苦咸水脱盐的纳滤技术的研究

着重考察纳滤装置对苦咸水中Cl-、Mg2+、Ca2+的去除作用以及影响纳滤膜工作的因素。结果表明:(1)0.60MPa为纳滤膜最佳的操作压力;(2)温度对产水通量和离子去除率有很大影响,宜控制在20℃;(3)纳滤膜运行周期为12h,影响纳滤膜产水通量的主要因素是苦咸水中的部分离子结垢;(4)纳滤膜对苦咸水中的Ca2+的去除率为90%,Mg2+的去除率为78%,Cl-的去除率为44%,可见纳滤膜对不同价态离子的去除效果不同,对二价和高价离子的去除率明显高于一价离子;(5)纳滤膜的酸洗效果远好于碱洗,同时酸洗可去除膜表面的无机盐离子且不会破坏纳滤膜的产水性能。     

LVJ纳滤膜对磺胺二甲基嘧啶截留性能

用LVJ-NF102聚酰胺纳滤膜在LJ-2540ST卷式膜中试设备中进行纳滤截留水体中磺胺二甲基嘧啶实验,考察操作时间、操作压力、磺胺二甲基嘧啶浓度和离子强度等因素对纳滤膜截留磺胺二甲基嘧啶的影响.结果表明,LVJ纳滤膜对磺胺二甲基嘧啶的截留率100 min后基本稳定;随操作压力的增加,LVJ纳滤膜通量和对磺胺二甲基嘧啶的截留率都增大;随着溶液中磺胺二甲基嘧啶浓度的增加,LVJ纳滤膜通量下降,对磺胺二甲基嘧啶的截留率先增大后维持不变;随溶液中离子强度的增加,LVJ纳滤膜通量和对磺胺二甲基嘧啶的截留率都减小.在磺胺二甲基嘧啶浓度为28.2 mg/L、操作压力为0.4 MPa条件下,LVJ纳滤膜5 min可使溶液中磺胺二甲基嘧啶截留82.7％.     

SPEEK涂层纳滤膜处理草甘膦废水

以聚醚砜(PES)超滤膜为基膜,采用涂层法制备磺化聚醚醚酮(SPEEK)中空纤维复合纳滤膜,研究其对草甘膦的浓缩和去除。考察了该膜在浓缩草甘膦模拟废水中的操作条件,如跨膜压力、进料浓度、进料pH和离子强度等对通量和截留率的影响。结果表明,随跨膜压力的增加,草甘膦的截留率和水通量均增加,当跨膜压力由0.3 MPa增加到0.8 MPa时,水通量由34.0 L/(m2.h)增加至98.0 L/(m2·h),截留率高于98%;增加进料浓度和离子强度,截留率和通量均减小,当进料浓度由100 mg/L增至1 000 mg/L,水通量降低12.4%,截留率降低8.4%;而pH由3.0升至11.0时,截留率增加,但通量几乎不变。当把该膜材料用于浓缩含高浓度NaCl的草甘膦母液时,发现在0.5 MPa压力和pH=11.0下,复合纳滤膜对NaCl的截留率低于20%,对草甘膦的截留率可达90%。这说明该复合纳滤膜可以把草甘膦与NaCl有效分离开来,为草甘膦的回收利用提供了基础。     

草甘膦模拟废水的纳滤分离过程研究

为研究草甘膦纳滤分离过程的影响因素及变化规律,选用GE Osmonic的DK膜对草甘膦模拟废水进行纳滤分离过程的研究。实验表明,20℃、浓度500 mg/L、pH=2.96的草甘膦模拟废水,其截留率随跨膜压力升高而略有升高,其渗透通量随跨膜压力的升高几乎线性增加;随操作温度升高渗透通量增加,但截留率下降;渗透通量和截留率均随料液初始浓度的增加而降低;在pH值为3~5的范围内,草甘膦的截留率随pH值升高而下降,在膜的等电点附近达到最低,该pH值范围内渗透通量在膜的等电点附近较高;在pH值为5~11的范围内,草甘膦的截留率随pH值升高而升高,在该pH值范围内渗透通量随pH值升高而降低;由于屏蔽效应,草甘膦的截留率随NaCl浓度的升高而降低。     

