酸碱改性活性炭吸附微污染水源水中的Ni2+

通过HNO3-KOH对活性炭进行改性,采用扫面电镜（SEM）、比表面积分析（BET）、红外光谱分析（FT-IR）和Boehm滴定法对改性前后的活性炭进行表征,研究了改性前后的活性炭在不同条件下对微污染水源水中Ni2+的吸附能力和动力学。结果表明：改性活性炭表面含氧酸性官能团数量增加,比表面积和总孔容均略有降低,孔径变化不明显。在Ni2+浓度为0.4 mg·L-1,改性活性炭投加量5.0 g·L-1,温度30 ℃时,反应1 h去除率可达95.55%,剩余Ni2+浓度为0.017 8 mg·L-1,达到《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB5749-2006）中的要求。相同条件下,改性前活性炭对Ni2+的去除率仅为74.45%,剩余Ni2+浓度达不到标准要求。活性炭对Ni2+的等温吸附更符合Langmuir方程,吸附动力学数据符合准二级动力学方程。     

微污染水源水脱氮的强化混凝工艺

通过对机械搅拌桨桨板结构优化改造,实现在絮凝池内同步进行强化混凝及生物脱氮反应,分析桨板长度梯度、板间间距及其与固定挡板间夹角对絮凝池内溶解氧浓度梯度产生影响,设计出了一种搅拌时池内可以形成厌氧-缺氧-好氧环境的新型机械搅拌桨,Fluent流场分析进一步验证了池内横向、纵向都会产生溶解氧浓度梯度。新型搅拌桨与传统搅拌桨生物脱氮对比实验表明,当采用新型搅拌桨时,絮凝池对${\rm{NH}}_4^ + $-N、TN去除效果远优于传统搅拌桨。进一步进行模拟微污染水源水的强化混凝生物脱氮应用实验,出水浊度为0.47 NTU,COD、${\rm{NH}}_4^ + $-N和TN的浓度分别为10.54、5.01和5.84 mg·L−1,表现出良好的处理效果。对污泥粒径的研究表明,PAC投加可有效改善污泥絮体结构,为微污染水源水的处理提供了新思路。     

去除饮用水中三卤甲烷和腐殖酸的活性炭选型方法

三卤甲烷(THMs)是水中天然有机物在氯化消毒过程中产生的对人体有致癌作用的挥发性有机物,腐殖酸是生成消毒副产物的主要前驱物.活性炭吸附是去除THMs和腐殖酸最常用的方法.不同炭型的活性炭对THMs和腐殖酸的吸附容量并不相同.以饮用水中最常见的THMs(即三氯甲烷)和腐殖酸为吸附对象,进行煤、椰壳和果壳3种不同材质活性炭的吸附容量实验.实验结果验证了苯酚值预测各类活性炭对小分子THMs吸附性能以及丹宁酸值预测各类活性炭对大分子腐殖酸吸附性能的有效性.具有丰富微孔和表面氧化程度较低的上海椰壳炭YK-2和上海果壳专用炭对三氯甲烷的吸附容量比上海原煤破碎高,大孔丰富的上海果壳专用炭和上海原煤破碎对腐殖酸的吸附性能高.将实验结果与美国环保局RREL(Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory)水污染物处理数据库中相关信息对比发现,相比国外常用活性炭,国产活性炭对三氯甲烷的吸附性能与之相当或略高,具有更好的性价比,应用前景广阔.     

非沥青粘结剂煤质活性炭处理微污染水

以烟煤为主要原料,采用非沥青粘结剂,用气体活化法制备了非沥青粘结剂煤质颗粒活性炭(NP-GAC),采用FI-IR、BET和SEM等技术对其物化性质进行了表征,并研究了NP-GAC吸附微污染水中有机物的性能。结果表明,NP-GAC比表面积803.28 m2/g,总孔容为0.5111 cm3/g,微孔率和中孔率分别为59.07%和37.59%,属于中微孔发达型煤质活性炭;NP-GAC含有微量的羟基和酯基,主要吸附微污染水中的烷烃、芳香烃和杂环等有机物分子;NP-GAC的表面不均匀,主要依靠表面分布的非均匀孔道结构进行吸附有机物分子,较好地符合Freundlich等温吸附模型;NP-GAC处理微污染水的优化条件为:吸附时间150 min,投加量2.5 g/L,pH值7.80,处理温度50~60℃,在该条件下对初始浓度为9.66 mg/L的微污染水处理有较好的效果,水样中COD和UV254去除率分别达到83.76%和97.78%。     

