序批式活性污泥工艺生物脱氮现场试验

针对某污水处理厂序批式活性污泥工艺(SBR)升级改造中遇到的问题,进行了现场试验。分别研究了前置反硝化、前后同时反硝化工艺处理效果。结果表明:(1)SBR处理城市污水,COD、NH+4-N能够达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918—2002)一级A标准,但不能保证TN达标,其中碳源不足是关键因素。(2)补充葡萄糖作为外加碳源,可以保证TN达标。葡萄糖最优投加量为125mg/L,此时TN的去除率为76.1~83.8%,出水TN稳定在11~12mg/L。     

短程硝化反硝化工艺处理低C/N餐厨废水

针对餐厨废水的水质特点,提出低C/N下的短程硝化反硝化餐厨废水处理组合工艺。通过控制微氧区、好氧区DO分别为0.5 mg/L和2.5 mg/L;硝化液,微氧区混合液和污泥回流比分别为200%、100%和100%,可以实现NO-2-N累积率达到90%以上,COD、氨氮平均去除率为73.42%和98.57%。较低的C/N使得反硝化效果不佳,对反应器进水补充适量的甲醇作为碳源,在COD/TN约为4的情况下,以NO-2-N为主的反硝化可以使反应器对TN的去除率达到94%,出水各项指标符合相关排放标准,实现了餐厨废水高效和经济的生物脱氮。     

SBR工艺用于焦化纳滤浓盐水生物脱氮

以焦化废水超滤/纳滤/反渗透的"三膜法"深度处理工艺产生的高电导率纳滤(NF)浓盐水为研究对象,采用SBR脱氮工艺对NF浓盐水中有机污染物和总氮(TN)的去除性能进行了研究。实验结果表明,SBR脱氮工况为进水5min,缺氧搅拌8 h,好氧曝气12 h,静置2 h,出水5 min,闲置1 h 50 min,污泥浓度(MLSS)为3 000 mg/L左右时,TN平均去除率为45.45%,COD平均去除率为45.36%。通过烧杯实验研究了不同C/N比对反硝化脱氮效率的影响及其中氮形态的变化,在C/N为4∶1时,出水TN可降低至14.8 mg/L,其中NO-3-N为5.0 mg/L。研究结果证明,SBR可将电导率为12 000~16 000μS/cm的焦化纳滤浓盐水TN降低至15 mg/L以下。     

SBR用于焦化废水生物处理的试验研究

采用SBR工艺对焦化废水的有机物降解和生物脱氮进行了研究。试验结果表明,焦化废水的生物脱氮是以短程硝化/反硝化的途径存在的,而且在好氧阶段存在同时硝化/反硝化(SND)过程。好氧阶段的反硝化效率约占整个反应周期脱氮效率的37.0%。SBR反应器对NH3N的去除效率在95.8%～99.2%,COD的去除率在85.3%～92.6%。由于出水中NO2N的积累,NO2N对COD浓度贡献值得关注。     

SBR法短程硝化处理纤维素乙醇废水的中试研究

针对纤维素产乙醇废水高有机物、高氨氮、难降解的特点,运用短程硝化反硝化脱氮工艺,基于序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)的调试运行,研究反应器运行方式对COD去除和脱氮效能的影响,为日后纤维素乙醇废水处理的工程化提供借鉴。结果表明:通过控制DO(0.5 mg·L~(-1))、p H(7.6~8.5)和投加碳源等条件,可实现亚硝酸盐氮的积累和转化,最终三氮去除率稳定在70%以上;通过投加不同碳源对比实验,发现乙酸钠作为反硝化外加碳源比葡萄糖具有更高的效率;厌氧工艺处理过的纤维素乙醇废水经短程硝化反硝化工艺处理后,COD去除率维持在20%上下,表明废水可生化性极低,已不适应生物法处理,须利用化学氧化法才能进一步去除;通过周期实验,发现硝化阶段碱度过量对短程硝化进程影响并不明显,相反充足的碱度是保证硝化反应进行的必要条件。     

以玉米芯为外加碳源的SBBR脱氮特性

针对低碳氮比生活污水总氮去除效果不佳的问题,以玉米芯作为SBBR生物载体和外加碳源,开展同步硝化反硝化脱氮特性研究。主要考察了碳源投加比及曝气时间对脱氮效果的影响。在最佳碳源投加比为1∶80、最适曝气时间为5.5 h时,出水COD、TN、NH_3-N分别为48.95、6.25和1.01 mg/L,满足城镇污水厂一级A排放标准。研究表明,采用玉米芯为外加碳源,可实现固体碳源释碳与反硝化需碳的平衡,有效增强低碳氮比污水的脱氮效果,同时能够保证出水COD满足排放标准。     

