常见阴离子对TiO_2/H_2O_2/O_3体系氧化效能的影响

酸性条件下考察了常见阴离子对Ti O_2/H2O_2/O3氧化效率的影响,目标化合物为羟基自由基的探针化合物乙酸。结果表明,硫酸根和硝酸根对体系氧化乙酸的效率几乎没有影响。加入磷酸盐可以减缓H2O_2的分解速率,进而导致乙酸的降解效率下降,这可能与其在Ti O_2表面的吸附作用有关。在初始p H为3.0时,氯离子对子乙酸的降解速率具有明显的抑制作用,氯离子浓度越高,抑制作用越明显。当溶液初始p H大于4.4以上时,氯离子对乙酸的降解效率几乎没有影响。以上结果对推动Ti O_2/H2O_2/O3体系处理酸性废水意义较为突出。     

电化学氧化法处理含盐苯醌模拟废水

利用钛基二氧化铅电极(Ti/PbO_2)作为电催化活性阳极,通过电化学氧化技术对苯醌进行降解矿化,考察常见共存无机盐对苯醌废水降解效率的影响。结果表明,NaCl存在下苯醌废水溶液的COD去除率相比硝酸盐提高了62%,相比硫酸盐提高了45%,NaCl能够显著增强电氧化去除苯醌的电流效率。苯醌的降解对氯离子非常敏感,存在少量的氯离子即可以引起氧化效率明显增加。氯离子浓度越高,苯醌模拟废水的COD去除率越高;但当氯离子浓度高于0.3mol·L~(-1)时,COD去除率反而有所下降。pH为8的弱碱性环境更有利于含氯离子苯醌废水的电氧化降解反应。提高电流密度可增大COD去除率;但升高温度会降低COD去除率。在pH为8、NaCl浓度为0.3 mol·L~(-1)、电流密度为10mA·cm~(-2)、温度为20℃的条件下,初始浓度为100 mg·L~(-1)的苯醌经3 h电化学氧化降解后COD去除率可达80.9%。通过高效液相色谱对电氧化降解苯醌的中间产物进行分析,发现氯离子存在下苯醌的降解速度显著提高,中间产物顺丁烯二酸的生成速度更快,这说明由氯离子生成的强氧化剂对苯醌具有极强的开环能力。     

人工快速渗滤系统非饱水层去除COD和氨氮

人工快速渗滤系统(CRI)非饱水层主要完成COD的降解和氨氮的转化,是影响整个系统出水效果的关键部分。通过实验,研究了CRI非饱水层对生活污水中COD和氨氮的去除效果,并分别就p H对其影响机理进行了探讨。结果表明,污水经过CRI非饱水层后,COD的平均浓度由220.66 mg/L降至19.36~25.59 mg/L,去除率为88.13%~90.90%;氨氮平均浓度由58.13 mg/L降至18.81~28.73 mg/L,去除率为49.40%~64.09%,前者去除效果基本不受p H影响,后者受p H影响较大。     

Ce-PbO_2/C电极的制备及其去除水中酸性红B

采用电沉积法制备铈修饰的PbO2/C电极,通过SEM、XRD、XPS及循环伏安对PbO2/C、Ce-PbO2/C电极进行表征,结果表明,Ce-PbO2/C电极比PbO2/C颗粒细小,表面均匀致密,电化学氧化能力较强,修饰电极中Ce以CeO2的形态存在。以Ce-PbO2/C为工作电极,电解浓度为1 000 mg/L的高盐酸性红B模拟活性染料废水,考察了电压、pH、电解质浓度、极间距对脱色率、氨氮去除率及COD去除率的影响。确定适宜工艺条件为：初始酸性红B溶液浓度为1 000 mg/L,pH值为6,电压10 V,电解时间1 h,电极间距1.5 cm,该条件下脱色率、氨氮去除率和COD去除率分别为99.98%、97.23%和90.17%。通过UV-Vis及GC-MS初步分析了降解过程可能存在的中间产物及降解途径。     

