鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的紫外灭活及光复活抑制的研究

研究了鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的紫外失活动力学、在日光灯下的光复活现象以及氯对其光复活的抑制。结果表明,鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的紫外失活动力学曲线分为滞后区、一级动力学区、拖尾区三阶段,在PBS中的一级动力学失活速率常数为0.9041 cm2/mJ。而紫外灭活后的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌在日光灯下存在光复活。当紫外剂量为10 mJ/cm2时,鼠伤寒沙门氏菌在日光灯下照射3 h内发生明显的光复活,浓度从8.6×103CFU/mL增加到4.1×106 CFU/mL;但是在紫外消毒后,投加1 mg/L的氯可以有效抑制该细菌的光复活,投加2 mg/L的氯可以在10 min内全部灭活。因此,紫外-氯联合消毒能够有效的抑制鼠伤寒沙门氏菌细菌光复活,使其得到高效灭活。     

水质对紫外消毒在两种典型再生水中应用的影响

以大肠杆菌为对象，研究了再生水水质变化对紫外消毒效果和光复活的影响。结果表明，紫外对大肠杆菌有很强的灭活作用，在紫外剂量为4mJ／cm^2时，大肠杆菌的灭活率达到了4．41个对数级。腐殖酸、铁和2种再生水水体中其他溶解性物质会影响光吸收和紫外透射率，但对紫外消毒动力学无影响。在颗粒物浓度为0～200mg／L的范围内，外源高岭土和活性污泥等颗粒物的投加对紫外消毒效果影响较小，而再生水水样W1中原有的2．61／1：g／L的颗粒物则会极大地影响消毒效果，使UV对细菌的灭活出现明显的拖尾现象。腐殖酸会增强紫外损伤大肠杆菌的光复活能力，但2种再生水中细菌的光复活能力相对磷酸盐缓冲溶液（PBS）中减弱，减弱程度在不同水样中有所不同。     

炼化企业中水紫外线消毒及其影响因素

研究水质对254 nm紫外线透射率的影响,通过动态实验考察了照射时间、254 nm紫外线透射率以及紫外线剂量对炼化企业中水消毒效果的影响并同时考察异养菌、硫酸盐还原菌和铁细菌的光复活及暗修复现象。结果表明,有机物是影响炼化企业中水紫外线消毒的重要因素;紫外线对炼化企业中水中的异养菌具有良好的灭活作用;增加照射时间对消毒效果的提升作用受254 nm紫外线透射率的影响;紫外线透射率在较低的范围内时对消毒效果的影响相对较大,在较高的范围内时影响较小;紫外线剂量-响应曲线受254 nm紫外线透射率的影响;剂量的"成分",即照射时间和透射率的不同组合,也会对消毒效果产生影响;在80 mJ/cm2的剂量下,20 h内异养菌出现了较强烈的光复活和暗修复现象,铁细菌仅出现了明显的光复活现象,硫酸盐还原菌没有表现出明显的复活。     

炼化企业中水紫外线消毒及其影响因素简

研究水质对254 nm紫外线透射率的影响，通过动态实验考察了照射时间、254 nm紫外线透射率以及紫外线剂量对炼化企业中水消毒效果的影响并同时考察异养菌、硫酸盐还原菌和铁细菌的光复活及暗修复现象。结果表明，有机物是影响炼化企业中水紫外线消毒的重要因素；紫外线对炼化企业中水中的异养菌具有良好的灭活作用；增加照射时间对消毒效果的提升作用受254 nm紫外线透射率的影响；紫外线透射率在较低的范围内时对消毒效果的影响相对较大，在较高的范围内时影响较小；紫外线剂量-响应曲线受254 nm紫外线透射率的影响；剂量的“成分”，即照射时间和透射率的不同组合，也会对消毒效果产生影响；在80 mJ/cm²的剂量下，20 h内异养菌出现了较强烈的光复活和暗修复现象，铁细菌仅出现了明显的光复活现象，硫酸盐还原菌没有表现出明显的复活。     