侧流除磷ERP-SBR新工艺中生物脱氮及影响因素研究

侧流除磷ERP-SBR新工艺在进水COD=338～527 mg/L、TN=40～60 mg/L、TP=8～11 mg/L的水质条件下,出水COD≤39 mg/L、NH3-N≤1.8 mg/L、TN≤5.8 mg/L、TP≤0.29 mg/L,且72%的总氮损失发生在好氧曝气阶段.在分析影响该工艺生物脱氮因素时发现:SBR反应器的DO时间分布是影响好氧生物脱氮和缺氧内碳源反硝化的重要因素;侧流除磷工艺特有的高浓度活性污泥、颗粒大且密实的污泥絮体有利于形成好氧生物脱氮过程所需要的微环境;控制较长的污泥龄有利于提高系统的好氧脱氮能力,SRT与好氧脱氮率之间具有良好的线性关系:ηODN(%)=0.89×SRT-5.74.     

某污水处理厂A2/O工艺冬季生物反硝化过程的影响因素研究

针对污水处理厂冬季反硝化脱氮效率不佳的问题,以常州市某污水处理厂A~2/O工艺为研究对象,模拟探讨了不同外加碳源、碳源投加量、溶解氧(DO)和硝态氮浓度对生物处理系统反硝化脱氮能力的影响。结果表明,外加有机碳源对系统的反硝化效能有明显的强化效果。3种外加有机碳源(乙酸、乙醇和乙酸钠)中,乙酸为最佳碳源。当乙酸投加量为40mg/L时,系统反硝化脱氮效率最高,比反硝化速率可达1.964mg/(g·h),反硝化碳耗最少,为7.14 mg/mg。DO与比反硝化速率成反比,DO≤0.20mg/L时,反硝化能力最强。硝态氮初始质量浓度为20mg/L左右时,反硝化能力最强。在实际工程应用中,可以通过提高硝化效果或直接调整回流比实现反硝化脱氮最优条件,将有助于提高系统的冬季脱氮效果。     

脉冲式SBR法深度脱氮及在线控制的中试实验研究

通过考察脉冲式SBR法处理城镇生活污水时有机物降解、硝化和反硝化反应中DO、氧化还原电位(ORP)及pH的变化规律,建立了这些控制参数与有机物去除、硝化与反硝化反应过程中主要污染物指标间的相关关系.在此基础上,建立脉冲式SBR法深度脱氮的模糊控制系统,更加有效地控制脉冲式SBR法多段进水的运行方式,达到深度脱氮的目的,并尽可能降低运行成本.当进水COD在130.0～243.6 mg/L、NH 4-N在55.98～76.40 mg/L时,在原水中反硝化碳源充足情况下,脉冲式SBR法反硝化结束时最终出水COD低于40 mg/L,NH 4-N低于1.0 mg/L,TN低于3·0 mg/L.     

SBR用于焦化废水生物处理的试验研究

采用SBR工艺对焦化废水的有机物降解和生物脱氮进行了研究。试验结果表明，焦化废水的生物脱氮是以短程硝化／反硝化的途径存在的，而且在好氧阶段存在同时硝化／反硝化(SND)过程。好氧阶段的反硝化效率约占整个反应周期脱氮效率的37.0％。SBR反应器对NH3-N的去除效率在95.8％～99．2％，COD的去除率在85．3％～92．6％。由于出水中NO2-N的积累，NO2-N对COD浓度贡献值得关注。     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Leaching of seven pesticides currently used in cotton crop in Mato Grosso State—Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the leaching of pesticides and the applicability of the Attenuation Factor (AF) Model to predict their leaching. The leaching of carbofuran, carbendazim, diuron, metolachlor, α and β endosulfan and chlorpyrifos was studied in an Oxisol using a field experiment lysimeter located in Dom Aquino – Mato Grosso. The samples of percolated water were collected by rain event and analyzed. Chemical and physical soil attributes were determined before pesticide application to the plots. The results showed that carbofuran was the pesticide that presented a higher leaching rate in the studied soil, so was the one representing the highest contamination potential. From the total carbofuran applied in the soil surface, around 6 % leached below 50 cm. The other pesticides showed lower mobility in the studied soil. The calculated values to AF were 7.06E-12 (carbendazim), 5.08E-03 (carbofuran), 3.12E-17 (diuron), 6.66E-345 (α-endosulfan), 1.47E-162 (β-endosulfan), 1.50E-06 (metolachlor), 3.51E-155 (chlorpyrifos). AF Model was useful to classify the pesticides' potential for contamination; however, that model underestimated pesticide leaching.     

