竹粉含量对竹浆造纸白泥/聚氯乙烯复合材料性能的影响

以竹粉、竹浆造纸白泥和聚氯乙烯为原料,采用铝酸酯偶联剂对竹粉和竹浆造纸白泥进行改性处理,通过热压成型技术制备竹浆造纸白泥/聚氯乙烯复合材料,研究竹粉含量对复合材料密度、力学性能、尺寸稳定性和阻燃性能的影响,并通过XRD、扫描电镜和红外光谱对竹浆造纸白泥进行表征。结果表明:偶联剂与竹浆造纸白泥产生了化学作用;竹粉含量在一定范围内时,对复合材料的力学性能具有一定的增强效果,但其尺寸稳定性能和阻燃性能随竹粉含量的增加而下降;当竹粉含量为10%时,复合材料的密度为1.03 g·cm~(-3),拉伸强度为4.84 MPa,拉伸断裂伸长率为2.84%,弯曲强度11.83 MPa,弯曲模量为8 883.33 MPa,24 h TS为1.65%,24 h WA为5.16%,氧指数为38.6%,其综合性能较优,其中氧指数达到国家建筑材料阻燃等级B1级的要求。     

废环氧树脂/PVC复合材料的性能

将废环氧树脂与聚氯乙烯(PVC)共混,采用模压工艺制备复合材料。通过正交实验,讨论废环氧树脂添加量、硅烷偶联剂KH-550用量、模压时间3个因素对复合材料力学性能的影响大小,得到其优化条件。在正交实验所得优化条件基础之上,研究单因素对复合材料的影响,最终确定实验的最优方案。结果表明:当模压时间10 min,废环氧树脂添加量70%,硅烷偶联剂用量2份时,复合材料的力学性能达到最优,冲击强度为10.49 kJ/m2,拉伸强度为62.24 MPa。     

CNTS接枝改性废EP/PVC复合材料的研究

分析了废EP/PVC复合材料的接枝改性机理,向废环氧树脂(EP)粉末中加入碳纳米管(CNTS)并进行超声波振荡处理后与PVC混合制备复合材料。复合材料经模压成型后,研究其力学性能特征,并通过扫描电子显微镜对其断面进行观察分析。结果表明:当CNTS添加比例为0.2%时复合材料的力学性能最佳,此时的弯曲强度为94.37 MPa,拉伸强度为43.0 MPa,冲击强度为13.875 k J/m2,较未添加CNTS时分别提高了30%、17.49%和4.13%。而废EP/CNTS混合材料的最佳超声处理时间为0.5 h。     

不同助剂增韧改性W-EP/PVC复合材料性能

采用不同的助剂(MBS、CPE、NBR)对W-EP/PVC(废环氧树脂/PVC)复合材料进行增韧改性,并对改性后的复合材料进行表征。结果表明,单一助剂的添加可显著提高冲击强度,但拉伸强度有所降低;助剂的加入均会使共混体系流变性能有一定程度降低;粉末丁腈橡胶中丙烯腈含量影响复合材料力学性能。MBS和粉末丁腈橡胶P83的改性效果较好,两者组成的双改性剂具有协同作用,且MBS/P83添加比例为7/3时,复合材料性能达到最佳。     

混凝-酵母菌生物膜联合工艺处理三元驱采油废水

为解决三元驱采油废水的处理与回注问题,研究使用混凝预处理与特种产酸酵母菌生物膜法联合工艺对废水进行处理,再将酵母菌生物膜出水经过砂滤和超滤装置进行深度处理。探究pH,混凝剂种类和投加量等对混凝效果的影响,酵母菌生物膜工艺中外加碳源投加量对处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,将三元驱采油废水pH调至6.0左右,三氯化铁投加量600mg/L,外加碳源投加量1.0CODg/L时处理效果最佳。在进水COD为1850mg/L,粘度5.10MPa·s,SS256mg/L,含油量131mg/L,粒径中值105.25μm的情况下,经过混凝预处理和酵母菌生物膜处理后的COD、SS、含油量的去除率分别达到84.86%、85.55%和98.54%,粘度降至1.05MPa·s,经砂滤和超滤装置后,出水含油量0.5mg/L,SS1.0mg/L,粒径中值0.1μm,达到SYT5329-2012中渗透层注水标准。     