酒石酸钾钠（PST）对纳滤处理重金属废水的强化效果

以酒石酸钾钠（PsT）为络合剂，分别选取cd、zn、As和Ph4种金属废水，探索络合纳滤工艺对金属离子去除率和膜通量的强化效果，测定纳滤膜表面接触角以表征膜通量变化规律，并研究了压力、金属浓度和溶液pH参数对络合纳滤过程的影响。结果表明，PsT对4种金属去除的强化效果存在相似规律，分别有一个最佳PsT添加浓度。随PsT浓度的增加，金属离子去除率先增大后减小，而膜通量一直增大。研究发现，纳滤膜表面接触角与膜通量呈稳定的反比例关系，与金属离子种类和PsT添加量无关。随着操作压力的增大，膜通量线性增加，去除率基本不变；金属离子浓度的增加对膜通量影响不大，金属去除率略有上升；pH在4～5之间变化时，As去除中膜通量和去除率均有所升高，而cd、zn和Ph3种溶液处理效果基本不受pH影响。     

纳滤去除水中的内分泌干扰物

采用陶氏DOW FILMTEC NF270芳香聚酰胺类复合纳滤膜处理水中内分泌干扰物——17α-乙炔雌二醇（EE2），实验中分别考察了原液浓度、操作压力、pH值、Ca²⁺浓度及腐殖酸共存等不同条件下对EE2截留效果的影响。结果表明，NF270对于去除水中的EE2具有很好的效果，截留率可达到97.6%，而且，实验发现，原液浓度对EE2的截留效果影响较小；当操作压力为0.6 MPa时，膜对EE2的截留效果最好；而随着pH值和Ca²⁺浓度的增加，膜对EE2的截留率均呈上升趋势；而当腐殖酸存在时膜对EE2的截留率有明显提高，但同时也造成膜污染加剧和膜通量下降，特别是在EE2、腐殖酸和Ca²⁺共存时，膜污染更加严重。     

酒石酸钾钠(PST)对纳滤处理重金属废水的强化效果

以酒石酸钾钠(PST)为络合剂,分别选取Cd、Zn、As和Pb 4种金属废水,探索络合纳滤工艺对金属离子去除率和膜通量的强化效果,测定纳滤膜表面接触角以表征膜通量变化规律,并研究了压力、金属浓度和溶液pH参数对络合纳滤过程的影响。结果表明,PST对4种金属去除的强化效果存在相似规律,分别有一个最佳PST添加浓度。随PST浓度的增加,金属离子去除率先增大后减小,而膜通量一直增大。研究发现,纳滤膜表面接触角与膜通量呈稳定的反比例关系,与金属离子种类和PST添加量无关。随着操作压力的增大,膜通量线性增加,去除率基本不变;金属离子浓度的增加对膜通量影响不大,金属去除率略有上升;pH在4~5之间变化时,As去除中膜通量和去除率均有所升高,而Cd、Zn和Pb 3种溶液处理效果基本不受pH影响。     

无机陶瓷纳滤膜分离高钠盐废水中的锶

本实验研究表明,仅用截留分子量为1000的无机陶瓷纳滤膜分离高钠盐模拟溶液中的锶,分离效果并不理想.为提高陶瓷纳滤膜对锶的选择分离效果,选择了分子量为3000的聚丙烯酸作为陶瓷纳滤膜分离的强化剂,重点探讨了溶液pH值、聚丙烯酸浓度、温度及离子强度对模拟溶液盐分离效果和膜通量的影响,并得到了适宜的锶钠分离条件.实验结果表明,在适宜条件下,通过聚丙烯酸强化和两级分离,陶瓷纳滤膜可大大提高模拟溶液中锶离子的选择分离效果,锶/钠的分离因子高达205.     

无机陶瓷纳滤膜分离高钠盐废水中的锶

本实验研究表明，仅用截留分子量为1000的无机陶瓷纳滤膜分离高钠盐模拟溶液中的锶，分离效果并不理想。为提高陶瓷纳滤膜对锶的选择分离效果，选择了分子量为3000的聚丙烯酸作为陶瓷纳滤膜分离的强化剂，重点探讨了溶液pH值、聚丙烯酸浓度、温度及离子强度对模拟溶液盐分离效果和膜通量的影响，并得到了适宜的锶钠分离条件。实验结果表明，在适宜条件下，通过聚丙烯酸强化和两级分离，陶瓷纳滤膜可大大提高模拟溶液中锶离子的选择分离效果，锶／钠的分离因子高达205。     