Endosulfan in China 2—emissions and residues

Background, aim, and scope  Endosulfan is one of the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and also a candidate to be included in a group of new persistent organic pollutants (UNEP 2007). The first national endosulfan usage inventories in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution has been reported in an accompanying paper. In the second part of the paper, we compiled the gridded historical emissions and soil residues of endosulfan in China from the usage inventories. Based on the residue/emission data, gridded concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese soil and air have been calculated. These inventories will provide valuable data for the further study of endosulfan. Methods  Emission and residue of endosulfan were calculated from endosulfan usage by using a simplified gridded pesticide emission and residue model—SGPERM, which is an integrated modeling system combining mathematical model, database management system, and geographic information system. By using the emission and residue inventories, annual air and soil concentrations of endosulfan in each cell were determined. Results and discussion  Historical gridded emission and residue inventories of α- and β-endosulfan in agricultural soil in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution have been created. Total emissions were around 10,800 t, with α-endosulfan at 7,400 t and β-endosulfan at 3,400 t from 1994 to 2004. The highest residues were 140 t for α-endosulfan and 390 t for β-endosulfan, and the lowest residues were 0.7 t for α-endosulfan and 170 t for β-endosulfan in 2004 in Chinese agricultural soil where endosulfan was applied. Based on the emission and residue inventories, concentrations of α- and β-endosulfan in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were also calculated for each grid cell. We have estimated annual averaged air concentrations and the annual minimum and maximum soil concentrations across China. The real concentrations will be different from season to season. Although our model does not consider the transport of the insecticide in the atmosphere, which could be very important in some areas during some special time, the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil derived from the endosulfan emission and residue inventories are in general consistent with the published monitoring data. Conclusions  To our knowledge, this work is the first inventory of this kind for endosulfan published on a national scale. Concentrations of the chemical in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were calculated for each grid cell. Results show that the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil agree reasonably well with the monitoring data in general. Recommendations and perspectives  The gridded endosulfan emission/residue inventories and also the air and soil concentration inventories created in this study will be updated upon availability of new information, including usage and monitoring data. The establishment of these inventories for the OCP is important for both scientific communities and policy makers.     

Impact of spiked concentrations of Cd,Pb, As and Zn in growth medium on elemental uptake of Nasturtium officinale (Watercress)

This study is aimed at investigating the impact of water quality on the uptake and distribution of three non-essential and toxic elements, namely, As, Cd and Pb in the watercress plant to assess for metal toxicity. The plant was hydroponically cultivated under greenhouse conditions, with the growth medium being spiked with varying concentrations of As, Cd and Pb. Plants that were harvested weekly for elemental analysis showed physiological and morphological symptoms of toxicity on exposure to high concentrations of Cd and Pb. Plants exposed to high concentrations of As did not survive and the threshold for As uptake in watercress was established at 5 ppm. Translocation factors were low in all cases as the toxic elements accumulated more in the roots of the plant than the edible leaves. The impact of Zn on the uptake of toxic elements was also evaluated and Zn was found to have an antagonistic effect on uptake of both Cd and Pb with no notable effect on uptake of As. The findings indicate that phytotoxicity or death of the watercress plant would prevent it from being a route of human exposure to high concentrations of As, Cd and Pb in the environment.     

Butyltin compounds in sediment and fish from the Polish Coast of the Baltic Sea

Concentrations of mono- (MBT), di- (DBT), and tri-(TBT) butyltin compounds were measured in eggs, liver, and muscle of nine species of fish from four regions of the Baltic Sea - the Firth of Vistula, the Gulf of Gdańsk, Puck Bay, and the mouth of the Vistula River. The overall concentration ranges among all the fish sampled from the four sites were: < 7 to 79 ng/g for MBT, 6 to 1100 ng/g for DBT, 7 to 3600 ng/g for TBT, and 16 to 4800 ng/g for total BTs, on a wet wt basis. The highest concentration of total BTs was found in herring liver from the Firth of Vistula (4800 ng/g, wet wt) and in roach muscle from Puck Bay (3300 ng/g, wet wt), while the least concentration was found in burbot eggs and liver from the Vistula River (39 and 32 ng/g, wet wt, respectively). TBT was the major form of BTs present in most samples analyzed. Sediment samples collected from shipyards in the Gulf of Gdańsk contained butyltin concentrations ranging from 1.2 to 46 μg/g (dry wt) for MBT, 2.0 to 42 μg/g for DBT, and 2.6 to 40 μg/g for TBT. As with the fish, the majority of the BTs in sediment were present as TBT, which suggested recent exposure of the aquatic environment of the region to TBT.     

