机械淋滤-厌氧生物组合工艺处理有机生活垃圾中试研究

采用机械淋滤/厌氧生物组合工艺,充分发挥机械淋滤反应器的水解酸化功能和厌氧生物反应器的产甲烷功能,对有机生活垃圾进行了中试规模处理。厌氧生物反应器经过接种,15 d驯化完成。厌氧反应器出水回流淋洗水量对机械淋滤反应器运行特征有较大影响,当回流淋洗水量为3.0 m3/d时,淋滤液COD、VFA第8天时浓度分别为41 000 kg/L和2 000 kg/L。对机械淋滤反应器/厌氧反应器组合工艺进行了多批次实验,每吨有机生活垃圾平均产生沼气87.2 m3,甲烷含量稳定在75%,平均产沼系数为0.46 m3/kg COD,厌氧生物反应器出水COD平均值为560 mg/L,在对有机生活垃圾处理的同时实现有机生活垃圾资源化利用。     

混凝-折流式反应器对垃圾渗滤液处理的试验研究

采用混凝、三组水解池和好氧生物滤池串连组成的折流式反应器(BR)联合工艺,对处理芜湖市南郊垃圾填埋场产生的渗滤液进行了试验研究,确定了混凝剂的最佳投加量、最佳碱化脱氮pH等工艺参数.试验结果表明,经过水解反应器(HUSB)反复对垃圾渗滤液进行水解酸化后,能逐步提高废水的BOD5/COD(B/C)(约0.2～0.4),大大提高了好氧生物滤池的COD容积负荷,出水COD平均《400 mg/L,NH3-N平均《30 mg/L.     

UASB启动及不同浓度垃圾渗滤液的处理效果

在UASB反应器中接种好氧污泥培养厌氧颗粒污泥进行启动,研究不同浓度老龄(13年)垃圾渗滤液对处理效果的影响情况。通过保持进水COD浓度不变、逐步缩短HRT从而提高容积负荷到20 g COD/(L.d)的方法,可以培育出直径为1～3 mm颗粒污泥,最终产气量稳定在60～70 L/d,甲烷含量在50%～70%之间,COD去除率保持在90%左右,污泥层最底部MLSS为50 g/L。逐步提高进水中渗滤液的含量考察其对处理效果的影响,当进水为100%渗滤液时日产气量为500 mL/d、COD去除率仅为10%,表明渗滤液中多为难降解性有机物质。     

UASB启动及不同HRT对老龄垃圾渗滤液处理效果的影响

在UASB反应器中接种好氧污泥培养厌氧颗粒污泥进行启动,研究不同HRT对老龄(13年)垃圾渗滤液对处理效果的影响情况。通过保持进水COD浓度不变、逐步缩短HRT从而提高容积负荷到40 g COD/(L.d)的方法,可以培育出直径为1～3 mm颗粒污泥,最终产气量稳定在100 L/d,甲烷含量在60%～70%之间,COD去除率保持在90%左右,污泥层最底部MLSS为81 g/L。逐步提高HRT依次为6、12、24、48和72 h考察其对处理效果的影响,当HRT为24 h时处理效果最好,COD去除率最高达到35%左右。     

焚烧发电厂垃圾渗滤液与秸秆的中温厌氧消化

为探索秸秆与焚烧厂垃圾渗滤液混合厌氧消化的可行性,进行探索性实验.1L焚烧发电厂的垃圾渗滤液与37.56 g(有机负荷为30 g VS/L)破碎至1～2 cm的秸秆,在中温(35℃左右)厌氧条件下发酵.发现pH为5.0的渗滤液与未经生物、化学处理的秸秆可以进行混合厌氧消化.实验累积产气141 d,累积产气量达43 749 mL,最高产气量2 590 mL/d.生物气中CH4含量在50％以上,最高时可达70.89％.渗滤液消化前COD为70 472 mg/L;产气开始时,秸秆与渗滤液两相消化液COD为83 896 mg/L;产气基本停止时,消化液COD降至14 245 mg/L,COD去除率达到83.02％.本实验将秸秆纤维的转化利用以及渗滤液的厌氧发酵结合起来,提供了一种以废治废的治理思路,对寻找新的绿色能源具有一定的启发作用.     