基于絮体生长特性和体系稳定性的海水混凝过程

以三氯化铁和聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDMDAAC)为主要原料,制备PFC-PDMDAAC复合絮凝剂,分析其形貌特征,考察对海水的絮凝效果,并监测絮凝过程中絮体聚集变化、动态沉降及不同温度下絮凝程度的变化规律.结果表明,PFC-PDMDAAC的长链枝权状结构使其具有较好的除浊效果;当投加量从1×10-5mol/L增加到2×10-4 mol/L,体系中絮体平均粒径从5.92 μm增大至53.7 μm,粒径变化速率从65.5133 μm/min增加到5 385.66 μm/min;絮凝指数FI受海水温度的影响很大,温度越低,FI曲线上升越缓慢;与未投絮凝剂、投加PFC相比,投加PFC-PDMDAAC的海水体系具有较大的稳定动力学参数.通过定量分析絮体平均粒径、粒径变化速率、絮凝指数FI及稳定动力学参数等,从絮体特性和体系稳定动力学角度为监测混凝过程提供参考.     

PLA、PPC或PBAT与2次改性小麦秸秆全降解复合材料的力学性能与生态风险

制作复合材料是小麦秸秆资源化利用的有效途径之一。小麦秸秆的改性处理对制成的复合材料力学性能有很大影响,且不同的基体材料与小麦秸秆制成的复合材料性能也有所不同。以聚乳酸(PLA)、聚碳酸亚丙酯(PPC)、聚己二酸(PBAT)为基体材料,分别以改性前或碱处理及偶联剂方法 2次改性后的小麦秸秆纤维为增强材料,采用压缩成型工艺制备了6种全降解复合材料,并对制成的6种复合材料进行了力学性能测试与比对;分析了3种改性后小麦秸秆制成的全降解复合材料的降解性能,并通过种子发芽实验研究了它们的浸提液的潜在生态风险。结果表明,2次改性小麦秸秆与基体材料制成的复合材料,其力学性能较原始秸秆与基体材料制成的复合材料有明显的增强,其拉伸、弯曲、冲击强度均有20%~50%的提升。3种可降解材料降解率由大到小的顺序为:PLA全降解复合材料PBAT全降解复合材料PPC全降解复合材料。质量分数1%的3种全降解复合材料浸提液对种子发芽过程基本不造成影响。     

蒲绒-芦苇机械混合复合材料的吸油性能

2010年本实验室开始生物质对柴油的吸附实验,和前人的结论一致,生物质热改性后其吸油和漂浮性能提高,但成本增加很多。受到前人复合吸油材料的启发,2012年开展了蒲绒-芦苇机械混合复合材料吸油和漂浮性能的研究,并采用正交实验对影响除油效果的因素进行优化。结果表明,蒲绒-芦苇复合材料较之芦苇吸油性能提高,且比各组分的叠加饱和吸油量还高。震荡使芦苇的漂浮率明显降低,但对蒲绒及复合材料的影响较小。正交实验结果显示,投加量0.7g,油膜厚度0.55 mm,不震荡时,蒲绒除油最佳;在相同条件下,粒径为380~500μm的芦苇除油最佳,蒲绒和该粒径的芦苇按质量比为1∶4混合成的复合材料的除油效果最佳。     

响应面法优化Fenton试剂法处理槟榔废水

本实验研究了Fenton试剂法处理槟榔废水的工艺条件。基于Box-Behnken响应曲面法,考察了初始p H值、双氧水投加量、硫酸亚铁投加量和反应时间的单独作用和交互作用,并建立了TOC去除率数学模型。实验表明,在初始p H值为5,双氧水投加量为50 mg/L,硫酸亚铁投加量为12.5 g/L,反应时间为120 min,0.2%PAM加入量为0.2 m L时,整个反应过程对TOC去除率可达到64.1%。通过Box-Behnken响应曲面可知,双氧水投加量、硫酸亚铁投加量的交互作用对TOC去除率有显著影响,其中双氧水投加量对TOC去除率的影响极显著。Fenton试剂处理槟榔废水最佳的工艺条件为:双氧水投加量为54.2 m L/L,硫酸亚铁投加量12.55 g/L,初始p H值为4.98,反应时间为103.5 min。在此条件下TOC去除率为70.18%。     

用废玻璃和废铝制备耐磨复合材料的工艺研究

以废玻璃和废铝为原料,采用搅拌浇铸法制备玻璃/铝基废弃物复合材料.研究了玻璃颗粒形态、粒径、含量及制备工艺(温度、搅拌方式、时间)对复合材料微观组织和力学性能(如抗拉强度、耐磨强度)的影响.结果表明,玻璃颗粒较均匀地分布于铝基体中,界面结合良好;玻璃颗粒质量分数为10%～15%时,与铝基体相比,复合材料的耐磨性能提高较...     