Malathion-induced sublethal toxicity on the hematology of cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis)

The effect of malathion [diethyl(dimethoxythiophosphorylthio)succinate] at sublethal concentration (0.006 ppm) on hematological parameters of the cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis) was studied for 24 hrs to 240 hrs of exposure and remarkable hematological alterations were observed. The study on hematological parameters revealed a highly significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the total erythrocytes count in malathion-exposed animals from 24 hours to 96 hrs of exposure as compared to control. Significant decreases (P < 0.01) of hemoglobin and packed cell volume were also observed from 48 hrs to 240 hrs. A significant increase (P < 0.01) in leucocytes count was noted throughout the exposure period. Elevated numbers of lymphocytes and eosinophils as found in the present study revealed lymphocytosis as well as eosinophilia, suggesting that this was a result of direct stimulation of the immunological defense due to the presence of a toxic substance or may be associated with tissue damage. The cytomorphological and cytopathological study of erythrocytes and leucocytes in malathion-exposed frogs at 0.006 ppm concentration revealed various cytotoxic effects at different exposure times. It was noted that the size and the shape of the erythrocytes were subjected to variation in different blood disorders.     

Relation between forest vegetation, atmospheric deposition and site conditions at regional and European scales

Several monitoring programs have been set up to assess effects of atmospheric deposition on forest ecosystems. The aim of the present study was to evaluate effects on the understorey vegetation, based on the first round of a regional (the Netherlands) and a European forest monitoring program. A multivariate statistical analysis showed surprisingly similar results for both data sets; the vegetation appeared to be largely determined by the ‘traditional’ factors soil, climate, and tree species, but there was a small but statistically significant effect of atmospheric deposition. The effects of deposition include a slight shift towards nitrophytic species at high N deposition in the European network, and towards acidophytic species at high S-deposition in the Dutch network. The relatively small effect of atmospheric deposition is understandable in view of the very large natural variation in environmental conditions. Time series of both vegetation and environment are needed to assess deposition effects in detail.     

Influence of crop residues on trifluralin mineralization in a silty clay loam soil

Trifluralin is typically applied onto crop residues (trash, stubble) at the soil surface, or onto the bare soil surface after the incorporation of crop residues into the soil. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of the type and amount of crop residues in soil on trifluralin mineralization in a Wellwood silty clay loam soil. Leaves and stubble of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) (P); Canola (Brassica napus) (C), Wheat (Triticum aestivum) (W), Oats (Avena sativa), (O), and Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) (A) were added to soil microcosms at rates of 2%, 4%, 8% and 16% of the total soil weight (25 g). The type and amount of crop residues in soil had little influence on the trifluralin first-order mineralization rate constant, which ranged from 3.57E-03 day^?1 in soil with 16% A to 2.89E-02 day^?1 in soil with 8% W. The cumulative trifluralin mineralization at 113 days ranged from 1.15% in soil with 16% P to 3.21% in soil with 4% C, again demonstrating that the observed differences across the treatments are not of agronomic or environmental importance.     

Concurrent nitrate and Fe(III) reduction during anaerobic biodegradation of phenols in a sandstone aquifer

The biodegradation of phenols (5, 60, 600 mg l⁻¹) under anaerobic conditions (nitrate enriched and unamended) was studied in laboratory microcosms with sandstone material and groundwater from within an anaerobic ammonium plume in an aquifer. The aqueous phase was sampled and analyzed for phenols and selected redox sensitive parameters on a regular basis. An experiment with sandstone material from specific depth intervals from a vertical profile across the ammonium plume was also conducted. The miniature microcosms used in this experiment were sacrificed for sampling for phenols and selected redox sensitive parameters at the end of the experiment. The sandstone material was characterized with respect to oxidation and reduction potential and Fe(II) and Fe(III) speciation prior to use for all microcosms and at the end of the experiments for selected microcosms.The redox conditions in the anaerobic microcosms were mixed nitrate and Fe(III) reducing. Nitrate and Fe(III) were apparently the dominant electron acceptors at high and low nitrate concentrations, respectively. When biomass growth is taken into account, nitrate and Fe(III) reduction constituted sufficient electron acceptor capacity for the mineralization of the phenols observed to be degraded even at an initial phenols concentration of 60 mg l⁻¹ (high) in an unamended microcosm, whereas nitrate reduction alone is unlikely to have provided sufficient electron acceptor capacity for the observed degradation of the phenols in the unamended microcosm.For microcosm systems, with solid aquifer materials, dissolution of organic substances from the solid material may occur. A quantitative determination of the speciation (mineral types and quantity) of electron acceptors associated with the solids, at levels relevant for degradation of specific organic compounds in aquifers, cannot always be obtained. Hence, complete mass balances of electron acceptor consumption for specific organic compounds degradation are difficult to confine. For aquifer materials with low initial Fe(II) content, Fe(II) determinations on solids and in aqueous phase samples may provide valuable information on Fe(III) reduction. However, in microcosms with natural sediments and where electron acceptors are associated with the sediments, complete mass-balances for substrates and electron acceptors are not likely to be obtained.