滴涕类(DDTs,包括p,p'-DDT、o,p'-DDT、p,p'-DDD、p,p'-DDE)污染土壤.采用热脱附方法,研究了原土及去有机质后土壤中DDTs在300℃,6个停留时间(5、10、20、30、40和50 min)下的去除率以及脱附后土壤中D...     

自然水体中主要有毒有机物的研究进展

介绍了主要有毒有机物多环芳烃(PAHs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、有机氯农药(OCPs)在环境中的危害及其来源,着重评述了近年来中国自然水体中和沉积物中该类污染物的研究进展,指出新的检测技术的开发、有毒有机物的生殖毒性和生态环境风险影响方法学的研究及污染区域污染控制、消减及修复是今后该领域的工作重点.     

北京城市雨水、树冠水和地表径流中有机氯农药的污染特征

对北京降雨过程中雨水、树冠水、地表径流等介质中有机氯农药(OCPs)的污染特征进行了研究,研究的污染物包括六氯苯(HCB)、六六六(HCH)和滴滴涕(DDT)。结果显示,在雨水、树冠水和地表径流中,HCH含量最高(几何平均浓度分别为11.1、21.6和25.1 ng/L),其次是HCB(几何平均浓度分别为3.71、3.54和5.91 ng/L)和DDT(几何平均浓度分别为2.64、4.66和10.6 ng/L)。对地表径流样品中所测的OCPs组分浓度与径流水质参数和气象参数的相关分析显示,所测各OCPs组分浓度与pH呈显著负相关,与径流的溶解性有机碳含量呈显著正相关,降雨量和雨前晴天数对不同组分OCPs的影响并不完全相同。平均贡献率的计算表明,雨水是城市地表径流中OCPs的一个重要来源,树冠水的贡献也不可忽视。     

冀中典型农业区农作物中有机氯农药的生物富集特征与健康风险评价

分析了冀中典型农业区土壤-农作物体系中有机氯农药(OCPs)残留与生物富集特征,探讨了该地区所产农作物的可食部分对人体健康产生的潜在风险。结果表明:11种OCPs以滴滴涕(DDTs)和六六六(HCHs)为主要残留物。土壤中DDTs和HCHs残留量总计达36.52~73.45ng/g,在各自的异构体中p,p’-DDT和γ-HCH所占比例最高,表明OCPs污染主要为近期输入所致。玉米和小麦各器官中,OCPs均在籽粒中最高,分别残留20.66~33.33、19.14~34.57ng/g。小麦和玉米对HCHs的富集能力均强于DDTs。研究显示,该地区玉米与小麦籽粒中OCPs含量虽未超过《农产品安全质量无公害蔬菜安全要求》(GB 18406.1—2001)和《食品安全国家标准食品中农药最大残留限量》(GB 2763—2012),但OCPs致癌总风险相对较高,玉米和小麦中均超过了1×10-6,小麦中OCPs的非致癌总风险和致癌总风险均大于玉米,因此该地区应该优先关注OCPs对小麦所造成的粮食安全问题。     

河蚬对太湖梅梁湾沉积物中HCHs和DDTs的生物富集

以采自清洁水体的河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)为实验生物,利用生物富集实验测试了河蚬对太湖梅梁湾水源地沉积物中HCHs和DDTs的生物富集.研究结果表明,将河蚬暴露于有机氯农药污染程度相似的太湖梅梁湾沉积物中(HCHs和DDTs浓度分别为1.5-1.8.S/S(以干重计)和1.1-1.7 as/g(以干重计))后,随着暴露时间的延长(24～168h),河蚬对有机氯农药的富集量随着暴露时间逐渐增加.试验结束时各样点中河蚬对HCHs和DDTs的富集量分别为(9.4±2.2)ng/g(以干重计)、(20.7±7.6)ng/g(以干重计).实验水体沉积物中HCHs和DDTs的生物沉积物富集因子(BSAF)分别为1.5±0.1和4.4±0.7.生物-沉积物富集因子(BSAF)与有机物的辛醇-水比值(Kow)存在显著正相关.     

PCBs and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in edible fish and shellfish from China

A wide variety of fish and shellfish were collected from local supermarkets of Dalian, Tianjin and Shanghai in China and analyzed for the concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) such as hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), chlordane compounds (CHLs, including trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, trans-nonachlor and cis-nonachlor) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites (DDTs, including o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDT). Concentrations of PCBs in samples collected from Dalian, Tianjin and Shanghai ranged from 1.11 to 8.04 ng/g, 1.26 to 5.60 ng/g and 0.83 to 11.4 ng/g on wet weight basis, respectively. The concentrations were lower compared to those in developed countries such as Japan and Italy. Average concentrations of HCB, HCHs, CHLs and DDTs were 0.38, 0.92, 0.47 and 28.9 ng/g on wet weight basis, respectively. The daily intake of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides ingested by people living in these cities in China through fish and shellfish was estimated and compared with those observed in other areas.     

Distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in conifer needles in the southeast Tibetan Plateau

Twenty-nine conifer needles in mountain-valley areas from the southeastern Tibet were collected with altitude span from 1520 to 4340m above sea level (m.a.s.l.). They were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), including hexachlorocyclohexanes (alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDT) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB). Concentrations of OCPs in samples ranged from 0.69 to 4.3 ng/g, from 0.39 to 4.9 ng/g and from 1.9 to 20.5 ng/g (dry weight) for HCB, total HCHs and DDTs, respectively. The levels of DDTs found here were noticeably higher than those from other high mountainous regions. Composition of HCH isomers and DDTs was analyzed, and it was found that the high ratio of o,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDT might be caused by the application of dicofol in adjacent regions. A number of environmental factors controlling the distribution of OCPs in regional scale were also discussed in this paper.     

Concentrations and compositions of organochlorine contaminants in sediments, soils, crustaceans, fishes and birds collected from Lake Tai, Hangzhou Bay and Shanghai city region, China

Contamination by persistent organochlorines (OCs), such as DDTs, hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), chlordane compounds (CHLs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were examined in sediments, soils, fishes, crustaceans, birds, and aquaculture feed from Lake Tai, Hangzhou Bay, and in the vicinity of Shanghai city in China during 2000 and 2001. OCs were detected in all samples analyzed, and DDT and its metabolites were the predominant contaminants in most sediments, soils and biota. Concentrations of p,p'-DDT and ratio of p,p'-DDT to SigmaDDTs were significantly higher in marine fishes than those in freshwater fishes. While the use of DDTs has been officially banned in China since 1983, these results indicate a recent input of technical DDTs into the marine environment around Hangzhou Bay. Comparison of organochlorine concentrations in fishes collected from Lake Tai and Hangzhou Bay suggests the presence of local sources of HCHs, chlordanes and PCBs at Lake Tai. Higher proportions of penta- and hexa-PCB congeners in fishes at Lake Tai may suggest the use of highly chlorinated PCB product, such as PCB(5), around this lake. To our knowledge, this is a first comprehensive study to examine the present status of organochlorine contamination in various environmental media, such as sediments, soils and wildlife, in China.     

Persistent chlorinated pesticides in fish species from Qiantang River in East China

Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in 18 fish species from Qiantang River were firstly determined by GC-ECD. To elucidate the sources and the environment fate of these pollutants, water and sediment samples were also analyzed for OCPs contents. Total concentrations of OCPs in fish muscles ranged from 7.43 to 143.79 ng g(-1) wet weight (ww) with highest concentration recorded in sole fish (Cynoglossus abbreviatus), a benthic carnivore. The results indicated that carnivore fish have higher OCPs concentration than other fish with different feeding modes. OCPs concentration in fish was in the range of 1.86-5.85, 2.65-133.51 and 1.94-12.48 ng g(-1) for HCHs (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-HCH), DDTs (p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDD) and other OCPs (aldrin, diedrin, endrin, heptachlor, heptachlor expoide), respectively. The highest OCPs concentration in fish organs of four big fish species was found in brain of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), 289.26 ng g(-1) ww followed by kidney, liver, heart and gill. Among the OCPs analyzed, DDE, gamma-HCH and heptachlor were the predominant contaminants in fish muscle, which indicated that there was recent input of lindane. Significant correlation was observed between concentrations of DDTs and lipid content as well as between OCPs and lipid contents in fish species. Both field water bioconcentration factors (BCF) and sediment BCF showed a positive correlation with octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow) in the sole fish.     

Fate and assessment of persistent organic pollutants in water and sediment from Minjiang River Estuary,Southeast China

Persistent organochlorine compounds were analyzed in surface water, porewater and surficial sediment samples from Minjiang River Estuary, which is the first large river in Fujian Province, Southeast of China. The total concentrations of 18 organochlorine pesticides were 214.4-1819, 4541-13,699 ng/l, 28.79-52.07 ng/g in surface water, porewater and sediments (dry weight) respectively, and those of 21 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the three phases were: 203.9-2473, 3192-10,855 ng/l, 15.14-57.93 ng/g respectively. The results showed that the concentrations of these selected organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in porewater were higher than those in surface water. It may be due to the fact that these organic hydrophobic pollutants tend to stay in the sediments, and then re-suspend from the sedimentary phase to the upper water. We have analyzed the distribution characteristics of individual organochlorine pesticide components and PCBs, and found that alpha-HCH, DDE, Heptachlor, Endosulfan II, Methoxychlor were the most common organochlorine pesticides contaminants. Considering the groups of HCHs (HCHs=alpha-HCH+beta-HCH+gamma-HCH+delta-HCH) and DDTs (DDTs=DDT+DDD+DDE), the predominance of beta-HCH, DDE in all water, porewater and sediment samples was clearly observed. This observation suggested that beta-HCH was resistant to biodegradation and the DDTs had been transformed to its metabolites, DDE and DDD, of which DDE that was more un-degradable. The PCB congeners containing 3-6 chlorines had the great preponderance in the three phase. These results were compared with those present in other estuaries and harbors. A risk assessment was evaluated for the persistent organic pollutants in the Minjiang River Estuary.     