Surface modification of phosphogypsum and application in polyolefin composites

Phosphogypsum (PG) is one of solid wastes with large amount of yield and serious pollution, which has attracted wide attention. The aim of this study is to investigate filling performance of PG on polypropylene (PP) or high-density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix. In this work, PG was calcined initially to improve whiteness and fix impurities. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that after calcined at 500 °C, the PG phase changed from CaSO₄·2H₂O to CaSO₄. The modification effects of the three modifiers were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), oil absorption value, water floatability, and contact angle analysis. The effects of weight fraction of PG in PP and HDPE matrix on mechanics and morphology were observed by tensile test, impact test, and scanning electron microscope. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that modified PG can be dispersed uniformly in the matrix at low filling content. With the increase of PG filling content, the analysis of mechanical properties showed that the tensile strength of HDPE matrix increased, while the tensile strength of PP matrix decreased gradually. The impact strength of HDPE matrix would decrease, but the impact strength of PP matrix increased first and then decreased. Compared with calcium carbonate (CC), the mechanical properties of HDPE filled with PG performed better. The apparent density showed that polymer composites filled with PG have the characteristics of light weight.

Graphical abstract

     

Encapsulation of nonmetallic fractions recovered from printed circuit boards waste with thermoplastic

The present work includes a process for encapsulation by combining substantially simultaneously dry nonmetallic printed circuit boards (PCBs) powder and recycled high-density polyethylene (rHDPE) in an extruder to form a homogenous matrix. The extruded materials were then molded into standard tensile, flexural, and impact properties testing specimens. Nonmetallic PCB mainly consists of large amount of glass fiber–reinforced epoxy resin materials. Incorporation of 50 wt% nonmetallic PCB in rHDPE matrix had increased the flexural strength and modulus by 35% and 130%, respectively. Tensile strength reported to be constant without much improvement. However, the Young’s modulus has increased by 180%, with incorporation of 50 wt% nonmetallic PCB. The addition of 6 phr (parts per hundred) maleated polyethylene (MAPE) resulted in 2-fold increase in tensile and flexural strength. Regarding the leaching properties, Cu was identified as the metal that leached at the highest level from the raw nonmetallic PCB, at 59.09 mg/L. However, after the nonmetallic PCB was filled in rHDPE/PCB composites, the concentration of Cu was reduced far below the regulatory limit, to only 3 mg/L. Thermal properties of composites were studied, and it was found out that incorporation of nonmetallic PCB fillers in rHDPE resulted in low thermal conductivity, whereas mechanical strength of the composites showed maximum improvements at 220 °C. Overall, the encapsulation technique using nonmetallic PCB waste has formed a monolithic waste form that provides a barrier to the dispersion of wastes into the environment.

ImplicationsNonmetallic materials reclaimed from waste PCBs were used to analyze the chemical composition, and it was found that nonmetalllic PCBs mainly consist of glass fiber–reinforced epoxy resin materials. With such millions of glass fibers in nonmetallic PCBs, there are mass-excellent supporting bodies that enhance the mechanical properties of composites. In fact, utilization of nonmetallic PCB waste as filler in composites can dramatically restrain the solubility of heavy metals in leachate solution, thus making it safe to be used in practical products.     

