氨吹脱处理稀土分离厂中氨氮废水试验研究

稀土分离厂排放大量含氩氮废水,为了使该类废水能得到有效的处理,对稀土废水中中等浓度的氨氮废水进行了氨吹脱试验研究.发现pH、温度和气液比是氨氮去除效率高低的关键因素,废水初始浓度对去除率无影响.调节废水pH＝12,气液比在3 000～4 000,温度在35-45℃范围,浓度为1 570 mg/L的碳铵沉淀洗涤废水经氨吹脱处理可使出水残余氨氮浓度控制在100 mg/L以下,去除率达94%以上.     

吹脱法预处理皮革废水的实验研究

对某皮革厂综合废水进行吹脱预处理实验,综合考察了影响氨氮去除的各个因素(pH值、汽液比、吹脱温度、氨氮初始浓度),同时对该预处理工艺去除铬、SS(悬浮固体浓度)、COD和硫化物的条件进行了优化,并进行了能耗及运行成本估算。结果表明:该厂皮革废水的最佳吹脱工况为pH=11,气液比=1 800,温度25~35℃,在此条件下,当进水ρ(NH3-N)=304.7 mg/L、ρ(Cr)=65.0 mg/L、ρ(SS)=1 700 mg/L、ρ(COD)=2 700 mg/L、ρ(S2-)=112.3 mg/L时,相应的去除率可达78.1%~83.5%、96.4%、88.2%、45.6%和85.0%,且吹脱法对氨氮具有较高的抗冲击负荷能力,吨水处理成本约为3.61元,可作为皮革废水的预处理工艺。     

吹脱法去除垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮研究

对吹脱法去除垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮进行了研究 ,控制吹脱效率高低的关键因素是温度、气液比和 pH值。在水温大于 2 5℃ ,气液比控制在 35 0 0左右 ,渗滤液 pH值控制在 1 0 5左右 ,对于氨氮浓度高达 2 0 0 0～ 4 0 0 0mg/L的垃圾渗滤液 ,去除率可达到 90 %以上     

吹脱法去除垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮研究

对吹脱法去除垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮进行了研究，控制吹脱效率高低的关键因素是温度、气液比和pH值。在水温大于25℃，气液比控制在3500左右，渗滤液pH值控制在10．5左右，对于氨氮浓度高达2000～4000mg／L的垃圾渗滤液，去除率可达到90％以上。     

氨吹脱-Fenton氧化预处理阿奇霉素废水的研究

采用氨吹脱-Fenton试剂氧化法对阿奇霉素废水进行预处理，考察了各种因素对处理效果的影响。实验结果表明：在pH值为11，吹脱时间160 min，温度30℃的条件下，氨氮浓度从2 458.7 mg/L降低到421.7 mg/L，去除率可达82.85%；Fenton氧化吹脱出水的适宜工艺条件：初始pH值为3、反应时间90 min、FeSO₄·7H₂O投加量为0.01 mol/L、H₂O₂/Fe²⁺的投加比16∶1，此时，COD去除率为72.6%；废水经预处理后，有效地改善了废水水质，提高了废水的可生化性，由初始的0.1增至0.37，为后续废水的生化处理提供了有利条件。     

低温胁迫下Ca2+对厌氧氨氧化污泥脱氮效能影响研究

为了解决厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)污泥在低温下脱氮效能较低的问题,采用上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器,通过投加不同浓度的Ca~(2+),考察低温胁迫下Ca~(2+)对ANAMMOX污泥脱氮效能及特性的影响。结果表明:低温胁迫下ANAMMOX污泥脱氮效能明显降低,当Ca~(2+)投加量为0mmol/L时,氨氮、亚硝态氮去除率分别降至50%、54%,UASB反应器的TN去除负荷最低为0.094kg/(m~3·d);投加一定Ca~(2+)对ANAMMOX反应有正面促进作用,在最佳Ca~(2+)投加量(0.04mmol/L)下,氨氮、亚硝态氮去除率可分别提高至65%、68%,TN去除负荷提高至接近0.200kg/(m~3·d),脱氮效能是未投加Ca~(2+)时的2倍左右,但Ca~(2+)投加量大于0.04mmol/L时,脱氮效能开始呈现下降趋势。投加Ca~(2+)可以增大污泥颗粒粒径,提高污泥的混合液悬浮固体(MLSS)、混合液挥发性悬浮固体(MLVSS)浓度,但对污泥活性的提升不明显。     

