城市工业污染场地修复技术筛选方法探讨

近年来,随着城市化进程加速和产业结构调整,因城市工业企业搬迁而遗留的污染场地已成为制约中国土地资源再利用的新环境问题。面对不断涌现的城市工业场地污染问题,如何筛选出适宜的修复技术进行场地修复已成为中国城市土地资源安全再利用的关键。分析了中国城市工业污染场地的产生及污染特征,概述了中国城市工业场地污染的修复研究现状,并参考美国的场地污染修复经验,提出了适用于中国的城市工业污染场地修复技术选择基本流程,探讨了运用决策矩阵对修复技术进行筛选的方法,最后在此基础上提出了城市工业污染场地修复技术的发展建议。     

某聚氯乙烯树脂厂退役场地土壤汞污染特征分析

场地重金属污染是工业化进程的产物,污染来源多为原料及副产物的泄漏或不达标排放,给人类和环境造成不同程度的危害。本文以武汉某退役聚氯乙烯（PVC）树脂厂为研究对象,结合氯化汞催化工艺特点,探究场地土壤重金属汞的污染来源及分布特征,为同类型场地土壤重金属汞的污染调查、防治、修复提供案例支撑。研究结果表明：1）参与调查的33个点位中有27.3%已达到相当严重的污染水平,潜在生态风险单项指数Ei值最高达57 900,污染分布范围主要集中于氯化汞催化乙炔生产氯乙烯（VCM）工艺段,水平迁移扩散能力不强;2）重金属汞的垂直迁移受土壤性质影响,粘土对重金属汞的截留效果佳,粘土层中0.8~1.0 m至1.8~2.0 m最大汞浓度衰减量达2 040 mg·（kg·m）-1,衰减率达97.2%,而疏松的杂填土则有利于汞的垂直下渗;3）调查区域受重金属汞污染呈现典型点源污染特征。     

典型氯碱污染场地环境风险评价

以广东某氯碱化工污染场地为研究区域,采集了场地22个土壤及地下水样品,分析了25项污染物在不同区域的分布特征及其来源。监测结果表明,煤炭堆场与锅炉房区土壤受重金属铅、镍污染。六六六、四氯化碳、三氯甲烷、六氯苯、苯是场地的特征污染物,主要分布在危险品仓库、漂洗车间与四氯化碳车间。根据监测结果开展了不同暴露途径致癌风险值及非致癌危害商的计算。结果表明,部分样品表层土壤中上述有机污染物的基于人体健康致癌风险指数均超过10-6,最高达到1.65×10-2,表明风险水平高;非致癌危害在各暴露途径下也超过可接受值1,最高达5.59×104,表明风险水平高。说明对于存在高风险的区域必须进行采取合适的措施进行修复,减缓场地再利用后对人群健康的影响。     

汞污染农田土壤的化学稳定化修复

土壤重金属污染问题已经成为环境污染的热点问题。以FeS、Na2S、黄铁矿、CaO、黄铁矿+CaO作为稳定剂,应用化学稳定化修复技术对贵州万山地区的2种汞污染程度不同的农田土壤（1号土、2号土）进行修复,并研究稳定剂用量、稳定时间等因素对稳定效率的影响,确定最佳稳定条件。结果显示：在FeS、Na2S、黄铁矿、CaO、黄铁矿+CaO这5种稳定剂中,Na2S的稳定效果最好,对2种土的稳定效率均高达90%左右;对于1号土,最佳稳定条件为：稳定剂Na2S,稳定时间7 d,稳定剂用量S：Hg=1。对于2号土,最佳稳定条件为：稳定剂Na2S,稳定时间7 d,稳定剂用量S：Hg=5。Na2S作为稳定剂通过改变汞在土壤中的形态分布降低污染土壤中汞的浸出毒性。     

场地重金属污染与风险评价方法研究进展

大量的污染场地给居民身体健康和生态环境带来了不可估量的损害,为提高健康水平以及生存环境质量,需科学地对污染场地进行污染风险分析及评价,进而制定有效的治理方案.从人为角度对当前场地污染来源进行了梳理,并针对生态风险评价和健康风险评价方法进行了分析.结合当前更为丰富的数据采集手段和大数据分析技术,提出了在污染大数据支持下的...     

