环境需求函数的建立及实证分析

以计量经济模型为手段,利用全国重点污染源的数据,从微观角度对中国工业企业的污染行为进行了经济分析,建立了企业污染控制费用函数和环境需求函数.同时,以2004年为例,针对水环境需求函数和大气环境需求函数进行了实证分析,阐述了排污收费对主要污染行业总固体悬浮物(TSS)、COD、烟尘、二氧化硫排放强度和排放量的影响,初步评估了排污收费等政策对污染控制的作用.     

对排污收费性质的探讨

自《中华人民共和国环境保护法(试行)》(以下简称环保法)颁布后,我市即根据《环保法》第十八条规定精神,对超标排放污染物的工矿企、事业单位实行收费。两年来的实践证明,排污收费对防治污染,保护环境以及环保部门的自身建设都起到了积极作用。但是,从理论上进行研究,阐明排污收费的性质还远远不够,这在某种意义上说,影响了排污收费的顺利进行。因此,对排污收费的性质进行探讨和研究是十分必要的。现在根据我市的排污收费情况,提出一些粗浅的看法。     

排污收费制度的一项重大改革

排污收费制度是根据“污染者负担”的原则制定的,排污收费运用价值规律的理论和体现经济利益的机制,强化环境管理,促进企业防治污染的一个独特的制度,是我国环境保护工作的一项重要的经济政策。征收的排污费纳入预算内,作为环境保护补助资金,按专项资金管理,实行专款专用,目前已成为治理污染最可靠的一条资金渠道,有力地促进了污染源的治理,对保护和改善环境起到了重要的作用。     

可交易水污染许可证发展现状与应用前景

可交易排污许可证在传统的排污许可证基础上，引入市场机制。不但对企业选择污染控制手段赋予更大的灵活性，而且可以大大节约水污染控制费用、剌激企业开发并建设更加经济有效的污染控制技术。国外十多年的研究和实践证明可交易排污许可证是一种经济而有效的环境管理手段。水污染排放许可证制度在我国的应用已有一定基础。在条件具备的地区可以引进可交易水污染物排放许可证制度，本文回顾了“可交易水污染许可证制度”的理论分析和国外实践，进而探讨在中国的应用前景     

总量收费促使企业积极治理削减污染排放

污染物总量控制是对污染源浓度控制的改革，有利于环境质量的改善，应运而生的排放污染物总量收费代替了排放污染物浓度收费，促进了总量控制工作的深入开展，调动了企业治理污染的积极性。总量收费政策执行时间不长，但已受其他政策制约。     

制订排污(水)收费标准的经济分析

关于排污收费的性质、意义、作用等问题,已有过不少专论和综述.本文仅从上海市排污(水)收费标准的制订过程,用经济分析的方法,对排污(水)收费标准的合理与否,作一个粗浅的探讨. 一、根据在排污收费工作中,最有争议的问题是收费标准,争议的焦点是标准的高低.收费标准     

结论

一、当前应用的经济 手段评价 经济手段的评价准则就是环境方面的效果、经济上的和管理意义上的效率和它们与制度结构的协调性(这主要是指与PPP原则的一致性)。以下对提出的经济手段施行领域作些总结,并根据这些准则评价它们所发挥的作用。 (一)收费 1.排污收费 排污收费在空气污染控制和废弃物管理     

水质系统要素分布及频数估计

水质系统中,常把污染源做为常规监测点。迄今为止,污染要素分布特征的表示方法、取样频数尚未做统一的部署。因此,污染源评价、排污收费、水质预测控制、规划管理工作仍很混乱。由于理论欠缺充分,结论难以保证正确可靠。 本文以化学纤维、胶片、造纸工业排放     

广东花都给达标企业安装污染投诉牌

广东省花都市有漂染、电镀等排放污水企业 70多家。经过几年的努力 ,大部分已完善了处理设施 ,污水经处理后可达标排放。但由于处理费用较高 ,部分企业为节省成本而有偷排现象。为有效杜绝污染企业的偷排行为 ,提高企业经营者和广大市民的环保意识 ,市环保局除了在企业内排污口竖上排污标识牌外 ,还在企业污水排至河流的出水口上设置监督牌 ,公布排污企业的名称和市环保局的污染投诉电话 ,鼓励群众对污染行为进行监督。一经发现企业有偷排污水行为 ,市环保局将依法严惩 ,同时按规定对举报者进行奖励。广东花都给达标企业安装污染投诉牌…     