有机物性质对混凝-微滤-纳滤去除水中重金属的影响

为了探明有机物性质对混凝-微滤-纳滤去除水中重金属的影响,将腐殖酸和乙酸分别作为背景有机物,系统考察了组合工艺对镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)、镍(Ni)和锌(Zn)的去除效能及其膜通量变化过程,并通过物料衡算对4种重金属的去除行为进行了比较分析。结果表明,当原水中不含有机物时,Cu的截留率最高,达到97%以上,纳滤膜是去除其他3种重金属的主要步骤。随着原水中腐殖酸含量的增大,混凝-微滤阶段对重金属的截留能力显著增强,膜通量衰减速度加快。相反地,乙酸的存在对于组合工艺处理效能具有明显的负面效应。此时,重金属既不能被铝盐絮体有效吸附,也不能通过静电作用截留在NF膜表面。4种重金属在滤液和浓水中的回收率R_(rec)都超过了80%,膜通量的变化与处理无机重金属溶液时相近。     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Leaching of seven pesticides currently used in cotton crop in Mato Grosso State—Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the leaching of pesticides and the applicability of the Attenuation Factor (AF) Model to predict their leaching. The leaching of carbofuran, carbendazim, diuron, metolachlor, α and β endosulfan and chlorpyrifos was studied in an Oxisol using a field experiment lysimeter located in Dom Aquino – Mato Grosso. The samples of percolated water were collected by rain event and analyzed. Chemical and physical soil attributes were determined before pesticide application to the plots. The results showed that carbofuran was the pesticide that presented a higher leaching rate in the studied soil, so was the one representing the highest contamination potential. From the total carbofuran applied in the soil surface, around 6 % leached below 50 cm. The other pesticides showed lower mobility in the studied soil. The calculated values to AF were 7.06E-12 (carbendazim), 5.08E-03 (carbofuran), 3.12E-17 (diuron), 6.66E-345 (α-endosulfan), 1.47E-162 (β-endosulfan), 1.50E-06 (metolachlor), 3.51E-155 (chlorpyrifos). AF Model was useful to classify the pesticides' potential for contamination; however, that model underestimated pesticide leaching.     

Endosulfan in China 2—emissions and residues

Background, aim, and scope  Endosulfan is one of the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and also a candidate to be included in a group of new persistent organic pollutants (UNEP 2007). The first national endosulfan usage inventories in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution has been reported in an accompanying paper. In the second part of the paper, we compiled the gridded historical emissions and soil residues of endosulfan in China from the usage inventories. Based on the residue/emission data, gridded concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese soil and air have been calculated. These inventories will provide valuable data for the further study of endosulfan. Methods  Emission and residue of endosulfan were calculated from endosulfan usage by using a simplified gridded pesticide emission and residue model—SGPERM, which is an integrated modeling system combining mathematical model, database management system, and geographic information system. By using the emission and residue inventories, annual air and soil concentrations of endosulfan in each cell were determined. Results and discussion  Historical gridded emission and residue inventories of α- and β-endosulfan in agricultural soil in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution have been created. Total emissions were around 10,800 t, with α-endosulfan at 7,400 t and β-endosulfan at 3,400 t from 1994 to 2004. The highest residues were 140 t for α-endosulfan and 390 t for β-endosulfan, and the lowest residues were 0.7 t for α-endosulfan and 170 t for β-endosulfan in 2004 in Chinese agricultural soil where endosulfan was applied. Based on the emission and residue inventories, concentrations of α- and β-endosulfan in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were also calculated for each grid cell. We have estimated annual averaged air concentrations and the annual minimum and maximum soil concentrations across China. The real concentrations will be different from season to season. Although our model does not consider the transport of the insecticide in the atmosphere, which could be very important in some areas during some special time, the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil derived from the endosulfan emission and residue inventories are in general consistent with the published monitoring data. Conclusions  To our knowledge, this work is the first inventory of this kind for endosulfan published on a national scale. Concentrations of the chemical in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were calculated for each grid cell. Results show that the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil agree reasonably well with the monitoring data in general. Recommendations and perspectives  The gridded endosulfan emission/residue inventories and also the air and soil concentration inventories created in this study will be updated upon availability of new information, including usage and monitoring data. The establishment of these inventories for the OCP is important for both scientific communities and policy makers.     