曝气频率对生物反应器渗滤液与填埋气的影响

传统生物反应器填埋场长期以来存在酸化阶段过长和能源回收利用率低等同题.上层垃圾好氧处理可有效实现垃圾快速降解与集中甲烷化.为探究好氧处理阶段不同曝气频率对生物反应器填埋场运行效果的影响,设置厌氧生物反应器A1作为对照,曝气频率不同的上层曝气式生物反应器C1和C2为实验组进行实验.结果表明,上层垃圾好氧处理可有效改善填埋柱内高浓度挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)累积现象,缩短酸化阶段,促进甲烷化环境建立.至曝气结束,C1和C2填埋柱内渗滤液COD低于30 000 mg/L,VFA浓度降也降低到10 000 mg/L以下.好氧处理阶段,增大曝气频率可提高填埋垃圾对渗滤液pH的缓冲作用,扩大甲烷化面积,促进高浓度甲烷化过程的快速发生.与C1相比,曝气频率较高的C2反应器提前15 d达到pH为7的预处理要求,曝气阶段氨氮浓度经历先上后下,填埋柱日产甲烷量700 mL,约为C1产气能力的2倍.但考虑到实际氧气利用率与经济性能问题,曝气频率的选择不宜过大.     

准好氧矿化垃圾反应床＋超声／芬顿联用技术处理垃圾渗滤液

针对垃圾渗滤液污染物浓度高、可生化性差等特点，采用准好氧矿化垃圾反应床＋超声／芬顿联用技术对垃圾渗滤液进行预处理。准好氧矿化垃圾床处理后渗滤液中COD、氨氮、总磷、色度的去除率分别为80％、85％、92％和85％。通过单因素实验和正交实验，确定了超声／Fenton法最佳工艺条件。经该组合工艺后，渗滤液中COD、氨氮、总磷和色度的最高去除率分别可达96％、86％、94％和95％，且出水无臭，颜色为淡黄色，BOD5／COD从0．16增至0．35左右，可生化性基本满足后续生物处理需要，且COD、总磷这2个指标达到《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》（GB16889—2008）规定的排放标准。     

城市垃圾预处理改善焚烧特性的探讨

针对目前我国城市垃圾的高水分、低热值的特性,提出了2种改善城市垃圾焚烧特性的有效措施:生物质垃圾源分类和生物干燥.在我国建立生物质垃圾源分类体系,将生物质垃圾源头分类后,剩余垃圾的热值可以提高约50%～120%,已适合直接入炉焚烧,同时分离出来的生物质垃圾也更易于好氧堆肥或厌氧消化.另外一项技术措施是在焚烧前利用生物干燥技术,降低城市垃圾的水分含量,提高入炉垃圾的热值,这种方法主要是利用生物反应热来干燥城市生活垃圾,只需要在垃圾投入焚烧炉前增加一个预处理步骤,不必改变目前的垃圾收运体系,而且进行生物干燥后的垃圾更易于分选其中的可回收物质.     

塔式矿化垃圾生物反应床处理垃圾填埋场渗滤液的效能研究

通过正交试验研究了固液比、进水COD和运行周期对塔式矿化垃圾生物反应床处理垃圾渗滤液的性能影响.小试试验结果表明,在温度为10～37 ℃条件下,固液比是影响污染物去除性能的关键因素.现场中试研究表明,在水力负荷为0.267～0.444 m3/d(以每立方米矿化垃圾计)条件下,出水COD和出水氨氮基本满足国家二级排放标准.塔式矿化垃圾生物反应床是一种高效低耗的垃圾渗滤液处理工艺.     