采用配方均匀设计法利用脱水污泥制备陶粒的研究

长期以来,对城市污水处理后产生的污泥处置一直是环保的难题,传统的处理处置方法均存在诸多问题,寻求一种好的处理处置污泥方法迫在眉睫。针对目前的问题运用带约束条件的配方均匀设计方法对粉煤灰-脱水污泥陶粒配方进行实验设计,运用三叶回转窑进行小试。研究了陶粒组分中粉煤灰、污泥、黏土的比例对烧成陶粒堆积密度、颗粒强度的影响;确定了最佳物料配比,使陶粒的性能测试指标均符合GB/17431.2-1998标准的规定。实验结果表明:烧制陶粒湿比例下脱水污泥用量达45%,干比例污泥用量15.2%,污泥减量化和资源化效果显著;陶粒浸出毒性实验结果表明各项指标均低于浸出液中危害成分浓度限值,达到了污泥无害化的效果;粉煤灰、污泥和黏土的优化质量(干)比例为79%,15.2%,5.8%;陶粒的堆积密度为600 kg/m3,筒压强度2.2 MPa,1 h吸水率10.2%,粒型系数1.3。     

Particleboard panels made with sugarcane bagasse waste—an exploratory study

The reuse of natural fibers, in order to manufacture a new product, is already becoming popular due to the generation of a series of advantages in social areas. Sugarcane bagasse is a set of tangled fibers of cellulose, produced in large quantities due to increased acreage and industrialization of sugarcane resulting from public and private investments in production aimed for the alcohol industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of producing sheet timber manufacture from the sugarcane bagasse, analyzing mechanical strength properties. A form of metal sheet for the molding of 12 specimens based on sugarcane bagasse and industrialized resin was made. Soon after molding, specimens were submitted to a three-point bending test, with the aid of a press. The analysis of the results allowed to conclude that the tensile strength and the modulus of elasticity did not obtain the minimum values recommended by the standard. The tensile strength must be improved to allow panels to be useful for ordinary strength applications.

     

Lightweight aggregate obtained from municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash sludge (MSWI-BAS) and its characteristics affected by single factor of sintering mechanism

ABSTRACT

To solve the disposal problem of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash sludge (MSWI-BAS), using it as the main raw material to prepare lightweight aggregates (LWA) for resource utilization. Sintering is an important process to achieve the desired microstructure and material properties. This paper investigates the characteristics of LWA affected by single factor of sintering mechanism (sintering temperature, heating rate and soaking time). Results show that sintering temperature increased from 1130°C to 1160°C caused high-density microstructure materials gradually formed in LWA, leading to particle strength increased from 0.1 MPa to 3.64 MPa, particle density showed an overall upward trend, reaching a maximum of 916 Kg/m³ at 1160°C, and 1 h water absorption reduced from 68% to 25%. The heating rate of 15 K/min was beneficial to the formation of dense phase structure which could increase the particle strength, and the water absorption rate reached the lowest at this time, while the particle density was less affected by heating rate. When soaking time extended from 5 min to 20 min, particle strength and compressive density were gradually increased, and 1 h water absorption showed an overall downward trend, indicating that a longer soaking time was not conducive to the retention of pores. This study demonstrates that the utilization of MSWI-BAS to make high-performance LWA is feasible, along with the preferable environmental and economic benefits.

Implications: MSWI-BAS were selected to produce lightweight aggregate (LWA), so that the sludge disposal problem is reduced. The effects of sintering temperature, heating rate and soaking time on the characteristics of LWA were investigated. Compact glass structures are formed at 1150°C and 1160°C which greatly improve the strength. The heating rate has little influence on the physical properties of LWA products. The particle density of LWA increases after the sintering soaking time reaches 15 minutes.     

Investigation on the effect of sintering temperature on kaolin hollow fibre membrane for dye filtration

Despite its extraordinary price, ceramic membrane can still be able to surpass polymeric membrane in the applications that require high temperature and pressure conditions, as well as harsh chemical environment. In order to alleviate the high cost of ceramic material that still becomes one of the major factors that contributes to the high production cost of ceramic membrane, various attempts have been made to use low cost ceramic materials as alternatives to well-known expensive ceramic materials such as alumina, silica, and zirconia in the fabrication of ceramic membrane. Thus, local Malaysian kaolin has been chosen as the ceramic material in this study for the preparation of kaolin hollow fibre membrane since it is inexpensive and naturally abundant in Malaysia. Due to the fact that the sintering process plays a prominent role in obtaining the desired morphology, properties, and performances of prepared ceramic membrane, the aim of this work was to study the effect of different sintering temperatures applied (ranging from 1200 to 1500 °C) in the preparation of kaolin hollow fibre membrane via dry/wet phase inversion-based spinning technique and sintering process. The morphology and properties of membrane were then characterised by SEM, AFM, FTIR, XRD, and three-point bending test, while the performances of membrane were investigated by conducting water permeation and Reactive Black 5 (RB5) dye rejection tests. From the experimental results obtained, the sintering temperature of 1400 °C could be selected as the optimum sintering temperature in preparing the kaolin hollow fibre membrane with the dense sponge-like structure of separation layer that resulted in the good mechanical strength of 70 MPa with the appreciable water permeation of 75 L/h m² bar and RB5 rejection of 68%.     

