中国流域水环境保护规划体系设计

现行与流域水环境保护相关的规划很多,但是由于各地区、各部门协调不足,规划间没有明确的关系,缺乏接口和控制,规划内容不统一,致使流域水环境保护规划没有形成体系。基于流域水环境保护相关规划存在的问题和当前的政府管理体制,提出了由国家流域水环境保护总体规划、小流域水环境保护规划、城市水环境保护规划和大点源水污染物减排规划构成的流域水环境保护规划体系。明确了该体系内,上级规划通过审批和评估实现对下级规划的指导与控制,规划之间的衔接关系体现为指标的联结。同时,提出了制定流域水环境保护规划法规、制定规划编制规范和指南、建立信息共享平台等建议。     

浙江省太湖流域水环境管理思路研究

评估了水环境质量现状、剖析了水环境管理中存在的主要问题;系统分析了总量控制政策实施以来取得的成效,并从面源污染控制、总量分配技术、总量控制因子和环境管理政策体系方面分析了总量控制实施中存在的问题;提出了浙江省太湖流域未来水环境管理的总体思路和重点任务:初步设计了总量分配方案的制定、评估与优化技术;明确提出了氮磷污染控制的建议,以期能为"十二五"期间浙江省制定重点流域水污染防治规划和水环境管理战略提供技术支撑和参考.     

中国水产养殖规划现状分析与对策

水产养殖规划可以降低水产养殖和水环境之间的不确定性、减少水产养殖活动的外部不经济性、提高水资源的利用效率,对中国水产养殖的可持续发展有重要作用.对已实施的水产养殖规划的现状分析结果表明,存在着水产养殖规划基础与水产养殖规划实施间的不协凋性、环境影响评价环节的缺失和水产养殖规划的实施效果蔗等主要现象.其根本原因是现有水产养殖相关制度的配置不完善.应从环境影响评价与水产养殖规划的集成关系入手,通过完善水产养殖容量的估算、水产养殖的技术与经济评估指标、制度和相关利益者分析与评估的方法和指标,建立水产养殖规划的技术体系.引入第三方评审制度以监督规划环境影响评价的质量.     

关于跨界水污染防治的思考

近年来,跨界水污染事件在国内一些地区频频发生,造成严重的社会问题,因此分析了国内跨界水污染的成因,并提出要完善相关的法律法规、实现水资源整体性综合规划和配置、建立区域环境合作机制、积极推广清洁生产和节能减排、转变治污方式、加强宣传教育、提高公众环保意识等相应的防治对策。     

淮河流域水环境保护政策评估

搜集各部门已有数据对淮河流域水环境保护政策体系、管理行动、排放控制以及水质进行评估.结果表明,淮河流域水质没有明显改善和恶化的趋势,规划目标没有达到,污染物排放没有得到控制,工业和生活污染源是水质超标的首要原因,部门间水质和排放监测缺乏协调,数据质量低,水环境保护投入落后于社会经济发展.建议实施严格的排污许可证制度;尽快建立流域水环境保护信息共享平台;中央政府通过许可证、专项资金等形式承担更多的流域水环境保护责任;完善水环境保护规划体系,以较长的时间尺度,制定流域水环境保护的战略性基础规划.     

国家级流域水环境保护总体规划一般模式研究

流域综合水管理是发达国家普遍采用的管理模式,主要手段之一是制定流域水环境保护总体规划.流域水环境保护总体规划是流域各相关利益方就流域社会经济发展与水环境保护达成的决策,是其他所有规划制定的基础和依据,核心内容是规划目标的确定.流域水环境保护总体规划是流域综合管理的决策平台和信息共享平台,是环境保护的刚性约束,为流域水资源开发利用划定红线.流域水环境保护总体规划是目标导向型的,通过指标体系指导省级行政区负责制定的小流域水环境保护规划,协调流域内省级行政区国民经济和社会发展规划、土地利用总体规划、城市总体规划等其他部门规划.中国目前缺乏流域水环境保护总体规划,基于此提出了国家级流域水环境保护总体规划的一般模式,包括基本内容、规划文本和规划实施3个部分.流域水环境保护总体规划实施的主要手段是审批小流域水环境保护规划.     

我国城镇可持续发展的水资源问题与对策

本文简述了我国水资源的现状,指出水短缺和水污染是制约我国城镇可持续发展的两个主要问题,并探讨了解决问题的对策强调工农业及城市用水的节水,实施污水回用和海水利用等方法开发新水源,进行科学的水资源管理.     

基于共容利益理论的流域水污染府际合作治理探讨

由于流域水环境具有准公共物品性质,共容利益使得流域上、下游利益主体的合作变得必然和可能,但这并不构成地方政府合作的充分条件.当前有些流域制定了合作行动协议,但是这些合作行动仅属于非制度性的合作协调机制,没有充分考虑地方政府的利益主体地位,从而导致合作效果不明显.从共容利益理论的角度,探讨了流域水污染合作治理中的利益博弈结构.经分析发现,要真正实现流域水污染的府际合作治理,需要建立科学的地方政府绩效评估制度、建立区域生态补偿机制、建立跨界水污染经济赔偿机制和完善公众参与水环境保护的制度.     

