响应面法和神经网络优化Acinetobactersp．DNS32发酵基质

为了提高阿特拉津降解菌Acinetobactersp．DNS32的产量，分别采用响应曲面法和基于人工神经网络的遗传算法对阿特拉津降解菌DNS32发酵培养基中3个重要基质成分（玉米粉、豆饼粉、K：HPO。）进行优化研究。响应曲面法确定3种成分的含量为玉米粉39．494g／L，豆饼粉25．638g／L和K。HPO。3．265g／L时，预测发酵活菌最大生物量为7．079×10^8CFU／mL，实测量为7．194×10^8CFU／mL；人工神经网络结合遗传算法优化确定3种主要成分含量为玉米粉为39．650g／L，豆饼粉为25．500g／L，K2HPO4为2．624g／L时，预测最大值为7．199×10^8CFU／mL，实测量为7．244×10。CFU／mL；最终确定培养基配方：玉米粉为39．650g／L，豆饼粉为25．500g／L，K2HPO4为2．624g／L，CaCO3为3．000g／L，MgSO4·7H2O和NaCl均为0．200g／L；优化后阿特拉津降解菌DNS32发酵生物量比优化前提高了36．6％。结果表明，在阿特拉津降解菌DNS32发酵培养基组分优化方面，响应面法和基于人工神经网络的遗传算法都是可行的，基于人工神经网络的遗传算法具有更好的拟合度和预测准确度。     

高效阿特拉津降解菌株DNS10降解条件优化

从长期施用阿特拉津的寒地黑土耕层(0～10 cm)土壤中筛选到一株能以除草剂阿特拉津为氮源生长的降解菌株,结合16S rRNA序列分析结果,将该菌株命名为Arthrobacter sp.DNS10。在接种量为108CFU/mL的条件下,菌株DNS10在24 h内对100 mg/L阿特拉津的降解率为99.41%。单因子实验结果表明,菌株DNS10适宜生长和降解的条件范围是:温度25～35℃,pH值5.0～8.0,培养液盐度0.1%～2%,对阿特拉津最大耐受浓度可达1 200 mg/L。正交实验法进一步表明,该菌株保持较好生长及降解能力的最优方案是温度30℃,pH值7.5,培养液盐度0.5%。影响其降解能力的环境因素的主次顺序依次是:温度>盐度>pH值。     

饮用水原水中微量阿特拉津去除方法试验研究

饮用水中微量有机物的污染是关系饮用水生态安全的重要问题。以饮用水中微量的内分泌干扰类除草剂阿特拉津为研究对象，分别采用微生物降解技术和光催化氧化技术对其进行降解，考察温度对阿特拉津降解效果的影响。研究结果表明：阿特拉津浓度为1 mg/L时，3种温度条件下，除锰功能菌MB4对阿特拉津均有明显的去除效果，降解时间为7 d时，阿特拉津的去除率达到65%。底物浓度为200 μg/L，3种温度条件下，活性炭负载二氧化钛（TiO₂/PAC）催化剂光降解阿特拉津30 min时，其去除率均达到90%。光催化氧化技术协同微生物降解技术在饮用水中微量的内分泌干扰物的去除中有广阔的应用前景。     

水中腐殖酸可见光降解阿特拉津的动力学研究

探讨了天然水体中存在的腐殖酸(HA)可见光降解水中阿特拉津的动力学特征和影响因素。结果表明,pH对HA可见光降解阿特拉津具有明显影响,水中HA质量浓度为5.0mg/L时,pH为3、5、7、9的条件下,受可见光照6.00h后阿特拉津(初始质量浓度5mg/L)的去除率分别为75.5%、77.3%、91.7%、84.9%,中性条件下阿特拉津可见光降解效果最佳;当HA质量浓度分别为1.5、3.0、5.0、10.0mg/L时,HA对水中阿特拉津的可见光降解均表现为促进作用,且降解过程符合一级反应动力学方程,其一级反应动力学常数分别为0.337 0、0.361 4、0.445 4、0.314 6h-1,HA为5.0mg/L时阿特拉津的可见光降解效果最佳。实际应用中,可以通过优化HA与阿特拉津的浓度比值,发挥HA促进阿特拉津可见光降解的最佳效能。     

玉米浸泡液制备苏云金杆菌生物杀虫剂的影响因素研究

以玉米淀粉生产过程中的浸泡液为培养基,摇瓶发酵培养苏云金杆菌生物杀虫剂,通过一系列单因子试验,考察了不同培养条件(种子液的种龄、接种量、浸泡液的含固率、初始pH值、摇床转速、发酵温度及发酵时间)对苏云金杆菌在玉米浸泡液中的生长(菌数增长与芽孢形成)以及发酵液的生物毒效的影响.研究表明,在最佳摇瓶培养条件(种子液种龄10 h,接种量2%,浸泡液含固量3%,初始pH值7.0～7.5,摇床转速200 r/min,发酵温度30℃)下发酵48 h,活菌数和活芽孢数分别可达到7.9×108 CFU/mL和5.5×108 CFU/mL,毒力效价为698.0 IU/μL.本试验可为生物农药的工业化生产提供实用参数.     