确定环境中汞污染的来源

科学家现在用新手段追踪环境中的汞,它们是两种不同类型的汞稳定同位素分配。鱼类汞污染是一个全球范围的人群健康威胁,因为积聚在鱼中的甲基汞毒性非常大。但是由于汞通过大气输送分布到全球,所以难以区分当地源和全球源,也难以区分自然源和人为源。     

发达国家污染场地分类机制及其对中国的启示

分类机制为污染场地的初步筛选提供了技术支撑,是实现国家层面污染场地管理的重要环节。国外发达国家污染场地分类机制的建立和推广已有20～30年的历史,已逐步形成了较为成熟的评价因子框架、分类方法、程序保障机制及相应的技术手段。中国污染场地管理尚处于初步发展阶段,分类机制有待进行深入探讨和研究。详细阐述美国、法国、加拿大污染场地分类机制中评价因子、分类方法、计算方式、场地分类、程序保障等方面的内容,并对其异同点进行了初步比较和总结,从而提出了构建中国污染场地分类机制的初步思路。     

某化肥厂污染场地土壤和地下水中氨氮分布特征及其非致癌风险评估

研究了生产历史长达43年的华北地区已停产的某化肥厂污染场地土壤和地下水中氨氮分布特征及其非致癌风险.结果表明:该场地内土壤氨氮质量浓度为0.29～7020.00 m g/kg,污染主要集中在碳化工房和变换、脱硫工房等核心生产区,以及发生过液氨泄漏事故的南部空地区域;氨氮浓度总体随土壤深度的增加呈现先上升后降低的趋势,深...     

工业企业场地再开发的多部门联合监管机制探讨

工业企业关停搬迁场地由于地理位置优越,再开发需求强烈。直接开发未经治理修复的污染场地,所带来的环境安全、健康风险和社会风险隐患相当突出,必须高度重视。从场地再开发流程分析入手,分析了从企业搬迁到场地再开发利用过程中不同环节存在的环境风险及其涉及的相应监管部门。在此基础上,提出了基于搬迁、流转、流转后三阶段划分的涉及工业和信息化、国土资源、住房和城乡建设、环境保护等多部门的全过程环境风险防控机制,可为中国建立有效的污染场地再开发联合监管机制提供参考。     

基于风险的中国污染场地管理体系研究

在分析借鉴国外污染场地管理框架体系的基础上,结合中国近几年在污染场地法律法规及标准建设方面的经验以及各地的管理实践,提出了建立基于风险的中国污染场地管理模式、管理技术程序、层次化的风险评估方法,以及相应的标准体系构想。     

场地污染土壤和地下水修复中受监控的自然修复/恢复技术的应用与研究进展

场地污染土壤和地下水的修复可以分为两个阶段,第1阶段是以消除对人体可能产生的健康风险为主要目标的工程修复,第2阶段是以消除对生态环境的影响为主要目标的自然修复/恢复.受监控的自然修复/恢复技术和强化自然修复/恢复技术具有成本低廉、修复作用持续等优点,在场地污染土壤和地下水的修复中具有广泛的应用潜力,其在消除生态影响和规避修复工程风险方面的作用是工程修复无法取代的.介绍了受监控的自然修复/恢复技术的4种主要途径及其在欧美国家污染土壤和地下水修复中的应用情况,提出了受监控的自然修复/恢复技术的方法步骤,以及这项技术在中国污染土壤和地下水修复中的应用潜力,以期为中国在受监控的自然修复/恢复技术上的科学研究和修复实践提供参考.     