溶解氧对SBR脱氮性能与脱氮方式的影响

通过设置不同溶解氧(DO)浓度(曝气时段DO浓度均值分别为2.0、1.2和0.4 mg/L),研究了SBR的脱氮性能以及脱氮方式。结果表明,低DO条件下SBR可实现良好的脱氮效果,但需延长曝气时间。运行稳定后,各反应器氨氮的去除率均达到94%以上。总氮去除率随DO水平的降低而增高,分别为67%、74%和78%。不同DO浓度下SBR的脱氮方式不尽相同,DO浓度越低,同步硝化反硝化(SND)脱氮效果越明显。DO为2.0、1.2和0.4 mg/L时,SND率分别为31.4%、48.3%和66.8%。典型周期性实验表明,DO为2.0 mg/L时,通过SND现象去除的总氮占进水总氮的比例为7.6%,通过内源反硝化去除的总氮为12.0%;DO为1.2 mg/L时,通过亚硝酸型SND现象去除的总氮为12.2%,通过内源反硝化去除的总氮为8.1%;DO为0.4 mg/L时,通过亚硝酸型SND现象去除的总氮为15.8%,通过内源反硝化去除的总氮为5.0%。     

压力式接触氧化法同步硝化反硝化脱氮性能研究

研究了压力式接触氧化法的脱氮性能,分析了容积负荷、溶解氧和停留时间等因素对反应器脱氮效果的影响.研究表明,压力式接触氧化法具有明显的同步硝化反硝化现象,当HRT=1.8 h时,DO高达5.4 mg/L,可获得90%以上的反硝化率.当HRT=1.8 h,溶解氧4～5 mg/L,容积负荷为10～12 kg COD/(m3·d)时,氨氮去除率80%左右,总氮去除率达70%～80%.     

吹脱-沸石吸附法处理荧光粉生产废水研究

研究了吹脱-沸石吸附法处理荧光粉生产废水.正交试验结果表明:氨吹脱工艺中影响NH3-N去除率因素的重要性顺序为:pH＞温度＞气液比.当pH=11、气液比(V/V)=100:1、温度T=40℃、吹脱时间t=120 min,吹脱工艺对荧光粉生产废水中NH3-N的去除率为74.46%.试验确定的沸石吸附单元较佳的工艺参数为:滤速0.04 m/min、接触时间14min、pH=7.5,吹脱-沸石吸附工艺总NH3-N去除率96.04%.试验结果表明再生沸石氨吸附性能稳定,适于高氨氮的荧光粉生产废水处理.     

CAST工艺常规模式下脱氮性能研究

研究了有效容积为21.6 L的循环式活性污泥法反应器在常规模式下,处理模拟废水时,有机污染物和氮污染物的去除情况,并分析了反应器脱氮过程中的限制性因素。结果表明,在反应器的运行周期为4 h(进水曝气2 h,沉淀和排水各1 h)好氧区DO2 mg/L,污泥浓度MLSS稳定在4 000 mg/L时,污泥回流比为20%,COD和氨氮的去除率可达90%。对一个典型周期进行监测分析,氨氮去除彻底,出水主要是硝态氮,总氮去除率约为69%。静态试验测得氨氮氧化速率为8.0 mg NH4+-N/(g MLSS.h),硝态氮生成速率为3.3 mg NO3--N/(g MLSS.h)。从实验结果可以分析出,在上面运行条件下CAST工艺脱氮限制性因素是回流比和污泥龄。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.