寒地黑土中阿特拉津降解菌的筛选及降解特性

从长期施用阿特拉津的寒地黑土耕层(0～10 cm)取样。利用富集培养的方法，筛选到2株阿特拉津降解菌，编号Z₉和Z₄₂。Z₉以阿特拉津为惟一碳氮源生长，Z₄₂以阿特拉津为惟一氮源生长，15 d对阿特拉津的降解率分别为77.7%和65.6%。对其初步鉴定并对降解特性进行研究，结果表明，细菌Z9为微杆菌属（Microbacterium sp.），细菌Z₄₂为节杆菌属(Arthrobacter sp.)。在室内进行降解条件优化实验，得出2株降解菌对100 mg/L阿特拉津的最佳降解条件为：温度30℃,Z₉ pH值为7，Z₄₂ pH值为8。     

城市垃圾厌氧干发酵非甲烷菌群分布变化研究

为研究非甲烷菌的菌群分布随时间、空间变化对厌氧干发酵的影响,以城市垃圾为原料进行分析,同时测定pH值。结果表明,启动阶段好氧及兼性厌氧细菌属优势菌,其中产酸菌增殖速率高于氨化细菌,7 d达最大值2.95×109MPN/mL,是启动阶段降解有机质的主要菌群,而氨化菌在15 d达最大值1.93×108MPN/mL。随后厌氧细菌快速增殖并保持稳定,且仍是产酸菌占优势,15 d达最大值1.55×1010MPN/mL。厌氧纤维素降解菌增殖较慢,发酵30 d不足105MPN/mL,说明原料中纤维素降解在厌氧发酵后期。空间方面,好氧及兼性厌氧产酸菌在顶部中心最活跃,最大值是底部中心的1.4倍;厌氧产酸菌集中在底部,最大值是顶部的1.2倍。好氧氨化菌在中部中心增殖最多,厌氧氨化菌在中部边缘达最大值1.95×108MPN/mL。纤维素降解菌在底部开始增殖。研究为提高干发酵反应效率和合理设计干发酵反应器提供有效参考数据。     

高效阿特拉津降解菌株DNSIO降解条件优化

从长期施用阿特拉津的寒地黑土耕层（0～10cm）土壤中筛选到一株能以除草剂阿特拉津为氮源生长的降解菌株，结合16SrRNA序列分析结果，将该菌株命名为Arthrobacter sp．DNSl0。在接种量为10。CFU／mL的条件下，菌株DNSl0在24h内对100mg／L阿特拉津的降解率为99．41％。单因子实验结果表明，菌株DNSl0适宜生长和降解的条件范围是：温度25～35＇12，pH值5．0～8．0，培养液盐度0．1％～2％，对阿特拉津最大耐受浓度可达1200mg／L。正交实验法进一步表明，该菌株保持较好生长及降解能力的最优方案是温度30℃，pH值7．5，培养液盐度0．5％。影响其降解能力的环境因素的主次顺序依次是：温度〉盐度〉pH值。     

腐殖酸和铁对阿特拉津光降解影响的研究

为考察除草剂在水体中的自净性能，对模拟太阳光(λ> 290 nm)下腐殖酸和铁元素对阿特拉津的光化学降解进行了研究。结果表明，单独辐照阿特拉津几乎不降解。在分别加入3、5和10 mg/L的腐殖酸时，阿特拉津的降解率分别为34.36 %、40.74%和15.66 %；在Fe(Ⅲ)投加量从0.01 mmol/L增加到0.2 mmol/L时，阿特拉津的降解率从24.36 %增加到34.97 %。而在当腐殖酸与铁共存时，阿特拉津降解率则进一步提高。紫外可见光谱和荧光光谱均表明，腐殖酸-铁络合物的形成及其光化学作用，促进了阿特拉津的降解。     

水质净化高效复合微生态制剂的研制

在室内模拟条件下,采用正交实验的方法对光合细菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和反硝化细菌的复配比例进行了研究,筛选一种用于水产养殖水质净化的高效复合微生态制剂。结果表明,当光合细菌(菌细胞浓度约为2×109CFU/mL)、枯草芽孢杆菌(菌细胞浓度约为8×108CFU/mL)和反硝化细菌(菌细胞浓度约为8×108CFU/mL)按菌液体积比为1∶2∶1进行复配利于水中溶解氧的提高和COD、氨氮、亚硝态氮、硝态氮的降解。验证实验表明,筛选组合各指标均优于商品微生态制剂和空白对照,其中溶解氧含量显著高于商品微生态制剂EM和复合芽孢菌处理,在实验第5天对COD的降解率为95%,显著优于EM和复合芽孢菌处理的66.3%和47.9%,实验第7天对氨氮、亚硝态氮和硝态氮的降解率分别达到70%、89%和56%。     