Impact of spiked concentrations of Cd,Pb, As and Zn in growth medium on elemental uptake of Nasturtium officinale (Watercress)

This study is aimed at investigating the impact of water quality on the uptake and distribution of three non-essential and toxic elements, namely, As, Cd and Pb in the watercress plant to assess for metal toxicity. The plant was hydroponically cultivated under greenhouse conditions, with the growth medium being spiked with varying concentrations of As, Cd and Pb. Plants that were harvested weekly for elemental analysis showed physiological and morphological symptoms of toxicity on exposure to high concentrations of Cd and Pb. Plants exposed to high concentrations of As did not survive and the threshold for As uptake in watercress was established at 5 ppm. Translocation factors were low in all cases as the toxic elements accumulated more in the roots of the plant than the edible leaves. The impact of Zn on the uptake of toxic elements was also evaluated and Zn was found to have an antagonistic effect on uptake of both Cd and Pb with no notable effect on uptake of As. The findings indicate that phytotoxicity or death of the watercress plant would prevent it from being a route of human exposure to high concentrations of As, Cd and Pb in the environment.     

Butyltin compounds in sediment and fish from the Polish Coast of the Baltic Sea

Concentrations of mono- (MBT), di- (DBT), and tri-(TBT) butyltin compounds were measured in eggs, liver, and muscle of nine species of fish from four regions of the Baltic Sea - the Firth of Vistula, the Gulf of Gdańsk, Puck Bay, and the mouth of the Vistula River. The overall concentration ranges among all the fish sampled from the four sites were: < 7 to 79 ng/g for MBT, 6 to 1100 ng/g for DBT, 7 to 3600 ng/g for TBT, and 16 to 4800 ng/g for total BTs, on a wet wt basis. The highest concentration of total BTs was found in herring liver from the Firth of Vistula (4800 ng/g, wet wt) and in roach muscle from Puck Bay (3300 ng/g, wet wt), while the least concentration was found in burbot eggs and liver from the Vistula River (39 and 32 ng/g, wet wt, respectively). TBT was the major form of BTs present in most samples analyzed. Sediment samples collected from shipyards in the Gulf of Gdańsk contained butyltin concentrations ranging from 1.2 to 46 μg/g (dry wt) for MBT, 2.0 to 42 μg/g for DBT, and 2.6 to 40 μg/g for TBT. As with the fish, the majority of the BTs in sediment were present as TBT, which suggested recent exposure of the aquatic environment of the region to TBT.     

Malathion-induced sublethal toxicity on the hematology of cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis)

The effect of malathion [diethyl(dimethoxythiophosphorylthio)succinate] at sublethal concentration (0.006 ppm) on hematological parameters of the cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis) was studied for 24 hrs to 240 hrs of exposure and remarkable hematological alterations were observed. The study on hematological parameters revealed a highly significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the total erythrocytes count in malathion-exposed animals from 24 hours to 96 hrs of exposure as compared to control. Significant decreases (P < 0.01) of hemoglobin and packed cell volume were also observed from 48 hrs to 240 hrs. A significant increase (P < 0.01) in leucocytes count was noted throughout the exposure period. Elevated numbers of lymphocytes and eosinophils as found in the present study revealed lymphocytosis as well as eosinophilia, suggesting that this was a result of direct stimulation of the immunological defense due to the presence of a toxic substance or may be associated with tissue damage. The cytomorphological and cytopathological study of erythrocytes and leucocytes in malathion-exposed frogs at 0.006 ppm concentration revealed various cytotoxic effects at different exposure times. It was noted that the size and the shape of the erythrocytes were subjected to variation in different blood disorders.     

Relation between forest vegetation, atmospheric deposition and site conditions at regional and European scales

Several monitoring programs have been set up to assess effects of atmospheric deposition on forest ecosystems. The aim of the present study was to evaluate effects on the understorey vegetation, based on the first round of a regional (the Netherlands) and a European forest monitoring program. A multivariate statistical analysis showed surprisingly similar results for both data sets; the vegetation appeared to be largely determined by the ‘traditional’ factors soil, climate, and tree species, but there was a small but statistically significant effect of atmospheric deposition. The effects of deposition include a slight shift towards nitrophytic species at high N deposition in the European network, and towards acidophytic species at high S-deposition in the Dutch network. The relatively small effect of atmospheric deposition is understandable in view of the very large natural variation in environmental conditions. Time series of both vegetation and environment are needed to assess deposition effects in detail.