循环流化床锅炉燃煤技术热电厂生命周期评价

运用生命周期评价方法,应用Gabi5.0软件对采用循环流化床锅炉燃煤技术的热电企业进行资源耗竭和环境影响分析,计算各生产单元生命周期清单的全球变暖潜值、酸化效应潜值、富营养化潜值、非生物资源耗竭潜值、人体毒性潜值以及光化学烟雾和臭氧生成潜值等主要环境影响类型,对燃煤发电过程进行生命周期评价。结果表明,全球变暖和非生物资源耗竭为发电运行过程中主要的环境影响因素,分别占53%和15.05%;锅炉燃烧阶段的环境影响最重,占整个生命周期影响值的77.12%,并且除生物耗竭潜值外的其他5项指标均为发电运行阶段各个单元中最高。采用SNCR脱硝技术减少燃烧过程中NOx的排放量,并对该技术方案进行生命周期评价,比较方案实施前后的环境影响。     

典型二次电池生命周期评价

近年来由于资源短缺问题,二次电池引起了人们广泛的关注,各种二次电池发展很快。为了寻找环境影响程度最小的电池,采用Simapro软件对铅酸电池、镍镉电池及锂离子电池进行生命周期评价。结果表明,产生1 000 kW.h的电能,锂离子电池的环境指标分数最低(3.93 Pt),铅酸电池其次(28.14 Pt),镍镉电池最高(29.76 Pt)。因此,在产生相同电能的条件下,镍镉电池由于其主要原材料组分的毒性,对环境造成的负担最大;铅酸电池对资源消耗影响最大,其环境影响程度略小于镍镉电池;由于锂离子电池具有很好的电池性能,其中活性物质钴输入量很小,所以对环境的影响远小于铅酸电池和镍镉电池。     

广州市生活垃圾高温有氧静态堆肥的生命周期分析

运用生命周期分析(LCA)方法,对广州市生活垃圾高温有氧静态堆肥系统进行分析,计算出全生命周期的资源消耗和环境影响潜值,同时与垃圾焚烧典型工艺的LCA数据进行对比。结果表明,堆肥处理的环境影响负荷为0.023PET90,资源消耗系数为9.238mPET90。环境影响类型中光化学臭氧合成造成的影响最大,占环境总影响的43.8%。与焚烧处理方式相比,高温有氧静态堆肥的环境总影响较小,环境影响负荷相比于焚烧减少20.3%,在降低酸化的影响方面有较为显著的作用。     

微波催化燃烧技术处理印刷包装行业VOCs

微波催化燃烧技术将微波辐照与吸波型催化剂相结合,可用于对挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)进行催化燃烧处置.研制了 Pt/CuMnCeOx/堇青石和Pt/CuMnCeOx/纳米陶瓷整体式蜂窝状催化剂,并开发了微波催化燃烧VOCs的装置,将其应用于印刷包装行业的VOCs治理.通过操作条件的优化,考察了微波催化燃烧技术对VOCs...     

城市污水厂污泥处理方案的生命周期分析

城市污水厂污泥处理和处置所引起的环境影响可通过生命周期分析进行全面和量化的评估。“生命周期分析”技术除了强调污泥处理和处置系统必须具有令人满意的工艺功能之外,还强调它们在其它方面所产生的重要环境影响,涉及该系统的能源管理,工艺设计,原材料管理以及有关设施的总体环境政策。     

规划环境影响界定的方法与实例研究

规划环境影响评价隶属于战略环境影响评价的范畴,是国内外环境影响评价发展的一个新的阶段.其评价的方法和内容尚处于研究探索中,并未形成规范的方法系统.以某城市化工园区规划环境影响评价为例,对规划环境影响评价的环境影响界定方法进行初步探讨,提出规划环境影响评价应设置以环境影响识别和层次划分为具体内容的环境影响界定的观点.实例研究表明,在规划环境影响界定中,将规划的决策因子与识别出的主要环境议题联系起来,进行相关性分析和环境影响行为分析是十分有效的.     

基于生命周期能值分析的秸秆能源化利用方式的对比评价

在生命周期的理论框架下,采用能值分析方法对2种秸秆能源化利用方式(秸秆直燃发电与秸秆燃料乙醇)的能值消耗、环境影响和经济效益进行了对比评价。结果表明:在秸秆直燃发电系统中,种植阶段能值投入占总能值投入的61.92%,远大于收储运输阶段和生产阶段;在秸秆燃料乙醇系统中,种植阶段和生产阶段所占比例较大,分别为45.26%和45.78%;秸秆直燃发电系统的CO2排放指标略小于秸秆燃料乙醇系统,远小于燃煤发电系统,因此,发展秸秆直燃发电和秸秆燃料乙醇对减少温室气体排放具有积极的意义;与秸秆燃料乙醇系统相比,秸秆直燃发电系统具有较高的能值产出率、可再生性和环境可持续性,较低的能值转换率和环境负载率,说明秸秆直燃发电系统综合效益优于秸秆燃料乙醇;秸秆直燃发电系统与秸秆燃料乙醇系统的可持续性指标均小于1,都不具有长期的可持续性。     