Stabilization of residues obtained from the treatment of laboratory waste: Part 2--transformation of plasma vitrified slag into composites

The Sustainable Environment Research Center of National Cheng Kung University in Taiwan has set up a treatment plant to dispose of laboratory waste. In the treatment process, the residue from the incineration system and the physical and chemical system is vitrified by a plasma melting system. Part 1 of this study described the treatment path of metals during vitrification. In Part 2, plasma vitrified slag is reused by using a molding technology. Unsaturated polyester resin and glass fiber were used as the molding material and additive, respectively, in the molding process. With an appropriate mixing ratio of unsaturated polyester resin, glass fiber, and slag, the physical properties of composites improved, and the ultimate tensile strength reached 17.6 MPa. However, an excess amount of slag reduced the strength and even retarded the production of composites. Differential thermal analysis and the water bathing test results show that the composite decomposed at 80 degrees C and that it vaporized at 187 degrees C. Although the unsaturated polyester resin decomposed, the metal encapsulated in the slag did not leach out. The results show that the reuse of slag using molding technology should be taken into consideration.     

Study of the effects of air pollution on textiles exposed to Cairo's ambient atmosphere

Cotton fabric (100% cotton) and synthetic fabric (65% polyester and 35% cotton) were exposed at five selected sites in urban and industrial districts in Cairo city for a period of 15 months. The changes in the physical properties of the exposed textiles were investigated. The results indicated that the tensile strength of all the exposed samples was decreased, for warp and weft directions by different ratios, at all sites as a function of time of exposure. The highest deterioration in tensile strength was 86.2%, detected for cotton samples exposed in the industrial area. The lowest percentage loss of tensile strength was 58%, detected in the purely residential area of low population density. The loss in tensile strength of synthetic textile samples ranged from 54 to 73%. The difference between the tensile strength for sheltered and unsheltered textile samples increased with increasing time of exposure, especially with increasing solar radiation intensity in the summer. The cotton fabric lost about 25% of its tensile strength, and the synthetic fabric lost about 19.5% of its tensile strength after 15 months exposure to direct solar radiation. The percentage loss of elongation (elasticity) for cotton and synthetic fabric ranged from 72% to 89% and from 67.2% to 88.2%, respectively. Several conclusions and recommendations are also given.     

Ecotoxicity and fungal deterioration of recycled polypropylene/wood composites: Effect of wood content and coupling

Recycled polypropylene (rPP) was recovered from an industrial shredder and composites were prepared with a relatively wide range of wood content and with two coupling agents, a maleated PP (MAPP) and a maleated ethylene-propylene-diene elastomer (MAEPDM). The mechanical properties of the composites showed that the coupling agents change structure only slightly, but interfacial adhesion quite drastically. The durability of the materials was determined by exposing them to a range of fungi and, ecotoxicity was studied on the aquatic organism Vibrio fischeri. The composites generally exhibit low acute toxicity, with values below the levels considered to have direct ecotoxic effect on aquatic ecosystems (<2 toxic units). Their toxicity to V. fischeri depended on the presence of the coupling agents with larger E₅₀ values in 24-h aqueous extracts from composites containing MAPP or MAEPDM in comparison to composites without any coupling agent. Evaluation of resistance against fungal colonization and deterioration proved that wood facilitates fungal colonization. Fungi caused slight mass loss (below 3%) but it was not correlated with substantial deterioration in material properties. MAPP seems to be beneficial in the retention of mechanical properties during fungal attack. rPP/wood composites can be considered non-ecotoxic and quite durable, but the influence of wood content on resistance to fungal attack must be taken into account for materials intended for applications requiring long-term outdoor exposure.