紫外线消毒技术在污水处理中的应用

介绍了紫外消毒的机理、影响紫外消毒的因素以及紫外消毒装置的基本结构形式。阐述了紫外消毒的现状和应用前景 ,提出紫外消毒可能取代传统的化学消毒法 ,在污水处理 ,特别是回用水的处理中得到广泛的应用。     

紫外联合过硫酸盐杀灭水中大肠杆菌

为提高UV杀菌效率并同时解决UV杀菌存在光复活现象的问题,以大肠杆菌为研究对象,采用UV-PS(紫外联合过硫酸盐)体系杀灭水中大肠杆菌,研究了各因素对UV-PS体系杀菌效果的影响,并考察复活光强度(0～42μW·cm~(-2))对不同体系处理后大肠杆菌复活的影响,最后分析其杀菌机理。结果表明:UV-PS体系杀菌效率高于单独UV及单独PS杀菌,15 mJ·cm~(-2)紫外剂量下,0.3 mmol·L-1 PS的加入较单独UV杀菌时大肠杆菌对数去除率增加1.0个对数级;且一定范围内大肠杆菌对数去除率随着PS初始浓度的增加而增加;中性条件更有利于大肠杆菌杀灭;Fe2+对大肠杆菌杀灭产生抑制效果;大肠杆菌经UV-PS体系处理后光复活能力明显下降,且仅在较强的复活光照下才会产生一定的光复活;UV-PS体系较单独UV杀菌时大肠杆菌细胞形态破坏更为严重,UV-PS体系产生的硫酸根自由基首先攻击细胞表面,使得细胞结构破损,细胞膜破裂,进而对其内容物进行氧化损伤,导致细胞死亡。UV-PS体系杀菌效率高且对大肠杆菌的光复活现象抑制明显,具有一定的应用前景。     

紫外线消毒后耐药性大肠埃希氏菌的光复活特性

为了考察耐药性大肠埃希氏菌在紫外线消毒后的光复活特性及耐药性的变化,选用从城市污水处理厂分离得到的多重耐药性大肠埃希氏菌SER8作为受试菌株进行紫外线消毒和光复活研究。考察不同剂量紫外线辐照对大肠埃希氏菌SER8的光复活率和光复活速率的影响,以及在磷酸盐缓冲溶液和二沉池出水中复活情况的差别。采用Kirby-Bauer纸片琼脂扩散法考察在紫外线消毒和光复活过程中大肠埃希氏菌SER8对四环素、氨苄西林、诺氟沙星、链霉素、庆大霉素、头孢噻肟、磺胺甲恶唑、环丙沙星和氯霉素的耐药表型。结果表明,在10~40 mJ·cm~(-2)紫外线辐照剂量范围内,大肠埃希氏菌SER8的光复活率和光复活速率基本上随着紫外线辐照剂量的增大而减小。在紫外线消毒后接受日光灯照射的48 h内,大肠埃希氏菌SER8在二沉池出水中的复活率基本与磷酸盐缓冲溶液中的相似,但在48~72 h阶段存在一定的差异。接受20 mJ·cm~(-2)紫外线辐照后经日光灯照射48 h的过程中,大肠埃希氏菌SER8对9种抗生素的耐药表型均未发生变化。     

MBR出水氯、紫外、臭氧单独与组合消毒

采用氯、紫外和臭氧单独与2种组合工艺对MBR工艺中试出水进行了消毒实验,研究了不同消毒方式对指示性微生物的去除效果以及消毒副产物三卤甲烷(THMs)生成量随有效氯投加量的变化。结果表明,组合工艺消毒效果明显优于单独消毒效果,紫外剂量为25 mJ/cm2与有效氯投加量为3 mg/L的紫外与氯组合、臭氧投加量为6 mg/L与有效氯投加量为4 mg/L的臭氧与氯组合2种工艺消毒后出水中的总大肠菌群指标均满足《污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》(GB/T 18920-2002)的要求。THMs生成量随着有效氯投加量的增加而增加。相对紫外与氯组合消毒,臭氧与氯组合消毒可以大幅度降低THMs生成量,有效氯投加量为4 mg/L时,THMs生成浓度为14.11μg/L,比氯单独消毒过程降低了37.19%。     