水力发电技术的生命周期评价

以广东省内某一小型水电站为研究对象,对其进行了较系统的生命周期评价.通过目标和范围的确定,对水电站的各子过程进行了生命周期清单分析及环境影响潜值计算.分析表明,该水电站的总能耗为2.02g/(kW·h),其中煤占主要部分,占93.92％；该水电站排放的污染物中,CO2占绝大部分(96.70％),其次是粉尘(2.75％)；水电站的建设耗材生产子过程的能耗以及污染物排放量最大,该过程的能耗占总能耗的97.00％,污染物排放量占总排放量的94.41％；与常规燃煤电厂相比,每发电10000kW·h,该水电站可节约标煤3.98t,减少排放CO29.9648t、SOx79.927kg、NOx 49.92kg、粉尘499kg,水力发电具有非常显著的节能和环保效应；该水电站每发电lkW·h的总环境影响潜值为4.31×10-6人当量,其中粉尘是最主要的环境影响因素,这是由于水泥、钢材等建设耗材在制造生产过程中产生了大量的粉尘.     

镧铝/壳聚糖复合小球对水中磷的吸附及机理

镧铝复合材料对水体中磷有着优良的吸附性能,但其粉末状特性大大限制了其应用前景。利用壳聚糖的可塑性,制备出镧铝/壳聚糖复合小球,并利用环氧氯丙烷和聚乙烯醇提高复合材料的耐酸性,同时研究其对水体中磷的静态批吸附及动态柱吸附行为,最后采用SEM、EDS、XRD和FTIR表征方法观察吸附磷前后的微观结构,阐述吸附机理。结果表明:镧铝/壳聚糖复合小球对磷的最大吸附量达到39.84 mg·g~(-1);壳聚糖/镧铝质量比为1/10时,复合小球穿透吸附效率随流速提高而下降,BDST模型能够有效地模拟该复合小球对磷的动态吸附过程;壳聚糖/镧铝质量比为1/4的聚乙烯醇改性复合小球较质量比为1/5的更加耐受水流冲击,吸附效果较为稳定;静电作用,离子交换作用,络合作用和La化合物产生的氧空位是镧铝/壳聚糖复合小球吸磷的主要机理。     

再生铝飞灰重金属的浸出毒性特征及其控制

采用再生铝飞灰为研究样品,研究了飞灰重金属浸出毒性水平以及飞灰浸出毒性特征,同时探讨了飞灰的处理处置工艺。结果表明:飞灰中Pb、Cd和Zn浸出浓度超标,超标率为100%,属于具有浸出毒性的危险废物,必须对其进行稳定和固化;再生铝飞灰中锌的浸出浓度所占比例最大,铅的浸出浓度次之,两者之和占总量的98%以上,再生铝飞灰中主要有害重金属为Zn和Pb;并结合当前飞灰的处理处置工艺,提出的可能的控制方法为水泥固化和药剂稳定法,为同类研究提供参考。     

Impact assessment of waste management options in Singapore

This paper describes the application of life cycle assessment for evaluating various waste management options in Singapore, a small-island city state. The impact assessment method by SimaPro is carried out for comparing the potential environmental impacts of waste treatment options including landfilling, incineration, recycling, and composting. The inventory data include gases and leachate from landfills, air emissions and energy recovery from incinerators, energy (and emission) savings from recycling, composting gases, and transport pollution. The impact assessment results for climate change, acidification, and ecotoxicity show that the incineration of materials imposes considerable harm to both human health and the environment, especially for the burning of plastics, paper/cardboard, and ferrous metals. The results also show that, although some amount of energy can be derived from the incineration of wastes, these benefits are outweighed by the air pollution (heavy metals and dioxins/furans) that incinerators produce. For Singapore, landfill gases and leachate generate minimal environmental damage because of the nation's policy to landfill only 10% of the total disposed wastes. Land transportation and separation of waste materials also pose minimal environmental damage. However, sea transportation to the landfill could contribute significantly to acidification because of the emissions of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides from barges. The composting of horticultural wastes hardly imposes any environmental damage. Out of all the waste strategies, the recycling of wastes offers the best solution for environmental protection and improved human health for the nation. Significant emission savings can be realized through recycling.     