气液混合脉冲放电等离子体再生活性炭系统优化研究

为了丰富活性炭再生方法,并拓宽脉冲放电等离子体技术的应用范围,研究建立了气液混合的脉冲放电等离子体体系,将其用于吸附酸性橙II (AO7)饱和活性炭的再生。通过实验,考察了气液混合方式、脉冲电压、脉冲频率和电极间距等关键参数对活性炭再生效果的影响规律,进而对该再生体系进行优化。研究结果表明,气液分离式的气液混合方式较利于该脉冲放电等离子体体系中活性炭的优化;在一定范围内提高脉冲电压,可以提高其中活性炭的再生效果;高的脉冲频率下活性炭再生效果好;气液混合脉冲放电等离子体体系中适宜于活性炭再生的电极间距为20 mm。     

沿面放电活化空气用于亚硫酸铵氧化

在主流湿法烟气脱硫工艺中,采用强制氧化法对亚硫酸盐产物进行氧化,该方法存在亚盐氧化速率低、耗能高、设备投资大等问题。本研究采用沿面放电等离子体将空气预活化为富含活性氧的氧化气体,替代空气以提高亚硫酸盐的氧化效率。以亚硫酸铵浆液为对象,考察了沿面放电等离子体装置中空气流速、放电电压等活性物质发生因素,以及浆液pH值、浆液温度和硫酸铵含量等浆液条件对亚硫酸铵氧化的影响,发现亚硫酸盐氧化率随空气流速增大、放电电压升高而升高,pH值、浆液温度对亚硫酸铵氧化的影响不大,浆液中硫酸铵的存在不影响活性氧注入提高空气强制氧化亚硫酸铵效果的性能。同空气强制氧化相比,采用沿面放电预活化的空气氧化,可有效缩短亚硫酸铵的氧化时间。沿面放电活性氧注入是一种快速高效的亚硫酸盐氧化方法,具有较高的工业应用价值。     

Chromium removal from water by activated carbon developed from waste rubber tires

Because of the continuous production of large amount of waste tires, the disposal of waste tires represents a major environmental issue throughout the world. This paper reports the utilization of waste tires (hard-to-dispose waste) as a precursor in the production of activated carbons (pollution-cleaning adsorbent). In the preparation of activated carbon (AC), waste rubber tire (WRT) was thermally treated and activated. The tire-derived activated carbon was characterized by means of scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, FTIR spectrophotometer, and X-ray diffraction. In the IR spectrum, a number of bands centred at about 3409, 2350, 1710, 1650, and 1300–1000 cm^?1 prove the present of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups on the surface of AC in addition to C═C double bonds. The developed AC was tested and evaluated as potential adsorbent removal of chromium (III). Experimental parameters, such as contact time, initial concentration, adsorbent dosage and pH were optimized. A rapid uptake of chromium ions was observed and the equilibrium is achieved in 1 h. It was also found that the adsorption process is pH dependent. This work adds to the global discussion of the cost-effective utilization of waste rubber tires for waste water treatment.     

Performance evaluation of waste activated carbon on atrazine removal from contaminated water

In this study, the potential of spent activated carbon from water purifier (Aqua Guard, India) for the removal of atrazine (2 chloro-4 ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1, 3, 5 triazine) from wastewaters was evaluated. Different grades of spent activated carbon were prepared by various pretreatments. Based on kinetic and equilibrium study results, spent activated carbon with a grain size of 0.3-0.5 mm and washed with distilled water (designated as WAC) was selected for fixed column studies. Batch adsorption equilibrium data followed both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm. Fixed bed adsorption column with spent activated carbon as adsorbent was used as a polishing unit for the removal of atrazine from the effluent of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating atrazine bearing domestic wastewater. Growth of bacteria on the surface of WAC was observed during column study and bacterial activity enhanced the effectiveness of adsorbent on atrazine removal from wastewater.     

