印染废水生化出水中各类有机物在Fenton 氧化过程中的去除效果

考察了Fenton氧化法处理印染废水生化出水时,不同因素对色度去除效果的影响。在最佳处理条件下,即[H2O2]∶[Fe2＋]为6∶1,反应初始pH为4.0,H2O2和FeSO4的投加量分别为3.6 mmol/L和0.6 mmol/L,反应时间为30min,UV254、DOC和COD的去除率分别达到了84%、52%和84%,ADMI7.6和稀释倍数表征的色度去除率分别达到了94%和96%。通过XAD-8/XAD-4吸附树脂联用技术将印染废水生化出水中溶解性有机物分为疏水酸、非酸疏水物质、弱疏水物质及亲水物质4类有机物。实验结果表明,对于该印染废水的生化出水,疏水性物质是引起色度的主要物质,所占比例以ADMI7.6表征时为92%,其中以非酸疏水物质的贡献最大,达到53%。Fenton试剂氧化处理对此水样中的非酸疏水物质和疏水酸均有较好的去除效果,对弱疏水性有机物和亲水性有机物去除率较低。     

印染废水生化出水中各类有机物在小型活性炭床吸附过程中的去除效果

采用连续流活性炭炭床处理印染废水生化出水,通过XAD-8/XAD-4吸附树脂将印染废水生化出水中的溶解性有机物分为4类:疏水酸、非酸疏水物质、弱疏水物质和亲水物质,采用超滤膜法测定水样的分子量分布,对印染废水生化出水中不同种类以及不同分子量大小的有机物在煤质炭、椰壳炭2种活性炭动态实验处理过程中的去除特性进行研究。实验结果表明,2种活性炭对该水样中的有机物均有明显的去除效果,其中以煤质炭的处理效果较优。煤质炭吸附疏水性和亲水性有机物均有明显的处理效果,对非酸疏水物质和弱疏水有机物的吸附效果较差。煤质炭对分子量<10 k的小分子有机物的吸附效果对实验结果的贡献较大。     

O3/ H2O2法对生化出水中不同种类有机物的去除效果研究

采用XAD-8/XAD-4吸附树脂联用技术将城市污水生化出水中有机物分为疏水酸、非酸疏水物质、弱疏水物质及亲水物质4类有机物,研究了O3/H2O2法对这4类有机物的去除效果.结果表明:(1)O3/H2O2法对生化出水中有机物的去除效果明显好于O3法、H2O2法.反应60 min时,O3/H2O2法对溶解有机碳(DOC)和254 nm波长处的单位比色皿光程下的紫外吸光度(UV254)的去除率分别达到49%和82%.(2)生化出水经O3/H2O2处理后,一部分疏水性有机物(疏水酸和非酸疏水物质)在反应过程中转化为亲水性有机物(弱疏水物质和亲水物质).(3)生化出水中71%的三卤甲烷生成势(THMFP)由疏水酸和亲水物质产生,特别是疏水酸,其产生的THMFP占总量的48%.反应60 min时,O3/H2O2法对疏水酸、非酸疏水物质、弱疏水物质和亲水物质产生的THMFP的去除率分别为64%、100%、88%和18%.     

制浆造纸废水生化出水的混凝处理研究

研究了硫酸铝和三氯化铁对制浆造纸废水生化出水的处理效果.研究发现,不调节原水pH值,硫酸铝投加量为600 mg/L或三氯化铁投加量为300mg/L时,混凝后废水的COD＜150 mg/L,色度＜50倍,出水均符合现阶段排放标准.混凝剂比较发现,在最佳反应条件下,2种混凝剂的处理效果相当,但硫酸铝混凝的成本低于三氯化铁....     

混凝对二级出水中有机物分布特性的影响

以城市污水处理厂二级出水为研究对象,通过烧杯实验,确定了以三氯化铁(FeCl3)和聚合氯化铝(PAC)为混凝剂时两种混凝剂的最佳投加量,在此基础上采用XAD树脂分离技术和超滤膜法对水中溶解性有机物(DOM)进行分级表征,研究了混凝前后水中DOM的亲疏水特性、分子量分布规律以及比紫外吸收值(SUVA)和E4/E6(A465nm/A665nm)的变化.结果表明,当FeCl3和PAC投加量分别达到30 mg/L和60 mg/L时,可以使出水水质满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)中的一级A标准;FeCl3对含碳碳不饱和双键及芳香环的有机物的去除效果优于PAC;FeCl3对小分子有机物的去除效率更高,而PAC对分子量＞100 000的大分子有机物的去除效果优于FeC13;混凝处理对疏水性有机物的去除效果优于对亲水性有机物的去除效果,同时其对酸性物质的去除效率高于对非酸性物质的去除效率.     