承德市武烈河水环境容量核算与减排效益评估研究

水环境容量核算能为水污染防治提供科学依据,而工程减排效益分析能为水污染防治提供优先顺序,两者都直接关系到流域总量减排任务的完成和水质目标的实现。以承德市武烈河为例,根据水环境容量核算的基本原理,结合污染状况、水质现状和水环境功能区划,对COD和氨氮的水环境容量进行核算;结合流域污染防治规划,以输入响应关系为基础,对两类主要污染防治工程的水环境质量减排效益进行评价。结果表明,武烈河COD、氨氮水环境容量分别为1 519.7、159.6t/a,水环境容量处于超载状态;主要污染防治工程能大幅削减污染物排放量,对改善水环境质量贡献明显,工程的落实将有利于改善武烈河水环境现状。     

我国主要流域开始实行水质自动监测

水环境污染是我国面临的突出问题。为加强水环境管理和监测工作 ,我国环保部门采取先进的技术手段 ,在主要流域设立水质自动监测站 ,并建立周报制度 ,对水污染进行实时连续监测。国家环保总局有关负责人近日在京透露 ,随着国务院陆续出台、实施“三河、三湖”重点流域水污染防治规划 ,水污染治理工作的力度逐年加强 ,对水环境监测工作的要求越来越高 ,常规的水环境监测手段已难以满足水环境管理和监督监测的需要。主要表现在 :水环境监测已由浓度监测过渡到同时实施浓度和污染物总量监测 ;水环境监测的频次 ,也由原来的每年按丰、平、枯水期…     

北京城市水系水环境模拟及情景分析

城市水系是流域水环境管理中最为脆弱的控制点.针对城市水系水动力条件差、有机污染和富营养化严重的问题,应用QUAL2K模型模拟、预测城市水系水环境的时空变化,并在此基础上探讨北环水系水环境管理和污染防治的合理有效方案.结果显示,经过多次调整后的模型模拟的匹配度达到了0.9135,水温、溶解氧、COD、TN、TP和Chl-...     

Adaptive coastal planning and the European Union's water framework directive: a Swedish perspective

The implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive and the achievement of its water quality objectives will to a large degree depend on scientific knowledge about the sources and status of water resources and the effects of mitigative measures. Coastal waters will be of central interest, since the management of whole river basins may be affected if coastal water status is not satisfactory. The Water Directive's general directions on what information the water authorities need and on suitable methods for obtaining such information leave it to the Member states to decide on more precise instructions. Improved legal mechanisms are needed to assist and guide the managers and scientists charged with implementing the directive and achieving its water quality objectives, particularly when faced with insufficient information, flawed knowledge, or changed circumstances. We assess progress in the current process of implementing the Water Directive in Sweden, focussing on coastal waters, and on general problems arising using this type of legal technique.     

水污染控制规划与GIS

在水污染控制规划中,总量控制是新手段,概率模型是新方法,ＧＩＳ是新工具。利用上述新手段,新方法和新工具,系统地介绍了水污染控制规划,初步探索了基于ＧＩＳ的水污染控制规划的实施途径。     

Effect-Directed Analysis of Key Toxicants in European River Basins. A Review (9 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope Extensive monitoring programs on chemical contamination are run in many European river basins. With respect to the implementation of the European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive (WFD), these programs are increasingly accompanied by monitoring the ecological status of the river basins. Assuming an impact of chemical contamination on the ecological status, the assignment of effects in aquatic ecosystems to those stressors that cause the effects is a prerequisite for taking political or technical measures to achieve the goals of the WFD. Thus, one focus of present European research is on toxicant identification in European river basins in order to allow for a reduction of toxic pressure on aquatic ecosystems according to the WFD. Main Features: An overview is presented on studies that were performed to link chemical pollution in European river basins to measurable ecotoxic effects. This includes correlation-based approaches as well as investigations that apply effect-directed analysis (EDA) integrating toxicity testing, fractionation and non-target chemical analysis. Effect-based key toxicants that were identified in European surface waters are compiled and compared to EU priority pollutants. Further needs for research are identified. Results: Studies on the identification of effect-based key toxicants focused on mutagenicity, aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated effects, endocrine disruption, green algae, and invertebrates. The identified pollutants include priority pollutants and other well-known environmental pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, furans, and biphenyls, nonylphenol, some pesticides and tributyltin, but also other compounds that were neither considered as environmental pollutants before nor regulated such as substituted phenols, natural or synthetic estrogens and androgens, dinaphthofurans, 2-(2-naphthalenyl)benzothiophene, and N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine. Discussion: Individual studies at specific sites in a European river basin demonstrated the power of combined biological and chemical analytical approaches and, particularly, of effect-directed analysis. However, the available information on effect-based key toxicants is very limited with respect to the entirety of rivers possibly at risk due to chemical contamination and with respect to toxicological endpoints considered at a specific site. A relatively broad basis of information exists only for estrogenicity and aryl hydrocarbon, receptor-mediated effects. Conclusions: The development of tools and strategies for an identification of key toxicants on a broader scale are a challenging task for the next years. Since investigations dealing with toxicant identification are too labor and cost-intensive for monitoring purposes, they have to be focused on the key sites in a river basin. These should include hot spots of contamination, particularly if there is evidence that they might pose a risk for downstream areas, but may also involve accumulation zones in the lower reach of a river in order to get an integrated picture on the contamination of the basin. Perspectives: While EDA is almost exclusively based on measurable effects in in vitro and in vivo biotests to date, an increasing focus in the future should be on the integration of EDA into Ecological Risk Assessment and on the development of tools to confirm EDA-determined key toxicants as stressors in populations, communities and ecosystems. Considering these requirements and applied in a focused way, toxicant identification may significantly help to implement the Water Framework Directive by providing evidence on the main stressors and possible mitigation measures in order to improve the ecological status of a river ecosystem.     