紫外线消毒技术在污水处理中的应用

介绍了紫外消毒的机理、影响紫外消毒的因素以及紫外消毒装置的基本结构形式。阐述了紫外消毒的现状和应用前景，提出紫外消毒可能取代传统的化学消毒法，在污水处理，特别是回用水的处理中得到广泛的应用。     

紫外与次氯酸钠消毒效果及影响因素研究

选取大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli)为示踪菌种,研究了紫外消毒和次氯酸钠消毒的灭活效果(用对数灭活率来衡量),进行了实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(PCR)检测,同时考察了浊度、Fe3+浓度、有机物对紫外消毒的灭活效果影响,以及pH、氨氮浓度对次氯酸钠消毒的灭活效果影响。结果表明:(1)紫外消毒和次氯酸钠消毒对大肠埃希氏菌均有较好的灭活效果。紫外辐射剂量为15mJ/cm2时即可达到4.55的对数灭活率;次氯酸钠投加量为2.5mg/L,消毒时间30min即可100%灭活。(2)当紫外辐射剂量为15mJ/cm2时,浊度、Fe3+浓度增加或投加腐殖酸均可使紫外消毒的灭活效果变差。(3)pH升高或者氨氮浓度增大均会导致次氯酸钠消毒的灭活效果变差。     

Advanced oxidation of a pulp mill bleaching wastewater.

The degradation, by several advanced oxidation reactions, of a pulp mill ECF bleaching effluent, was studied. The initial biodegradability of the organic matter present in the effluent, estimated as the BOD5/COD, was low (0.3). When the effluent was submitted to ozonation and to five different advanced oxidation systems (O3/UV, O3/UV/ZnO, O3/UV/TiO2, O2/UV/ZnO, O2/UV/TiO2), the biodegradability increase significantly. After five minutes of reaction, the O3/UV system appears as the most efficient in to transform the organic matter to more biodegradable forms. A similar effect was observed when the effluent was submitted to an activated sludge treatment. The COD, TOC and toxicity reduction correlated well with the biodegradability enhancement after AOPs treatments.     

Comparison of various advanced oxidation processes and chemical treatment methods for COD and color removal from a polyester and acetate fiber dyeing effluent

In this paper, a comparison of various advanced oxidation processes (O3, O3/UV, H2O2/UV, O3/H2O2/UV, Fe2+/H2O2) and chemical treatment methods using Al2(SO4)3.18H2O, FeCl3 and FeSO4 for the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color removal from a polyester and acetate fiber dyeing effluent is undertaken. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) showed a superior performance compared to conventional chemical treatment, which maximum achievable color and COD removal for the textile effluent used in this study was 50% and 60%, respectively. Although O3/H2O2/UV combination among other AOPs methods studied in this paper was found to give the best result (99% removal for COD and 96% removal for color), use of Fe2+/H2O2 seems to show a satisfactory COD and color removal performance and to be economically more viable choice for the acetate and polyester fiber dyeing effluent on the basis of 90% removal.     