城市污水二级生化出水中溶解性有机物的特性及其深度处理研究

在对某城市污水二级生化出水中溶解性有机物(DOM)特性进行深入分析的基础上,对比了混凝、活性炭吸附、树脂吸附等深度处理工艺对DOM的处理效果。结果表明,水样中溶解性有机碳(DOC)为12.32mg/L,其中疏水性组分占46.65%,亲水性有机物(HPI)占33.33%,过渡亲水性组分占20.02%;酸碱滴定结果表明,HPI的总酸度最强;MIEX树脂对所有组分尤其是疏水性组分的去除效果都较好,它在城市污水二级生化出水(尤其是富含疏水性物质的水体)的深度处理中具有更广阔的应用前景;凝胶渗透色谱分析结果表明,水样中DOM的分子量呈宽分布特征,主要包含平均分子量为230~750u的低分子量小分子有机物,也包含12 000u左右的中等分子量有机物,而经MIEX树脂吸附处理后,分子量在12 000u左右的组分基本去除,分子量在230~750u的组分也有显著的减少。     

混凝和活性炭吸附深度处理制药废水中有机物去除特征

研究了混凝、活性炭吸附及其组合工艺对内蒙古某制药废水二级生化出水中有机物的去除效率,同时采用荧光光谱和凝胶色谱分析了不同技术对废水中有机物的影响。研究显示,污水中主要的有机物为微生物代谢产物、腐殖酸和富里酸,分子量在800~1 250。混凝与吸附对污水中的有机物表现出不同的去除特征,混凝无法有效去除溶解性有机物,而活性炭吸附对3种物质的去除率均达到90%以上。采用混凝和吸附组合处理后,总COD去除率达到76%,满足污水综合排放标准。     

强化混凝工艺深度处理给水厂排泥废水

水厂废水的综合处理与回用是我国供水行业的新趋势和节水目标所在,采用强化混凝技术进行水厂排泥废水的深度处理。通过混凝剂筛选实验和有机物表征确定最佳混凝剂为高效聚合铝(HPAC),适宜投加量为650 mg/L。当混凝剂HPAC投加量为650 mg/L时,对COD、TOC、浊度和色度的去除率分别为82.5%、89.8%、95%和92.5%,相应的出水值分别为58 mg/L、8.46 mg/L、2.35 NTU、13度,COD满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)的要求(COD≤100 mg/L),同时实验结果显示聚合氯化铝(PAC)、HPAC、三氯化铁(FeCl3)主要去除分子量处于>1 300 Da范围的有机物,对分子量处于744～1 300 Da之间的有机物去除有限。     

石化综合污水处理厂出水溶解性微生物产物的特性

溶解性微生物产物(soluble microbial products,SMP)是生化系统出水残留COD的主要组成部分,通过采用分子量截留超滤分离、有机物树脂分离等方法对某石化综合污水处理厂出水SMP的分子量分布、亲水特性进行了分析研究.结果表明,水样中的SMP占出水残留COD的85%左右。SMP中主要成分是蛋白质,出水中小于1 kDa的有机物是SMP中的主要物质。树脂分离实验表明,亲水性有机物和疏水酸性有机物分别约占出水SMP的50%和20%,是需要进一步处理削减的主要物质类别。     

微波活化过硫酸钾深度处理印染废水

为了深度处理印染废水生化出水,使其达到工业回用要求,利用微波活化过硫酸钾产生具有强氧化性的硫酸根自由基·SO-4,降解印染废水生化出水中的有机污染物。考察了硫酸亚铁的投加量,过硫酸钾的浓度及pH的影响,并通过对比实验讨论了微波活化作用效果。结果表明,过硫酸钾微波组合能够有效地去除生化出水中的TOC和色度。对于某印染废水生化出水,处理效果在pH=10时最好,当过硫酸钾浓度为14 g/L时,TOC去除率达57.60%,脱色率为98.28%。研究结果表明,过硫酸钾微波组合对于印染废水的深度处理效果良好,有较好的应用前景。     