Applying waste management scenarios in the Peloponnese region in Greece: a critical analysis in the frame of life cycle assessment

The aim of this paper is to apply life cycle assessment in the waste management sector, in order to compare the environmental performance of different waste management methods. The methods that are studied are: landfilling, aerobic and anaerobic biological treatment, incineration and recycling, focusing on mass and energy balances and the environmental performance of each applied scenario. The Peloponnese Region in Greece was selected as a case for the application of this methodology and more specifically its largest municipalities, where a significant amount of waste is presented. The conducted LCA study proves the necessity of the adoption of an integrated waste management system and indicates its principal objectives by measuring environmental impacts. Thermal scenario contributes significant to the mitigation on the Greenhouse Gases. On the other hand, separation at source and recycling practices provides significant benefits to the abiotic depletion impact.     

The impact of municipal solid waste management on greenhouse gas emissions in the United States

Technological advancements, environmental regulations, and emphasis on resource conservation and recovery have greatly reduced the environmental impacts of municipal solid waste (MSW) management, including emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). This study was conducted using a life-cycle methodology to track changes in GHG emissions during the past 25 years from the management of MSW in the United States. For the baseline year of 1974, MSW management consisted of limited recycling, combustion without energy recovery, and landfilling without gas collection or control. This was compared with data for 1980, 1990, and 1997, accounting for changes in MSW quantity, composition, management practices, and technology. Over time, the United States has moved toward increased recycling, composting, combustion (with energy recovery) and landfilling with gas recovery, control, and utilization. These changes were accounted for with historical data on MSW composition, quantities, management practices, and technological changes. Included in the analysis were the benefits of materials recycling and energy recovery to the extent that these displace virgin raw materials and fossil fuel electricity production, respectively. Carbon sinks associated with MSW management also were addressed. The results indicate that the MSW management actions taken by U.S. communities have significantly reduced potential GHG emissions despite an almost 2-fold increase in waste generation. GHG emissions from MSW management were estimated to be 36 million metric tons carbon equivalents (MMTCE) in 1974 and 8 MMTCE in 1997. If MSW were being managed today as it was in 1974, GHG emissions would be approximately 60 MMTCE.     

北京市生活垃圾处理的环境影响评价

目前北京市生活垃圾产生量不断增加,处理设施能力日渐不足,生活垃圾管理正面临着减量化与资源化必然趋势。在未来5～10年内,堆肥处理、焚烧处理和综合处理等方式将取代卫生填埋成为北京市垃圾处理的主要方式。本研究采用生命周期评价的方法,对北京市4处垃圾处理设施采用的不同工艺（卫生填埋、好氧堆肥、焚烧处理和综合处理）的环境影响进行比较。评价结果表明4,种处理方式中填埋、堆肥、焚烧和综合处理的环境影响负荷分别为4.82×10-2、1.10×10-21、.31×10-1和2.31×10-2,焚烧处理的总环境影响潜值最大,填埋处理次之,综合处理再次,堆肥处理最小。4种处理方式的资源耗竭系数分别为-2.39×10-51、.11×10-5、-3.45×10-4和-1.04×10-6,焚烧处理的资源耗竭系数最小。     

Application of life cycle assessment for hospital solid waste management: A case study

This study was meant to determine environmental aspects of hospital waste management scenarios using a life cycle analysis approach. The survey for this study was conducted at the largest hospital in a major city of Pakistan. The hospital was thoroughly analyzed from November 2014 to January 2015 to quantify its wastes by category. The functional unit of the study was selected as 1 tonne of disposable solid hospital waste. System boundaries included transportation of hospital solid waste and its treatment and disposal by landfilling, incineration, composting, and material recycling methods. These methods were evaluated based on their greenhouse gas emissions. Landfilling and incineration turned out to be the worst final disposal alternatives, whereas composting and material recovery displayed savings in emissions. An integrated system (composting, incineration, and material recycling) was found as the best solution among the evaluated scenarios. This study can be used by policymakers for the formulation of an integrated hospital waste management plan.

Implications: This study deals with environmental aspects of hospital waste management scenarios. It is an increasing area of concern in many developing and resource-constrained countries of the world. The life cycle analysis (LCA) approach is a useful tool for estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from different waste management activities. There is a shortage of information in existing literature regarding LCA of hospital wastes. To the best knowledge of the authors this work is the first attempt at quantifying the environmental footprint of hospital waste in Pakistan.     