光催化氧化深度处理电镀有机废水的工程化实验

采用光催化氧化联用技术对电镀有机废水进行深度处理工程化实验。探讨了uV、uV＋H2O3、uV＋H2O2＋TiO2、uV＋H2O2＋FeSO4、uV＋H2O2＋FeSO4＋TiO2、uV＋O3＋TiO2和uV＋03＋TiO2＋H2O2等体系对废水有机污染物去除率的影响。结果表明，相较于其他反应体系，uV＋O3＋TiO2＋H2O2体系具有更好的氧化效果，经碳滤处理后去除率达到90％以上，最终出水水质满足GB18918-20O2-级标准（A标准）的要求。实际运行项目偿还期5．33年，NPV〉0，内部收益率大于基准值10％。研究表明，uV＋O3＋TiO2＋H2O，体系能降低加药量，工作量及运行成本。可为电镀企业实际废水处理提供现实依据，为优化电镀废水的处理工艺提供参考。     

Removal and formation of chlorinated triclosan derivatives in wastewater treatment plants using chlorine and UV disinfection

Triclosan, a common antimicrobial agent, may react during the disinfection of wastewater with free chlorine to form three chlorinated triclosan derivatives (CTDs). This is of concern because the CTDs may be photochemically transformed to tri- and tetra-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins when discharged into natural waters. In this study, wastewater influent, secondary (pre-disinfection) effluent, and final (post-disinfection) effluent samples were collected on two occasions each from two activated sludge wastewater treatment plants, one using chlorine disinfection and one using UV disinfection. Concentrations of triclosan and three CTDs were determined using ultra performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with isotope dilution methodology. Triclosan and the CTDs were detected in every influent sample at levels ranging from 453 to 4530 and 2 to 98 ng L⁻¹, respectively, though both were efficiently removed from the liquid phase during activated sludge treatment. Triclosan concentrations in the pre-disinfection effluent ranged from 36 to 212 ng L⁻¹, while CTD concentrations were below the limit of quantification (1 ng L⁻¹) for most samples. In the treatment plant that used chlorine disinfection, triclosan concentrations decreased while CTDs were formed during chlorination, as evidenced by CTD levels as high as 22 ng L⁻¹ in the final effluent. No CTDs were detected in the final effluent of the treatment plant that used UV disinfection. The total CTD concentration in the final effluent of the chlorinating treatment plant reached nearly one third of the triclosan concentration, demonstrating that the chlorine disinfection step played a substantial role in the fate of triclosan in this system.     

Effects of thiocyanate on the formation of free cyanide during chlorination and ultraviolet disinfection of publicly owned treatment works secondary effluent.

Cyanide has been detected in effluent of some publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) at levels exceeding influent concentration. Thiocyanate (SCN-) is a cyanide-related compound encountered in most POTW influents and may be decomposed to free cyanide (CN-) under some circumstances. Effects of SCN- on the formation of cyanide during chlorination and UV disinfection were studied through a laboratory study with synthetic solutions and POTW secondary effluent. Results indicated that CN- was detected in SCN- solutions after chlorination in which the chlorine dose or reaction time was not sufficient to destroy SCN-completely, thus ensuring no residual chlorine to destroy any CN-produced. It was also found that SCN can be broken down to yield cyanide by UV irradiation. In addition, SCN- was observed to cause significant positive error in the conventional total cyanide analysis technique involving acidic distillation and colorimetric measurement when nitrate was present in the sample.     

城市污水生化处理水UV/O3法深度处理效果及影响因素研究

研究城市污水生化处理水的深度处理技术及其影响因素,对于减轻环境污染和实现废水回用具有重要理论意义和实用价值。考察了UV／O3法对城市污水生化处理水深度处理的效果及其影响因素。结果表明,由于UV／O3过程具有氧化能力强,反应无选择性等优点,使其在城市污水生化处理水深度处理方面较普通O3氧化更具有优势,50min时CODCr去除率达到90％以上,达到了深度处理的目的。对于难氧化有机物,UV／O3法处理时几乎大部分都被氧化分解残留量很少,而O3法处理时仍有较多难氧化有机物残留。UV／O3法处理城市污水生化处理水时,在pH=6～9时,CODCr去除率随pH的升高而降低,表明较低pH（pH=5）有利CODCr的去除。有机污泥对CODCr去除率基本没有影响。但无机悬浮物SiO2对CODCr去除率影响较大,投加70mg／L的SiO2后CODCr氧化速率和去除率有较明显下降。随溶液碱度的增加,CODCr的去除率下降,碱度越高对CODCr去除的影响也越明显。     