高聚聚硫氯化铝混凝去除水中腐殖酸

采用快速加碱法制备了分别以Al13和Al30为主要水解形态的聚合氯化铝PAC-Al13和高聚聚合氯化铝PACAl30。通过向PAC-Al30中引入SO2-4/Al3+摩尔比为0.06的SO2-4离子,制得高聚聚硫氯化铝SPAC-Al30。激光散射粒径分析以及Ferron逐时络合比色结果表明,加入SO2-4后SPAC-Al30的平均粒径增大为4.85 nm,高聚合水解形态Alc含量分别比PAC-Al13和PAC-Al30提高52.7%和17.5%。ζ电位分析以及烧杯混凝实验结果表明,SPAC-Al30的电中和能力不及PACAl30和PAC-Al13,混凝去除水中腐殖酸的效果却有显著提高,且由于SPAC-Al30较为温和的电中和性能,在混凝剂投量较高时不易出现再稳现象。SPAC-Al30的纳米级分子尺寸和高聚合水解形态有利于其发挥更优的吸附架桥和网捕卷扫作用,SPAC-Al30是去除水中腐殖酸的一种新型高效混凝剂。     

臭氧—生物活性炭工艺去除水中有机微污染物

在臭氧化的反应柱中填装陶粒滤料,构成了臭氧－陶粒→生物活性炭不深度净化流程,用该流程去除水中有机微污染物,ＣＯＤＭＮ去除率近近４０％,浊度和色度大大降低,色－质联机分析表明,原水中有机物由５８种降至３０种,潜在有毒有害物质由１３种减少到４种。     

Chromate reduction on humic acid derived from a peat soil--exploration of the activated sites on HAs for chromate removal

Humic substances are a major component of soil organic matter that influence the behavior and fate of heavy metals such as Cr(VI), a toxic and carcinogenic element. In the study, a repetitive extraction technique was used to fractionate humic acids (HAs) from a peat soil into three fractions (denoted as F1, F2, and F3), and the relative importance of O-containing aromatic and aliphatic domains in humic substances for scavenging Cr(VI) was addressed at pH 1. Spectroscopic analyses indicated that the concentrations of aromatic C and O-containing functional groups decreased with a progressive extraction as follows: F1>F2>F3. Cr(VI) removal by HA proceeded slowly, but it was enhanced when light was applied due to the production of efficient reductants, such as superoxide radical and H(2)O(2), for Cr(VI). Higher aromatic- and O-containing F1 fraction exhibited a greater efficiency for Cr(VI) reduction (with a removal rate of ca. 2.89 mmol g(-1) HA under illumination for 3 h). (13)C NMR and FTIR spectra further demonstrated that the carboxyl groups were primarily responsible for Cr(VI) reduction. This study implied the mobility and fate of Cr(VI) would be greatly inhibited in the environments containing such organic groups.     

固定化生物活性炭快速启动处理微污染水

通过固定化手段,将筛选出来的优势菌种应用于生物活性炭挂膜过程,形成固定化生物活性炭(IBAC),加速挂膜过程,并用于微污染水的处理。研究结果表明,自然挂膜需要24 d,而采用固定化微生物9 d挂膜完成,对氨氮去除率达到90%,微生物挂膜时间缩短了60%。IBAC表面的微生物数量高于自然挂膜BAC微生物量,并且沿着水流方向微生物量逐渐减少。微生物镜检发现,运行3个月的IBAC表面出现大量菌胶团、轮虫和钟虫等原生和后生动物。IBAC具有较快的启动挂膜性能和较好的微污染水处理效果。     

吸附法去除水体中腐殖酸的研究进展

腐殖酸是饮用水消毒副产物的前驱物,成为饮用水微污染的控制对象.介绍了吸附法在去除水体中的腐殖酸的研究应用,阐述了炭质吸附剂、树脂吸附剂和无机矿物质吸附剂去除腐殖酸的研究进展,并展望了复合功能树脂在控制水体微污染中的应用前景.     

膜生物反应器处理微污染水源水的研究与应用现状

膜生物反应器及其组合工艺能实现水源水中微污染物的有效去除,是一种新型高效水处理工艺.总结了膜生物反应器处理微污染水源水的研究与应用现状、污染物去除效果和机制;在分析膜污染机制基础上归纳了膜污染控制和污染膜清洗方式,展望了膜生物反应器在给水领域应用需克服解决的技术难点.     