济南市固体废物污染防治规划方法

以《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》和可持续发展战略思想为指导,以济南市为背景,研究了在新形势下如何进行城市固体废物污染防治规划。     

Support vector machine―an alternative to artificial neuron network for water quality forecasting in an agricultural nonpoint source polluted river?

Water quality forecasting in agricultural drainage river basins is difficult because of the complicated nonpoint source (NPS) pollution transport processes and river self-purification processes involved in highly nonlinear problems. Artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector model (SVM) were developed to predict total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations for any location of the river polluted by agricultural NPS pollution in eastern China. River flow, water temperature, flow travel time, rainfall, dissolved oxygen, and upstream TN or TP concentrations were selected as initial inputs of the two models. Monthly, bimonthly, and trimonthly datasets were selected to train the two models, respectively, and the same monthly dataset which had not been used for training was chosen to test the models in order to compare their generalization performance. Trial and error analysis and genetic algorisms (GA) were employed to optimize the parameters of ANN and SVM models, respectively. The results indicated that the proposed SVM models performed better generalization ability due to avoiding the occurrence of overtraining and optimizing fewer parameters based on structural risk minimization (SRM) principle. Furthermore, both TN and TP SVM models trained by trimonthly datasets achieved greater forecasting accuracy than corresponding ANN models. Thus, SVM models will be a powerful alternative method because it is an efficient and economic tool to accurately predict water quality with low risk. The sensitivity analyses of two models indicated that decreasing upstream input concentrations during the dry season and NPS emission along the reach during average or flood season should be an effective way to improve Changle River water quality. If the necessary water quality and hydrology data and even trimonthly data are available, the SVM methodology developed here can easily be applied to other NPS-polluted rivers.     

The Nationwide Program for Maintenance of Air Quality

The initial state implementation plans concentrated on attainment of the ambient air quality standards in the relatively polluted areas of the country. Many of these plans must now be modified to ensure that the ambient standards will be maintained for the foreseeable future, and to ensure that significant deterioration of air quality in clean areas of the country is prevented.

The existing implementation plans currently contain many measures which are applicable to the maintenance and deterioration efforts, but additional measures must also be developed. Many of these additional measures will involve future planning activities—most common of which will be land use planning activities.

The point is made that, after existing sources have reduced their emissions to the lowest practical level, further air pollution control can only be accomplished by implementing rational planning procedures for management of any new sources of air pollution. This will require extensive cooperation among the air pollution control community; regional, state, and local planning agencies; state and local governments; and the general public in order to ensure that future land use plans include appropriate air quality considerations.     

论环境规划实施的一般模式

环境规划实施是政府相关部门根据环境保护的要求,建立组织机构,分解规划目标,在有效地分配和利用人力、财力、物力以及信息资源的条件下,采取宣传、审批、检查、监测和处罚等手段,使规划目标得以实现的动态过程.其一般模式包括宣传、实施计划、实施检查、验收批准和实施效果评估.中国当前的环境规划需要在保障资金、建立信息交流和共享机制、提高公众的参与水平、人员培训和技术支持、完善行政审批和行政问责机制等方面予以加强,并应尽快建立环境规划的法规体系.     

Trends in Public Attitudes Toward Air Pollution

This paper attempts to bring together the findings relative to people’s attitudes about air pollution from a series of studies conducted by or for the U. S. Public Health Service. Trends are noted. These findings are presented in the light of planning for the implementation of air pollution abatement measures and probable public reactions to them. Further research needs are pointed out. Special emphasis is placed on the control officer’s needs for this type of information, its derivation, and its possible use in programming.