Ce-PbO2/C电极的制备及其去除水中酸性红B

采用电沉积法制备铈修饰的PbO2/C电极,通过SEM、XRD、XPS及循环伏安对PbO2/C、Ce-PbO2/C电极进行表征,结果表明,Ce-PbO2/C电极比PbO2/C颗粒细小,表面均匀致密,电化学氧化能力较强,修饰电极中Ce以CeO2的形态存在。以Ce-PbO2/C为工作电极,电解浓度为1 000 mg/L的高盐酸性红B模拟活性染料废水,考察了电压、pH、电解质浓度、极间距对脱色率、氨氮去除率及COD去除率的影响。确定适宜工艺条件为:初始酸性红B溶液浓度为1 000 mg/L,pH值为6,电压10 V,电解时间1 h,电极间距1.5 cm,该条件下脱色率、氨氮去除率和COD去除率分别为99.98%、97.23%和90.17%。通过UV-Vis及GC-MS初步分析了降解过程可能存在的中间产物及降解途径。     

壳聚糖包覆介孔微孔分子筛去除水中的氨氮

以壳聚糖包覆介孔-微孔复合分子筛(CS/MCM-41-A)为吸附剂去除水中的氨氮,研究了反应时间、溶液p H、溶液氨氮初始浓度、CS/MCM-41-A投加量、竞争离子对吸附的影响,分析了CS/MCM-41-A的吸附动力学和热力学特征。结果表明,298 K下,当CS/MCM-41-A投加量为5 g/L,溶液氨氮初始浓度50 mg/L,p H为7,吸附时间为40 min时,溶液中氨氮的去除率达到74.35%,CS/MCM-41-A对离子的选择吸附顺序为Mg2+K+Ca2+Na+。CS/MCM-41-A吸附氨氮符合拟二级动力学方程,吸附等温线更好地符合Freundlich方程,CS/MCM-41-A对氨氮的去除有良好的吸附性能。     

焦化废水中总氮的构成及在生物工艺中的转化

为了明确焦化废水中总氮的构成及在生物工艺中的转化利用,统计分析了总氮及5种无机含氮化合物在A/O1/O2、A/O1/H/O2和O1/H/O23个生物处理工艺中的浓度变化,结合模拟实验研究好氧反应中含氮化合物的氨化作用,并探索高浓度氨氮情况下硝化作用的条件控制。结果表明,总氮由氨氮、硫氰化物、氰化物和有机含氮化合物等构成;氨氮和硫氰化物占总氮比例超过80%,是主要贡献者。模拟实验中在COD和SCN-浓度为4 465和1 238 mg/L水质状况下,控制温度17~19℃、p H 7~7.5、溶解氧1~5 mg/L、SV30为30%,连续曝气50.5 h时实现COD和SCN-去除率达90%和99%。在O1/H/O2工艺二级好氧池中,氨氮浓度380~400 mg/L时,控制温度23~27℃、p H为7.8~8.3条件下,调试运行23 d实现完全硝化作用。研究证明,影响氨化过程与硝化过程效率的因素包括水质、温度、p H、污泥浓度与停留时间等。     

香蕉皮改性吸附剂对氨氮吸附特性

利用Na OH对香蕉皮进行改性,制备改性吸附剂,研究吸附时间、温度、p H等3个因素对其氨氮吸附性能的影响。实验结果表明,Na OH改性提高了该吸附剂对氨氮的吸附能力,在较广温度范围内,该改性吸附剂保持着较高的吸附效率,在吸附氨氮过程中氨氮去除率随着p H值增大呈上升趋势,水质呈中性和碱性时,改性吸附剂表现出较高的吸附效率。相同氨氮初始浓度条件下,在吸附剂投加量增加,氨氮去除率升高,在氨氮浓度为6 mg/L时,可达到96.78%。在20℃温度条件下,饱和吸附量理论值达到9.478 7 mg/g。改性香蕉皮吸附剂对氨氮的吸附符合伪二阶吸附动力模型,氨氮饱和吸附数据符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型。     