Chemical oxidation of cable insulating oil contaminated soil

Leaking cable insulating oil is a common source of soil contamination of high-voltage underground electricity cables in many European countries. In situ remediation of these contaminations is very difficult, due to the nature of the contamination and the high concentrations present. Chemical oxidation leads to partial removal of highly contaminated soil, therefore chemical oxidation was investigated and optimized aiming at a subsequent bioremediation treatment. Chemical oxidation of cable oil was studied with liquid H₂O₂ and solid CaO₂ as well as permanganate at pH 1.8, 3.0 and 7.5. Liquid H₂O₂ most effectively removed cable oil at pH 7.5 (24%). At pH 7.5 poor oil removal of below 5% was observed with solid CaO₂ and permanganate within 2 d contact time, whereas 18% and 29% was removed at pH 1.8, respectively. A prolonged contact time of 7 d showed an increased oil removal for permanganate to 19%, such improvement was not observed for CaO₂.Liquid H₂O₂ treatment at pH 7.5 was most effective with a low acid use and was best fit to a subsequent bioremediation treatment. To further optimize in situ chemical oxidation with subsequent bioremediation the effect of the addition of the iron catalyst and a stepwise liquid H₂O₂ addition was performed. Optimization led to a maximum of 46% cable oil removal with 1469 mM of H₂O₂, and 6.98 mM Fe(II) chelated with citric acid (H₂O₂:FeSO₄ = 210:1 (mol mol⁻¹). The optimum delivery method was a one step addition of the iron catalyst followed by step wise addition of H₂O₂.     

Atmospheric mercury concentrations and speciation measured from 2004 to 2007 in Reno, Nevada, USA

Atmospheric elemental, reactive and particulate mercury (Hg) concentrations were measured north of downtown Reno, Nevada, USA from November 2004 to November 2007. Three-year mean and median concentrations for gaseous elemental Hg (Hg⁰) were 1.6 and 1.5 ng m⁻³ (respectively), similar to global mean Hg⁰ concentrations. The three-year mean reactive gaseous Hg (RGM) concentration (26 pg m⁻³) was higher than values reported for rural sites across the western United States. Well defined seasonal and daily patterns in Hg⁰ and RGM concentrations were observed, with the highest Hg⁰ concentrations measured in winter and early morning, and RGM concentrations being greatest in the summer and mid-afternoon. Elevated Hg⁰ concentrations in winter were associated with periods of cold, stagnant air; while a regularly observed early morning increase in concentration was due to local source and surface emissions. The observed afternoon increase and high summer values of RGM can be explained by in situ oxidation of gaseous Hg⁰ or mixing of RGM derived from the free troposphere to the surface. Because both of these processes are correlated with the same environmental conditions it is difficult to assess their overall contribution to the observed trends.     

六氯苯在中国典型持久性有机污染物污染场地中空间分布研究

在多年六氯苯生产车间及周围布设采样点,采取不同深度的土壤进行分析,研究持久性有机污染物(POPs)污染场地中六氯苯的空间分布规律.结果表明,生产车间附近污染严重,六氯苯的最高质量浓度为25 911.95 mg/kg,平均为4 944.07 mg/kg,在风力作用下六氯苯浓度向东南方向扩散;-3 m土层(以表土层为基准,表土层以下的土层深度为负值)中六氯苯最高质量浓度为369.63 mg/kg.平均为54.77 mg/kg,六氯苯浓度较表土层迅速下降,六氯苯污染中心位置与表土层对应;-5 m土层由于土壤类型为黏土或淤泥质黏土,六氯苯浓度相对于- m土层反而升高.平均质量浓度为92.13 mg/kg.纵观整个污染场地六氯苯的污染分布情况,污染中心位置向南移动,且六氯苯在垂直方向的迁移和浓度与土壤有机质含量相关.     

环境影响评价中部分标准存在的问题及对策

环境标准是环境影响评价的准则.结合环境影响评价的实际,探讨中国主要环境标准在执行中存在的3大问题,即环境标准中控制的环境因子数远远小于企业实际生产中排放的污染因子数,简单引用《工业企业设计卫生标准》(TJ 36-79)不适合中国国情,部分因子的标准限值没有日均浓度等.针对这些问题,笔者提出利用美国环保局多介质环境模型,或根据《大气污染物综合排放标准》(GB 16297-1996)、TJ 36-79和《环境影响评价技术导则大气环境》(HJ/T 2.2-93)进行计算或推导的对策.     