IC厌氧反应器处理垃圾渗滤液

在(35±1)℃条件下,采用IC厌氧反应器对天津大港垃圾焚烧厂垃圾渗滤液进行处理,研究了COD的去除效果、容积负荷、沼气产量和污泥的颗粒化,分析了循环比、上升流速对反应器的影响.结果表明,厌氧反应器经60 d的启动运行后,达到300 m3/d的设计水量,进水容积负荷达到17.7 kg COD/(m3·d),水力停留时间3.7d,COD去除率高于80％,出水挥发酸(VFA)低于l 500 mg/L,平均每去除1 kg COD产沼气0.42 m3,适宜的上升流速和循环比为2.0 ～5.0 m/h、8∶1 ～20∶1.启动结束后,厌氧消化污泥明显出现颗粒化,颗粒污泥的沉降速度达到了67.5 ～ 96.0 m/h,0.3～1.0 mm的颗粒污泥量占有74％.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

A History of Dry Cleaners and Sources of Solvent Releases from Dry Cleaning Equipment

Approximately 25, 000-35, 000 dry cleaning facilities currently operate in the U.S. The release of perchloroethylene and other solvents from these establishments represents a major source of soil and groundwater contamination. The manner in which dry cleaning solvents escape from dry cleaning plants is, for all practical purposes, identical for chlorinated and petroleum hydrocarbon solvents and is related to one of the following events: the catastrophic failure of a component of the dry cleaning system, the improper installation, operation or maintenance of the dry cleaning equipment or a combination of all of these causes. Acceptable customs, codes and regulations can also dictate what is authorized for operation of a dry cleaning facility in a particular community, geographic area during a particular time frame. Environmental litigation dealing with the origin of a solvent release from dry cleaners tends to focus on the design and manufacture of dry cleaning industry machines such as washers, washer extractors, tumblers, solvent filters, water separators, stills and spotting boards. A thorough analysis of the daily operations of dry cleaners often reveals that poor maintenance, failure to follow the manufacturer's instructions and the actions of the operator are the most likely causes of soil and groundwater pollution. In order to forensically evaluate the most probable origins of a solvent release and to examine issues regarding liability, a thorough understanding of the history of dry cleaning and a detailed analysis of the operation and maintenance of the dry cleaning equipment are necessary. The discovery of solvent plumes in the vicinity of dry cleaning plants may suggest that the solvent source is the dry cleaning plant; however, the presence of these plumes does not necessarily indicate that the dry cleaning equipment was defectively designed or manufactured. A thorough review of the type of equipment used over the life of the dry cleaning plant and verifiable solvent mileage records frequently indicates that operators of the plant have disposed of solvent and contaminated solids into the municipal sewer or on ground surfaces.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Malathion-induced sublethal toxicity on the intestine of cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis)

The effect of malathion [diethyl(dimethoxythiophosphorylthio)succinate] at sublethal concentration (0.006 ppm) on intestinal parameters of cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis) was studied for 24 hrs to 240 hrs of exposure and remarkable histopathological alterations were observed. The study on intestinal parameters revealed acute pathological conditions in the intestinal wall. The toxic effect became evident as the cytoplasm of the cells disintegrated and the cells became empty and vacuolated. The cell membranes were also ruptured. Degenerative changes of the absorptive surface (villi) of the intestine in the different periods of exposure were pronounced. Severe atrophic nature (necrotic mucosa) of the intestine began from 48 hrs onwards to 96 hrs of exposure.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Nitrogen leaching and acidification during 19 years of NH₄NO₃ additions to a coniferous-forested catchment at Gårdsjön, Sweden (NITREX)

The role of nitrogen (N) in acidification of soil and water has become relatively more important as the deposition of sulphur has decreased. Starting in 1991, we have conducted a whole-catchment experiment with N addition at Gårdsjön, Sweden, to investigate the risk of N saturation. We have added 41 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ as NH₄NO₃ to the ambient 9 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in fortnightly doses by means of sprinkling system. The fraction of input N lost to runoff has increased from 0% to 10%. Increased concentrations of NO₃ in runoff partially offset the decreasing concentrations of SO₄ and slowed ecosystem recovery from acid deposition. From 1990-2002, about 5% of the total N input went to runoff, 44% to biomass, and the remaining 51% to soil. The soil N pool increased by 5%. N deposition enhanced carbon (C) sequestration at a mean C/N ratio of 42-59 g g⁻¹.     