Occurrence and removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals in wastewater

This paper discusses the occurrence and removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in Horsham sewage treatment plant (STP), West Sussex, UK. Photodegradation aided by a catalyst (TiO(2)) was studied for its efficiency of removing EDCs from wastewater. The degradation of estrone and 17beta-estradiol under natural sunlight followed a pseudo-first-order kinetics, with a rate constant of 0.01h(-1). The degradation by sunlight is also independent of initial chemical concentration, suggesting some potential of using this environmentally friendly method for waste minimisation. In comparison, more efficient degradation was observed with UV irradiation (253nm), with the rate constants being increased to 2.7 and 2.5h(-1) for the two compounds. Subsequent application of the photocatalysis method to real effluent treatment at Horsham STP was successful, as demonstrated by the non-detection of the target compounds following treatment.     

Combination of in vitro bioassays for the determination of cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of wastewater, surface water and drinking water samples

In this study we evaluated genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of native samples of wastewaters (15 samples), surface waters (28 samples) and potable waters (8 samples) with the SOS/umuC assay with Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 and MTT assay with human hepatoma HepG2 cells. The genotoxicity of selected samples was confirmed with the comet assay with HepG2 cells. In the SOS/umuC assay 13 out of the 51 samples were genotoxic: two effluent samples from chemical industry; one sample of wastewater treatment plant effluent; two hospital wastewater samples; three river water samples and four lake water samples. Six samples were cytotoxic for HepG2 cells: both effluent samples of chemical industry, two wastewater treatment plant effluent samples, and two river water samples, however, only the chemical industry effluent samples were genotoxic and cytotoxic, indicating that different contaminants are responsible for genotoxic and toxic effects. Comparing genotoxicity of river and lake water samples with the chemical analytical data of the presence of the residues of pharmaceutical and personal care products (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, UV filters and disinfectants) in these samples, indicated that the presence of UV filters might be linked to the genotoxicity of these samples. The results showed that the application of the bacterial SOS/umuC assay and mammalian cell assays (MTT and comet assay) with HepG2 cells was suitably sensitive combination of assays to monitor genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of native samples of wastewaters and surface waters. With this study we also confirmed that the toxicity/genotoxicity bioassays should be an integral tool in the evaluation of toxicity of complex wastewaters before the release into environment, as well as for the monitoring of surface water quality, providing data useful in risk assessment.     

Evaluation of disinfection techniques in the treatment of advanced primary treated wastewater for Ciudad Juárez, México.

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of alternative disinfection techniques at the bench-scale level using wastewater from Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, as model feed. This paper presents findings on the effectiveness of UV radiation, peracetic acid (PAA), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) as disinfectants for advanced primary treatment (APT) plant effluent. Wastewater samples for bench-scale testing were collected from an agua negra ("black water") ditch that is part of the combined sewer system in Ciudad Juarez. Bench-scale simulations of the APT process used in Ciudad Juarez were run using a jar test apparatus and aluminum sulfate [Al2(SO4)3] as the coagulant. Jar test effluent from the bench system was used for disinfection testing. The Mexican discharge quality standard for total coliforms is 10 000/100 mL. Ultraviolet radiation met this standard at a dose of 47.5 mW-s/cm2. Ultraviolet disinfection proved reliable and effective despite the presence of suspended solids, and UV dose effectiveness expressed as a total coliforms survival ratio was best explained by a linear regression model. The ClO2 dose ranged from 10 to 20 mg/L and was only effective under ambient temperature conditions found during the winter months; PAA disinfection never met Mexican standards. Chlorine disinfection was effective at a dose range of 8 to 10 mg/L on samples collected at low temperature conditions. Since the completion of this research, Ciudad Juarez has discontinued the use of chlorine disinfection because of its high cost and ineffectiveness.