Extractability and mobility of mercury from agricultural soils surrounding industrial and mining contaminated areas

This study focussed on a comparison of the extractability of mercury in soils with two different contamination sources (a chlor-alkali plant and mining activities) and on the evaluation of the influence of specific soil properties on the behaviour of the contaminant. The method applied here did not target the identification of individual species, but instead provided information concerning the mobility of mercury species in soil. Mercury fractions were classified as mobile, semi-mobile and non-mobile. The fractionation study revealed that in all samples mercury was mainly present in the semi-mobile phase (between 63% and 97%). The highest mercury mobility (2.7 mg kg(-1)) was found in soils from the industrial area. Mining soils exhibited higher percentage of non-mobile mercury, up to 35%, due to their elevated sulfur content. Results of factor analysis indicate that the presence of mercury in the mobile phase could be related to manganese and aluminium soil contents. A positive relation between mercury in the semi-mobile fraction and the aluminium content was also observed. By contrary, organic matter and sulfur contents contributed to mercury retention in the soil matrix reducing the mobility of the metal. Despite known limitations of sequential extraction procedures, the methodology applied in this study for the fractionation of mercury in contaminated soil samples provided relevant information on mercury's relative mobility.     

Comparison of bioassays by testing whole soil and their water extract from contaminated sites

The harmful effects of contaminants on the ecosystems and humans are characterised by their environmental toxicity. The aim of this study was to assess applicability and reliability of several environmental toxicity tests, comparing the result of the whole soils and their water extracts. In the study real contaminated soils were applied from three different inherited contaminated sites of organic and inorganic pollutants. The measured endpoints were the bioluminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri (bacterium), the dehydrogenase activity inhibition of Azomonas agilis (bacterium), the reproduction inhibition of Tetrahymena pyriformis (protozoon), and Panagrellus redivivus (nematode), the mortality of Folsomia candida (springtail), the root and shoot elongation inhibition of Sinapis alba (plant: white mustard) and the nitrification activity inhibition of an uncontaminated garden soil used as "test organism". Besides the standardised or widely used methods some new, direct contact ecotoxicity tests have been developed and introduced, which are useful for characterisation of the risk of contaminated soils due to their interactive nature. Soil no. 1 derived from a site polluted with transformer oil (PCB-free); Soil no. 2 originated from a site contaminated with mazout; Soil no. 3 was contaminated with toxic metals (Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb, As). In most cases, the interactive ecotoxicity tests indicated more harmful effect of the contaminated soil than the tests using soil extracts. The direct contact environmental toxicity tests are able to meet the requirements of environmental toxicology: reliability, sensibility, reproducibility, rapidity and low cost.     

可渗透反应复合电极法对土壤重金属的电动去除

将零价铁(Fe0)、沸石等活性材料附着在电极上形成可渗透反应层并构成可渗透反应复合电极,采用不同的复合电极对Cd2+、Ni 2+、Pb2+和Cu2+等4种阳离子型重金属污染土壤进行了电动力学修复。研究了不同可渗透反应复合电极对土壤pH的控制效果以及对重金属的去除作用,分析了迁移到复合电极中的重金属形态变化。结果表明,复合电极中添加酸、碱性沸石并适时更换,可有效中和、截留阴阳极电解产生的OH-和H+,避免或减缓土壤酸碱迁移带的形成,防止重金属离子的过早沉淀及土壤过度酸化,极大提高了重金属的去除率。复合电极中Fe0可将迁移进来的重金属离子进行还原稳定,实现重金属污染物的捕获与固定,与迁移到沸石复合电极中的4种重金属不稳定态相比,"Fe0+沸石"复合电极中重金属不稳定态分别下降了61.4、60.5、61.4、57.1百分点。结果还显示,阴极采用"Fe0+沸石"复合电极并适时进行更换,施加1.5V/cm的直流电压修复10d后,土壤中Cd、Ni、Pb、Cu的总去除率分别为44.5%、41.5%、33.5%和36.7%,且进一步延长修复时间和持续更换电极可获得更为理想的修复效果。