GM（1,1）模型在排污收费中的应用

排污收费是环境管理的一项重要工作,也是环境管理水平在一定意义上的综合反映。它既与当地的经济发展水平有关,也与技术水平、管理措施、环境污染、社会等诸多因素有关。要准确定量地描述这些因素与排污收费的相关模型是极其困难的。因此,排污收费系统从本质上看是一个本征性灰色系统,排污收费额是系统的灰色量。笔者根据灰色系统理论建立排污收费预测模型,获得满意效果。     

New insights into corporate sustainability,environmental management and corporate financial performance in European Union: an application of VAR and Granger causality approach

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The paper examines how environmental, social, and governance (ESG), including management incentives, influence a firm’s financial performance....     

Acid Rain Emission Allowances and Future Capacity Growth in the Electric Utility Industry

While the new source emission offset provision contained in recent acid rain proposals would result in increasing utility costs over time, the demand for emission offsets from new powerplant units should be satisfied even under conditions of high future growth in electrical generating capacity. This is because the amount of emissions from new generating units will be small relative to the quantity of offsets that could be made available in the emission “allowance” market.

Under the President’s July 1989 proposal, most utilities would be able to reduce their emissions well below their allowance levels via fuel switching, the installation of control technology, or the use of other emission reduction techniques, in order to create more “headroom” for the construction of new generating units. Retirements and decreasing utilization of existing power plants over time would liberate other emission allowances for use by new units. Industrial sources could “opt in” to the acid rain program and provide allowances for new generating units as well. A number of provisions in the recently passed Senate and House bills would make still further sources of allowances available to offset emissions from new generating capacity.

Hoarding of allowances by utilities is unlikely to be a problem since allowances would be distributed to at least 88 utilities in 34 states, and many of these utilities would have the ability to cost-effectively free up more allowances through “overcontrol” than they would need to cover their own future growth. Even a relatively small number of utilities in a limited number of states would have the ability to supply all of the allowances needed to cover new capacity growth from those entities that could not otherwise provide their own offsets. At projected prices of up to $800/ton, the incentives for utilities to sell allowances would be considerable. Moreover, if hoarding did begin to occur, the price of allowances would respond by rising to higher levels and the incentives for utilities to sell allowances would become even more compelling, as greater opportunities would develop for reducing costs (and electricity rates).     

Air Levels and Mutagenicity of PM-10 in an Indoor Ice Arena

Abstract

Hazardous waste sites and industrial facilities contain area sources of fugitive emissions. Emission rate measurements or estimates are necessary for air pathway assessments for these sources. Emission rate data can be useful for the design of emission control and remediation strategies as well as for predictive modeling for population exposure assessments. This paper describes the use of a direct emission measurement approach – the enclosure approach using an emission isolation flux chamber – to measure emission rates of various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from contaminated soil and water. A variety of flux chamber equipment designs and operating procedures have been employed by various researchers. This paper contains a review of the design and operational variables that affect the accuracy and precision of the method. Guidance is given as to the optimum flux chamber design and operating conditions for various types of emission sources. Also presented is a generic quality control program that gives the minimum number of duplicate, blank, background, and repeat samples that should be performed.     

Offsetting Stationary Source Emissions with Transportation Control Measures

Since passage of the 1977 Amendments to the Clean Air Act, comprehensive transportation planning integrating air quality attainment and maintenance with land use controls has been a major objective. Likewise, economic strategies utilizing the market potential of emission control techniques have come to the forefront as preferable control strategies. Some of these techniques include: 1) emission density zoning in which some pollution is allowed in certain areas while others are kept clean; 2) emission fees whereby cost of emission discharge would be calculated and charged to a source according to a structured market cost benefit; and 3) direct and indirect source review whereby emission increments due to additional or more effective control techniques on one source could be sold to other sources. This technique is known as offsetting emissions or as the emission offset policy.     