The organic precursors affecting the formation of disinfection by-products with chlorine dioxide

The object of this research was to study the formation of disinfection by-products by using chlorine dioxide (ClO2) as a disinfectant reacting with different properties of organic substance in natural aquatic environment. The adsorbent resin (XAD-4, XAD-7) was used to divide the organic matters in raw water into three groups. The influence of the function groups on structure, reaction tendency, and formation of disinfection by-products generated by the reaction of these organic substances with chlorine dioxide was explored. The experimental results show that the three different organic groups formed using adsorbent resin were hydrophobic substance, hydrophilic acid, and non-acid hydrophilics in proportions of 43%, 41%, and 16%, respectively. Within the raw water in our study, the hydrophilic substance had a higher distribution proportion than that described in general articles and journals, which indicates that this water was contaminated with pollution from human beings. The exploration of the reactivity of the three different organic substances with chlorine dioxide shows that the unit consumption of disinfection agent per unit organic matters (represented by ClO2/DOC) is in the following sequence hydrophobic substance > hydrophilic substance > non-acid hydrophilics. It indicated that larger molecular organic precursors had larger consumption of disinfectant. We also discovered that after the reaction of the three different organic substances with chlorine dioxide, the largest amount of disinfection by-products were generated by the non-acid hydrophilics.     

Removal potential of anti-estrogenic activity in secondary effluents by coagulation

Anti-estrogenic activity in wastewater is gaining increased attention because of its endocrine-disrupting function. In this study, the level and removal efficiency by coagulation of anti-estrogenic activity in secondary effluents of domestic wastewater treatment plants were studied. Anti-estrogenic activity was detected in secondary effluent samples at a tamoxifen (TAM) equivalent concentration level of 0.38–0.94 mg-TAM L⁻¹. Dissolved organic matters (DOM) with the molecular weight (MW) less than 3000 Da in hydrophobic acids (HOA) and hydrophobic neutrals (HON) fractions of the secondary effluent were the key fractions related to anti-estrogenic activity. Coagulation with FeCl₃ and polyaluminium chloride (PAC) can remove the anti-estrogenic activity of the secondary effluents, but the removal efficiency was limited. The removal efficiency using FeCl₃ coagulant was higher than that induced by PAC. Dissolved organic carbon was continuously removed with increased coagulant dose (0–120 mg L⁻¹ FeCl₃ or 0–60 mg L⁻¹ PAC). However, the removal of anti-estrogenic activity was not enhanced further when the coagulant concentration was beyond a critical value (30 mg L⁻¹ FeCl₃ or 10 mg L⁻¹ PAC). The highest removal of anti-estrogenic activity was about 36% by FeCl₃ and 20% by PAC. Size exclusion chromatography results indicated difficulty in removing DOM with MW less than 3000 Da in the secondary effluent during coagulation even at a high coagulant concentration, which led to low removal efficiency of anti-estrogenic activity.     

聚硅硫酸铁混凝去除石化废水二级出水中有机污染物的研究

采用聚硅硫酸铁(PFSiS)混凝剂对石化废水二级出水进行了强化混凝实验,考察其对有机污染物的去除效果,并对不同时期的絮体微观结构进行了研究。结果表明,PFSiS可有效去除水中COD,当PFSiS投加量为40 mg/L(以Fe计),静置时间为120 min,COD去除率可达50%左右;絮体的微观结构为空间网状结构,随静置时间的延长,絮体密实程度提高,颜色加深。     

The effect of coagulation on the toxicity and mutagenicity of reclaimed municipal effluents

The objectives of this work were the assessment of the effectiveness of coagulation on the reclamation of secondary effluents and the evaluation of the quality of reclaimed waters by the examination of their ecotoxic and mutagenic properties. Aluminum coagulants resulted in higher removal of organic content, than iron coagulant, reaching up to 40%; the removal of heavy metals, such as zinc and copper was enhanced by the addition of a low strength anionic flocculant. The toxicity of pre-concentrated samples to the bacteria Vibrio fischerii was related to the heavy metal content, especially zinc and copper, indicating the significance of the metals bioavailability and their potential interactive effects. The secondary effluents exhibited mutagenic effects on strain TA 98; these effects were increased during coagulation with ferric chloride (both in absence and presence of flocculant). However, the addition of aluminum coagulants resulted in a decrease of mutagenic potential of secondary effluents, due to the extended removal of organic matter.     