Isolation and characterization of an Alcaligenes sp. strain DG-5 capable of degrading DDTs under aerobic conditions

In this study, an Alcaligenes sp. strain DG-5 that can effectively degrade dichlorodiphenyltrichloro-ethanes (DDTs) under aerobic conditions was isolated from DDTs-contaminated sediment. Various factors that affect the biodegradation of DDTs by DG-5 were investigated. About 88 %, 65 % and 45 % of the total DDTs were consumed within 120 h when their initial concentrations were 0.5, 5 and 15 mg L?1, respectively. However, almost no degradation was observed when their concentration was increased to 30 mg L?1, but the addition of nutrients significantly improved the degradation, and 66 % and 90 % of the total DDTs were degraded at 336 h in the presence of 5 g L?1 peptone and yeast extract, respectively. Moreover, the addition of 20 mM formate also enhanced the ability of DG-5 to transform DDTs, and its DDT transformation capacity (T(c)) value was increased by 1.8 - 2.7 fold for the pure (p,p'-DDT or o,p'-DDT only) and mixed systems (p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDE). Furthermore, it was found that competitive inhibition in the biodegradation by DDT compounds occurred in the mixed system.     

Pesticide contamination profiles of water, sediment and aquatic organisms in the effluent of Gaobeidian wastewater treatment plant

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs, including DDT, HCH and HCB) and six indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, and 180) were measured in water, sediment, zooplankton, fish and Chinese softshell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) from Gaobeidian Lake, which is located in the effluent of Gaobeidian wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Beijing, China. DDTs were dominant except for in water. In water, the concentrations of DDTs (6.22 ng l(-1)) and HCHs (18.0 ng l(-1)) were less than the limits (l000 ng l(-1) for DDTs and 5000 ng l(-1) for HCHs). However, PCBs concentration (20.8 ng l(-1)) exceeded the limit (14 ng l(-1)) suggested by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The high ratio of p,p'-DDT/DDTs (0.80) in water suggested that DDTs had recently been discharged into the ambient environment despite a longtime ban in China. For fish and Pelodiscus sinensis, the accumulation patterns of OCPs and PCBs were different in muscle and liver. And HCB and PCB 153 were significant different in different species (p<0.05). PCBs were dominated by PCB 52 in zooplankton, but by PCB 138 and 153 in Pelodiscus sinensis. The highest food web magnification factor (FWMF) was 4.83 for p,p'-DDT and the second highest was 4.36 for PCB 101 in Gaobeidian Lake. As compared with the other studies, biomagnification in the present study was not obvious. Trophic levels and age were two important factors that might contribute to the bioaccumulation in the present study.     

Vertical distributions of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) caused from organochlorine pesticides in a sediment core taken from Ariake bay, Japan

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) of organochlorine pesticides such as dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDTs) and its metabolites, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), heptachlor, chlordane compounds (CHLs), aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, mirex and isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs), were analyzed in sediment cores collected from Ariake Bay, Japan. Although Chikugo River has the largest flow in Ariake Bay, the total concentration of POPs in surface sediment was found in St.3, mouth of the Yabe River, where that level was two times higher than St.1, mouth of the Chikugo River. It could be assumed that the potential source of POPs contamination is relatively close to this study area. Relatively high residue levels of HCB, HCHs and DDTs in sediment core were found during the period from 1967 to 1970. In this layer, the HCB concentration investigated in sediment cores of Ariake Bay was maximum, 2.6 ng g(-1) dry weight and higher than that of Tokyo Bay and subsequently detected in deeper sediment cores. The ratio of (DDD+DDE)/SigmaDDTs was high in top sediments (0-2 cm). Although there was a concentration of DDTs in the top sediment, it was noticed that DDT emission did not cause direct input of DDT recently. The HCHs determined in upper sediment cores might be originated from long-range accumulation in environment after dispersing of technical-grade HCH. Moreover, the CHLs, dieldrin and heptachlor concentrations were detected and recently increased in sediment core. POPs in sediment cores of Ariake Bay based on the possibility of PCP contamination during the early 1960s were reflected.     

Polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides in mussels from the Egyptian Red Sea coast

The residues of 17 organochlorine pollutants were analyzed in bivalve Brachiodontes sp. collected from 11 different locations in April 2000 along the Egyptian Red Sea coast. The pollutants studied were 10 individual polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, alpha,alpha,alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs), cyclodienes (heptachlor, heptachlorepoxide, aldrin, dieldrin) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) (p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDT). The concentration of total DDTs ranged between 125 and 772 ng/g of wet weight whereas the concentration of the PCBs, HCHs and cyclodienes ranged from 6.7 to 66.4 ng/g; 16.2 to 183.4 ng/g and 8.8 to 221.6 ng/g of wet weight, respectively. The levels are low to moderate in relation to the published data from other coastal areas. The present results indicate low to moderate PCBs and pesticides contamination in the investigated mussels except DDTs.