Effects of humic substances on the decomposition of 2,4-dichlorophenol by ozone after extraction from water into acetic acid through activated carbon

The objectives of this study are to clarify the behavior of humic substances throughout the processes of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) adsorption on granular activated carbon (GAC) from water and extraction into acetic acid, and the influence of the extracted humic substances on the decomposition of 2,4-DCP by ozone in the acetic acid. The adsorption capacity of GAC for 2,4-DCP was not influenced by the humic substances preloaded to have equilibrium concentration of 24.9mg Cl(-1) (14.5mg Cg(-1)). The adsorption capacity of GAC for 2,4-DCP decreased to one tenth of new GAC after the first adsorption-extraction step because of only 16% desorption in the first step. However, 2,4-DCP adsorbed on GAC was completely extracted after the second step suggesting that GAC can be used as adsorbent to transfer 2,4-DCP from water to acetic acid. The concentration ratio of 2,4-DCP from water into acetic acid was around 2x10(5), whereas the concentration ratio of humic substances was about 3.5, indicating that 2,4-DCP was selectively adsorbed and extracted by this system. The first order degradation rate constant for 2,4-DCP by ozone in acetic acid increased with the addition of humic substances. The rate constant with 16mg Cl(-1) of humic substances was 2.6 times as high as that without humic substances. Humic substances behaved as a promoter for the degradation of 2,4-DCP by ozone.     

不同C/N下BBFR-IVCW耦合工艺对微污染水体脱氮效果

以生物质生物膜反应器(biomass bio-film reactor,BBFR)和复合垂直流人工湿地(integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland,IVCW)构成的组合系统来处理高氮寡碳微污染地表水,考察不同C/N比对组合系统脱氮效果的影响.实验结果表明,2#CW(2#湿地系统)的TN出水均值低于CW1#(1 #湿地系统),出水达到地表水环境质量Ⅳ级标准.C/N比对BBF系统的TN去除率有很大影响,而C/N比对硝酸盐氮去除率的影响并不明显.综合从碳源投加的经济成本因素和系统的反硝化效果来看,最优的C/N比为4.9.C/N=2.8时,1#CW对NO-3-N的去除率最高,为(71.88±15.70)％,并且与C/N＞ 2.8的几组情况有显著性差异(F3,56=21,p＜0.05).在C/N=4.1时,2#CW对NO3--N的去除率为(92.83±11.26)％,与其他C/N比值下NO3-N的去除率差异显著(F3,56=4.34,p＜0.05).C/N比的变化对出水剩余TN、NO3--N的影响情况比较一致.1#CW中出水TN和NO3--N浓度都是随着C/N比的增大而逐步增加;而2#CW中出水TN和NO3--N浓度都是随着C/N比的增大先减小,在C/N＞ 4.1时又有所增加.BBFR系统对COD的去除高于其对TN去除的贡献率.     

ZH-02树脂对水中腐殖酸的吸附去除研究

通过几种吸附树脂ZH 0 0、ZH 0 1、ZH 0 2、ZH 0 3、颗粒活性炭 (GAC)和AmberliteXAD 4对腐殖酸的静态吸附试验的筛选结果 ,发现大孔树脂ZH 0 2对腐殖酸具有较好的吸附效果。利用颗粒活性炭作为参照 ,探讨了ZH 0 2的动态吸附去除效果和脱附再生条件 ,发现常温下醇碱溶液效果较好。     

高气泡表面积通量浮选柱气浮除藻的研究

湖泊、水库等水源的富营养化,使藻类去除成为饮用水生产的重要任务.本研究采用高气泡表面积通量浮选柱气浮除藻,考察了混凝剂、气泡表面积通量和浮选柱高度等因素的影响.试验表明,高气泡表面积通量浮选柱气浮可高效地去除绿藻、硅藻和蓝藻,叶绿素a和藻类去除率达95%以上,比传统浮选柱气浮和沉降作业有较大幅度提高.与普通气浮柱比较,高气泡表面积通量浮选柱增加了气泡与藻的碰撞几率,防止因大表观充气速率造成的紊流和扰动,使气泡/藻结合体有相对静态的浮升环境,避免了气泡/藻结合体在浮升过程中的脱落,实现对藻类的迅速捕集和转移.     

高气泡表面积通量浮选柱气浮除藻的研究

湖泊、水库等水源的富营养化，使藻类去除成为饮用水生产的重要任务。本研究采用高气泡表面积通量浮选柱气浮除藻，考察了混凝剂、气泡表面积通量和浮选柱高度等因素的影响。试验表明，高气泡表面积通量浮选柱气浮可高效地去除绿藻、硅藻和蓝藻，叶绿素a和藻类去除率达95％以上，比传统浮选柱气浮和沉降作业有较大幅度提高。与普通气浮柱比较，高气泡表面积通量浮选柱增加了气泡与藻的碰撞几率，防止因大表观充气速率造成的紊流和扰动，使气泡／藻结合体有相对静态的浮升环境，避免了气泡／藻结合体在浮升过程中的脱落，实现对藻类的迅速捕集和转移。