电化学氧化法去除微污染水中的氨氮

以低氯离子浓度下微污染水中的氨氮(NH4+-N)为研究对象,采用电化学氧化法对污染水中的氨氮进行去除。通过静态和正交实验得到了极板的最佳运行参数。实验结果表明:Cl-浓度在各影响因素中对NH4+-N去除影响最大,且在其他影响因素不变的条件下,通过改变电解电流是解决动态运行时NH4+-N去除率下降较经济有效的方法。最佳运行工艺条件为:电流密度10 mA/cm2,电解时间10 min,极板间距1 cm,溶液初始pH为7,Cl-浓度100 mg/L,面体比102 m2/m3,氨氮的平均去除率在80%以上。     

以泡沫镍为阴极的电芬顿法对苯酚的降解

电芬顿是一种高级氧化技术,其中电极材料对其处理效果有较为明显的影响。为提高电芬顿系统处理效率,选用泡沫镍电极作为阴极,以H_2O_2浓度为指标,探究了操作条件(p H、电流密度、曝气速率、电极间距)对其催化产H_2O_2性能的影响,并利用苯酚作为模拟污染物研究降解效果。实验结果表明,泡沫镍具备优异的阴极性能,其最佳工作条件为:p H=3,电流密度i=3 m A/cm~2,曝气量10 L/h,电极间距3 cm,在此条件下反应60 min后H_2O_2浓度可达45 mg/L。使用泡沫镍作为阴极降解苯酚废水,研究了Fe~(2+)投加量对去除率的影响。在最佳Fe~(2+)量(40 mg/L)下,反应2 h后苯酚及COD去除率分别达到95%和80%。其降解反应符合准一级动力学方程,表观反应速率常数最大可达5.0×10~(-4)s~(-1)。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

Mechanisms of biodegradation of dibenzoate plasticizers

Biodegradation mechanisms were elucidated for three dibenzoate plasticizers: diethylene glycol dibenzoate (D(EG)DB), dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (D(PG)DB), both of which are commercially available, and 1,6-hexanediol dibenzoate, a potential green plasticizer. Degradation studies were done using Rhodococcus rhodochrous in the presence of pure alkanes as a co-substrate. As expected, the first degradation step for all of these systems was the hydrolysis of one ester bond with the release of benzoic acid and a monoester. Subsequent biodegradation of the monobenzoates of diethylene glycol (D(EG)MB) and dipropylene glycol (D(PG)MB) was very slow, leading to significant accumulation of these monoesters. In contrast, 1,6-hexanediol monobenzoate was quickly degraded and characterization of the metabolites indicated that the biodegradation proceeded by way of the oxidation of the alcohol group to generate 6-(benzoyloxy) hexanoic acid followed by β-oxidation steps. This pathway was blocked for D(EG)MB and D(PG)MB by the presence of an ether function.The use of a pure hydrocarbon as a co-substrate resulted in the formation of another class of metabolites; namely the esters of the alcohols formed by the oxidation of the alkanes and the benzoic acid released by hydrolysis of the original diesters. These metabolites were biodegraded without the accumulation of any intermediates.     

造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究

中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染     

混凝试验搅拌器的研制

影响混凝效果的因素众多,混凝沉淀烧杯试验是进行水的混合、絮凝、沉淀工艺研究、设计和生产指导的最有效方法之一,阐述了智能型混凝试验搅拌器的设计原理和技术性能.     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%(质量百分比).反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

Visualisation of the complexity of EUSES

The interdependencies of parameters applied in the models of EUSES are visualised in a directed connectivity graph. The parameters (inputs, defaults, state variables, outputs) are represented by boxes (nodes) and their relations by lines (edges). The visualisation, on the one hand, clarifies the complexity of the models in EUSES and, on the other hand, creates an overview and transparency. The parameters’ relations to each other can be recognised faster, and the models can be better understood. The complexity was quantified by the number (variety), kind (substance parameter, physico-chemical parameter, concentration, other parameters), and depth (dimension) of the parameter and the number of relations (connectivity). The variety of EUSES (without the modelsSimple Treat andSimple Box whose interior structure is not documented and without the effect and risk characterisation) amounts to 466, the connectivity to 961, and the maximal dimension is 21.