Emissions from carpet combustion in a pilot-scale rotary kiln: comparison with coal and particle-board combustion

The use of post-consumer carpet as a potential fuel substitute in cement kilns and other high-temperature processes is being considered to address the problem of huge volumes of carpet waste and the opportunity of waste-to-energy recovery. Carpet represents a high volume waste stream, provides high energy value, and contains other recoverable materials for the production of cement. This research studied the emission characteristics of burning 0.46-kg charges of chopped nylon carpet squares, pulverized coal, and particle-board pellets in a pilot-scale natural gas-fired rotary kiln. Carpet was tested with different amounts of water added. Emissions of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitric oxide (NO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and total hydrocarbons and temperatures were continuously monitored. It was found that carpet burned faster and more completely than coal and particle board, with a rapid volatile release that resulted in large and variable transient emission peaks. NO emissions from carpet combustion ranged from 0.06 to 0.15 g/MJ and were inversely related to CO emissions. Carpet combustion yielded higher NO emissions than coal and particle-board combustion, consistent with its higher nitrogen content. SO2 emissions were highest for coal combustion, consistent with its higher sulfur content than carpet or particle board. Adding water to carpet slowed its burn time and reduced variability in the emission transients, reducing the CO peak but increasing NO emissions. Results of this study indicate that carpet waste can be used as an effective alternative fuel, with the caveats that it might be necessary to wet carpet or chop it finely to avoid excessive transient puff emissions due to its high volatility compared with other solid fuels, and that controlled mixing of combustion air might be used to control NO emissions from nylon carpet.     

A method to estimate emission rates from industrial stacks based on neural networks

This paper presents a technique based on artificial neural networks (ANN) to estimate pollutant rates of emission from industrial stacks, on the basis of pollutant concentrations measured on the ground. The ANN is trained on data generated by the ISCST3 model, widely accepted for evaluation of dispersion of primary pollutants as a part of an environmental impact study. Simulations using theoretical values and comparison with field data are done, obtaining good results in both cases at predicting emission rates. The application of this technique would allow the local environment authority to control emissions from industrial plants without need of performing direct measurements inside the plant.     

Federal Regulations for New Source Performance Standards

Section 111 of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 authorizes the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to impose emission standards (NSPS) on those stationary sources that are determined to be significant contributors to air pollution and that consequently endanger the public health or welfare. In five years EPA promulgated 19 final and 1 proposed NSPS for stationary sources. Section 112 of the Act authorizes EPA to promulgate national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAPS). EPA promulgated three final and 1 proposed regulation under Section 112. In addition, EPA promulgated NSPS for three "designated" pollutants from specific sources under Section Hid. EPA’s use of Section 111 and 112 authority provides for a quick response emission control program compared to the relatively slow process of establishing additional ambient air quality standards and having the states adopt implementation plans (Section 109). Three court cases, argued in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, established basic guidelines for future promulgation of NSPS although certain legal actions are still pending. Proposed amendments to the Clean Air Act would further broaden and strengthen EPA’s direct regulatory authority.     

固定源氮氧化物排放及控制技术应用

固定源是氮氧化物排放的一个主要来源。通过对主要固定源氮氧化物生成机理及现有的排放控制技术进行论述，分析我国固定源氮氧化物排放的实际情况，提出我国固定源氮氧化物排放控制还处于起步阶段，氮氧化物排放标准相对宽松，氮氧化物排放控制技术有待进一步普及，并提出固定源氮氧化物排放治理的一些建议。     

An investigation on the physical,chemical and ecotoxicological characteristics of particulate matter emitted from light-duty vehicles

Particulate matter (PM) emitted from three light-duty vehicles was studied in terms of its physicochemical and ecotoxicological character using Microtox^® bioassay tests. A diesel vehicle equipped with an oxidation catalyst emitted PM which consisted of carbon species at over 97%. PM from a diesel vehicle with a particle filter (DPF) consisted of almost equal amounts of carbon species and ions, while a gasoline vehicle emitted PM consisting of ～90% carbon and ～10% ions. Both the DPF and the gasoline vehicles produced a distinct nucleation mode at 120 km/h. The PM emitted from the DPF and the gasoline vehicles was less ecotoxic than that of conventional diesel, but not in direct proportion to the emission levels of the different vehicles. These results indicate that PM emission reductions are not equally translated into ecotoxicity reductions, implying some deficiencies on the actual environmental impact of emission control technologies and regulations.     

固定源氮氧化物排放及控制技术应用

固定源是氮氧化物排放的一个主要来源.通过对主要固定源氮氧化物生成机理及现有的排放控制技术进行论述,分析我国固定源氮氧化物排放的实际情况,提出我国固定源氮氧化物排放控制还处于起步阶段,氮氧化物排放标准相对宽松,氮氧化物排放控制技术有待进一步普及,并提出固定源氮氧化物排放治理的一些建议.