混凝沉淀法处理含砷选矿废水

某钨矿含砷选矿废水砷含量高且砷以As(V)为主要存在形态,采用混凝沉淀法处理,详细考察了生石灰、硫酸亚铁和六水三氯化铁3种混凝剂对废水中砷的去除效果。实验结果表明,在PAM投加量40 mg/L,静沉时间60 min条件下,比较分析3种混凝剂对砷的去除效果,三氯化铁为最佳除砷混凝剂。三氯化铁最佳除砷工艺条件为:pH 7.5,三氯化铁投加量986.67 mg/L,混凝反应时间25 min,PAM投加量为40 mg/L,静沉60 min,含砷选矿废水经该工艺处理后,砷去除率可达99.14%,出水砷浓度降至0.361 mg/L,达到国家污水综合排放标准(GB8978-1996)。     

城市污水二级出水中溶解性有机物特性分析

分别采用凝胶色谱、亲疏水性组分分离、荧光色谱等方法,研究了城市污水处理厂二级出水中溶解性有机物的分子量分布、亲疏水组分含量以及荧光光谱特性。结果表明,二级出水中疏水性组分较亲水性组分多,疏水性组分约占总有机物的64.3%,而亲水性组分占35.7%左右;二级出水及其不同亲/疏水组分中溶解性有机物分子量分布基本集中在4.5 kDa以下,其中弱疏水性组分和亲水性组分中主要为分子量小于1.5 kDa的有机物;二级出水溶解性有机物中含有腐殖酸类、富里酸类以及蛋白质类物质,其中含量以腐殖酸类为主。     

Dissolved organic matter from treated effluent of a major wastewater treatment plant: characterization and influence on copper toxicity

A combination of reverse osmosis (RO) concentration and DAX-8/XAD-4 resin adsorption techniques is used to isolate the various constituents of urban dissolved organic matter (DOM) from inorganic salts. Three fractions: hydrophobic (HPO), transphilic (TPI) and hydrophilic (HPI) accounting respectively for 35%, 20% and 45% of extracted carbon, are isolated from effluents of a major French wastewater treatment plant. This atypical DOC distribution, in comparison with natural water where the HPO fraction dominates, shows the significance of HPI fraction which often gets neglected because of extraction difficulties. A number of analytical techniques (elemental, spectroscopic: UV, FTIR) allow highlighting the weak aromaticity of wastewater effluent DOM (EfOM) due to fewer degradation and condensation processes and the strong presence of proteinaceous structures indicative of intense microbial activity. Copper toxicity in the presence of DOM is estimated using an acute toxicity test on Daphnia Magna (Strauss). Results reveal the similar protective role of each EfOM fraction compared to reference Suwannee river fulvic acid despite lower EfOM aromaticity (i.e. specific UV absorbance). The environmental implications of these results are discussed with respect to the development of site-specific water quality criteria.     

聚合氯化铝铁的形态分布对微污染源水混凝效果的影响

针对微污染源水中浊度、叶绿素a等的强化去除问题,研究了碱化度、铝铁比和加碱方式等对聚合氯化铝铁形态分布的影响,并考察了形态分布与混凝除污效率和混凝沉淀出水中残铝浓度的关系.结果表明:在铁摩尔分数一定时,混凝剂中单体、中等聚合物和无定形凝胶含量与碱化度存在线性相关性,并推导出中等聚合物含量的计算公式;在碱化度一定时,混凝剂中单体、中等聚合物和无定形凝胶含量与铁摩尔分数也存在线性相关性;增加碱化度或降低铁摩尔分数,可以增加中等聚合物含量、降低单体含量,从而影响混凝除污效率和混凝沉淀后出水中残铝浓度.混凝实验结果表明,混凝过程中叶绿素a去除率和浊度去除率均与混凝剂中中等聚合物含量存在线性相关性,但两者相关系数不同.混凝沉淀后出水中残铝浓度与混凝剂中单体含量存在线性相关性.因此,预聚合的无机高分子混凝剂对提高混凝过程中的除浊、除藻效率,降低混凝沉淀后出水中残铝浓度具有重要的意义.