Leaching of seven pesticides currently used in cotton crop in Mato Grosso State—Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the leaching of pesticides and the applicability of the Attenuation Factor (AF) Model to predict their leaching. The leaching of carbofuran, carbendazim, diuron, metolachlor, α and β endosulfan and chlorpyrifos was studied in an Oxisol using a field experiment lysimeter located in Dom Aquino – Mato Grosso. The samples of percolated water were collected by rain event and analyzed. Chemical and physical soil attributes were determined before pesticide application to the plots. The results showed that carbofuran was the pesticide that presented a higher leaching rate in the studied soil, so was the one representing the highest contamination potential. From the total carbofuran applied in the soil surface, around 6 % leached below 50 cm. The other pesticides showed lower mobility in the studied soil. The calculated values to AF were 7.06E-12 (carbendazim), 5.08E-03 (carbofuran), 3.12E-17 (diuron), 6.66E-345 (α-endosulfan), 1.47E-162 (β-endosulfan), 1.50E-06 (metolachlor), 3.51E-155 (chlorpyrifos). AF Model was useful to classify the pesticides' potential for contamination; however, that model underestimated pesticide leaching.     

Endosulfan in China 2—emissions and residues

Background, aim, and scope  Endosulfan is one of the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and also a candidate to be included in a group of new persistent organic pollutants (UNEP 2007). The first national endosulfan usage inventories in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution has been reported in an accompanying paper. In the second part of the paper, we compiled the gridded historical emissions and soil residues of endosulfan in China from the usage inventories. Based on the residue/emission data, gridded concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese soil and air have been calculated. These inventories will provide valuable data for the further study of endosulfan. Methods  Emission and residue of endosulfan were calculated from endosulfan usage by using a simplified gridded pesticide emission and residue model—SGPERM, which is an integrated modeling system combining mathematical model, database management system, and geographic information system. By using the emission and residue inventories, annual air and soil concentrations of endosulfan in each cell were determined. Results and discussion  Historical gridded emission and residue inventories of α- and β-endosulfan in agricultural soil in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution have been created. Total emissions were around 10,800 t, with α-endosulfan at 7,400 t and β-endosulfan at 3,400 t from 1994 to 2004. The highest residues were 140 t for α-endosulfan and 390 t for β-endosulfan, and the lowest residues were 0.7 t for α-endosulfan and 170 t for β-endosulfan in 2004 in Chinese agricultural soil where endosulfan was applied. Based on the emission and residue inventories, concentrations of α- and β-endosulfan in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were also calculated for each grid cell. We have estimated annual averaged air concentrations and the annual minimum and maximum soil concentrations across China. The real concentrations will be different from season to season. Although our model does not consider the transport of the insecticide in the atmosphere, which could be very important in some areas during some special time, the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil derived from the endosulfan emission and residue inventories are in general consistent with the published monitoring data. Conclusions  To our knowledge, this work is the first inventory of this kind for endosulfan published on a national scale. Concentrations of the chemical in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were calculated for each grid cell. Results show that the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil agree reasonably well with the monitoring data in general. Recommendations and perspectives  The gridded endosulfan emission/residue inventories and also the air and soil concentration inventories created in this study will be updated upon availability of new information, including usage and monitoring data. The establishment of these inventories for the OCP is important for both scientific communities and policy makers.