Preliminary investigation of greenhouse gas emissions from the environmental sector in Taiwan

The United Nations Framework Conventions on Climate Change (UNFCCC) asks their Parties to submit a National Inventory Report (NIR) for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on an annual basis. However, when many countries are quickly growing their economy, resulting in substantial GHG emissions, their inventory reporting systems either have not been established or been able to be linked to planning of mitigation measures at national administration levels. The present research was aimed to quantify the GHG emissions from an environmental sector in Taiwan and also to establish a linkage between the developed inventories and development of mitigation plans. The "environmental sector" consists of public service under jurisdiction of the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration: landfilling, composting, waste transportation, wastewater treatment, night soil treatment, and solid waste incineration. The preliminary results were compared with that of the United States, Germany, Japan, United Kingdom, and Korea, considering the gaps in the scopes of the sectors. The GHG emissions from the Taiwanese environmental sector were mostly estimated by following the default methodology in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guideline, except that of night soil treatment and waste transportation that were modified or newly developed. The GHG emissions from the environmental sectors in 2004 were 10,225 kilotons of CO2 equivalent (kt CO2 Eq.). Landfilling (48.86%), solid waste incineration (27%), and wastewater treatment (21.5%) were the major contributors. Methane was the most significant GHG (70.6%), followed by carbon dioxide (27.8%) and nitrous oxide (1.6%). In summary, the GHG emissions estimated for the environmental sector in Taiwan provided reasonable preliminary results that were consistent and comparable with the existing authorized data. On the basis of the inventory results and the comparisons with the other countries, recommendations of mitigation plans were made, including wastewater and solid waste recycling, methane recovery for energy, and waste reduction/sorting.     

Compromising economic cost and air pollutant emissions of municipal solid waste management strategies by fuzzy multiobjective optimization model

Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is an important environmental challenge and subject in urban planning. A sustainable MSWM strategy should consider not only economic efficiency but also life-cycle assessment of environmental impact. This study employs the fuzzy multiobjective linear programming (FMOLP) technique to find the optimal compromise between economic optimization and pollutant emission reduction for the MSWM strategy. Taichung City in Taiwan is evaluated as a case study. The results indicate that the optimal compromise MSWM strategy can reduce significant amounts of pollutant emissions and still achieve positive net profits. Minimization of the sulfur oxide (SO_x) and nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions are the two major priorities in achieving this optimal compromise strategy when recyclables recovery rate is lower; however, minimization of the carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM) emissions become priority factors when recovery rate is higher.

Implications: This paper applied the multiobjective optimization model to find the optimal compromise municipal solid waste management (MSWM) strategy, which minimizes both life-cycle operating cost and air pollutant emissions, and also to analyze the correlation between recyclables recovery rates and optimal compromise strategies. It is different from past studies, which only consider economic optimization or environmental impacts of the MSWM system. The result shows that optimal compromise MSWM strategy can achieve a net profit and reduce air pollution emission. In addition, scenario investigation of recyclables recovery rates indicates that resource recycling is beneficial for both economic optimization and air pollutant emission minimization.     

PCDD/F enviromental impact from municipal solid waste bio-drying plant

The present work indentifies some environmental and health impacts of a municipal solid waste bio-drying plant taking into account the PCDD/F release into the atmosphere, its concentration at ground level and its deposition. Four scenarios are presented for the process air treatment and management: biofilter or regenerative thermal oxidation treatment, at two different heights. A Gaussian dispersion model, AERMOD, was used in order to model the dispersion and deposition of the PCDD/F emissions into the atmosphere. Considerations on health risk, from different exposure pathways are presented using an original approach. The case of biofilter at ground level resulted the most critical, depending on the low dispersion of the pollutants. Suggestions on technical solutions for the optimization of the impact are presented.     

Management, disposal and recycling of waste industrial organic solvents in Hong Kong.

An attempt has been made to establish a mass balance of industrial organic solvents in Hong Kong. It is estimated that only a small portion, less than 4%, of all the organic solvents consumed in Hong Kong are collected as waste solvents and properly treated, while the remainder are used either in the formulation of solvent containing products, or are lost to the environment through vapour emissions, leaks and spills, or dumped illegally. It was found that solvent recycling has been a common practice in some industries but the existing level of solvent recycling in Hong Kong is difficult to estimate. About 87.4% of all the waste organic solvents disposed of at the licensed facilities are potentially recyclable although whether they can be recycled in practice depends on many factors. Examples of existing waste organic solvent management and recycling practices from selected industries in Hong Kong are presented. The economic feasibility of current and future potential recycling systems is evaluated for a few selected cases. An integrated waste organic solvent management strategy is proposed to minimize adverse impacts of organic solvents to the environment and human health.     

固体废弃物资源化利用评价体系及研究方法

从经济、社会政策和环境影响三个角度,运用层次分析法、模糊决策理论和多目标分析3种评价方法以及矩阵、德尔斐法和混合优序图等数学工具,分别对上海市固体废弃物资源化利用所采用的不同方案进行全面综合评价,不同评价方法的研究结果具有一致性,均表明环境影响是相对最重要的影响因素,固体废弃物双向分离系统的建立是最优化的固体废弃物资源化利用方案,也是今后上海固体废弃物资源化利用研究的重点以及努力发展的方向.