聚丙烯酰胺对活性污泥特性的影响研究

高分子混凝剂PAM投加是强化污泥造粒的有效方法,但PAM的投加对活性污泥中微生物群落以及对其生化降解性能的影响尚缺乏系统性研究。为此,通过实验室小型实验,在SBR中连续投加PAM,运用FISH等微生物检测技术,研究了PAM对活性污泥的影响。在PAM投量为3 mg/L的条件下,反应器中活性污泥的生长过程与对照反应器没有根本性差别,且PAM投加后MLSS浓度和单位重量污泥的生物量均有一定增大,污泥的沉降性能也得到改善。FISH检测的结果表明,与对照反应器相比,总细菌、亚硝化菌、硝化菌的个数分别由9.1×105、1.8×105和1.1×105CFU/mL增长到1.0×106、2.0×105和1.2×105CFU/mL,说明PAM没有对各种菌落的生长产生不利影响。连续运行80 d的结果也表明,投加PAM的反应器中COD和氨氮的去除均有所改善。     

Comparison of the Photodegradation of Imazethapyr in Aqueous Solution,on Epicuticular Waxes,and on Intact Corn (Zea Mays) and Soybean (Glycine Max) Leaves

A direct, controlled comparison of the photodegradation of imazethapyr has been made between imazethapyr in aqueous solutions, imazethapyr on the surface of epicuticular waxes of corn and soybean plants, and imazethapyr on the surface of intact corn and soybean plant leaves. In some experiments, the imazethapyr solutions were allowed to evaporate partially or fully after application to better model environmental conditions. The photodegradation of imazethapyr was fastest in aqueous solutions (k?=?0.16?±?0.02?h^?1) and slowest on the surface of corn and soybean plants (k_corn?=?0.00048?±?0.001?h^?1 and k_soy?=?0.00054?±?0.003?h^?1). Experiments allowing evaporation during irradiation have intermediate rate constants (e.g., k_corn?=?0.082?±?0.005?h^?1). Finally, identification of photoproducts was also examined on epicuticular waxes of corn and soybean plants for the first time.     

Biopesticide and formulation processes based on starch industrial wastewater fortified with soybean medium

Abstract

The aim of this study was to produce Bacillus thuringiensis-based biopesticide using starch-producing industry wastewater (SIW) fortified with soybean medium and optimize the formulated product using different adjuvants. This study was necessary as low endotoxin concentration is obtained in formulated biopesticide when SIW alone is used as fermentation medium. The fermentation runs were conducted using SIW alone and SIW fortified with 25% soybean (w/v) medium in 2000?L and 150?L bioreactor, respectively. SIW supplemented with soybean medium showed an increase in cell count (from 1.95?×?10⁸ to 1.65?×?10⁹ CFU mL^–1), spore synthesis (from 1.5?×?10⁸ to 1.35?×?10⁹ CFU mL^–1) and endotoxin concentration (from 436 to 1170?μg mL^–1) when compared to SIW medium alone. The fermented broth was concentrated using continuous centrifugation and adjuvants were added for biopesticide formulation in order to enhance its resistance against UV rays and rainfastness. Entomotoxicity of the formulation produced using fermented broth of SIW fortified with soybean (38,000?IU μL^–1) was higher than that obtained by SIW medium alone (21,000?IU μL^–1), commercial biopesticide Foray 76B (20,000?IU μL^–1) and Btk sander’s (12,500?IU μL^–1).     

Fenton氧化技术处理稠油污染土壤

利用Fenton氧化技术对稠油污染土壤进行氧化处理,分析对后续微生物修复的促进作用。向1 000 g石油类含量为8%的稠油污染土壤中加入10.0 mL 18 mmol/L Fe2+溶液与10.0 mL 30%H2O2,反应时间为2 h。氧化处理后土壤中石油烃的总去除率可达到31.38%,胶质去除率为45.22%,沥青质去除率为51.26%,胶质的分子量由1 841下降到1 472,沥青质的分子量由5 831下降到5 073。Fenton氧化可使土壤酶活、各类微生物的数量及呼吸强度有不同程度的下降,但在氧化后30 d内,土壤各类微生物数量都超过了原有水平,其中细菌数量最高达到9.84×105CFU/g,是氧化前的数量的1.57倍。以上实验结果表明,Fenton氧化可以有效去除土壤中胶质和沥青质,并且使土壤中微生物的生长速率加快。因此,Fenton氧化能够促进后续的微生物修复。     

Chemotaxis to atrazine and detection of a xenobiotic catabolic plasmid in Arthrobacter sp. DNS10

Introduction

A plasmid named pDNS10 was detected from an atrazine-degrading strain Arthrobacter sp. DNS10 which has been isolated previously in our laboratory.

Materials and methods

In this paper, a special plasmid-detecting method and drop assays experiments were mainly used to achieve research goals.

Results and discussion

pDNS10 exhibited an excellent stability because it also could be detected even when the strain DNS10 has been subcultured under nonselective conditions for eight times. Over a 48-h incubation period, the OD₆₀₀ of samples inoculated with strain DNS10 and strain DNS10-ST (both of them contained pDNS10) were 0.31 ± 0.042 and 0.305 ± 0.034, respectively ,whereas the OD₆₀₀ of samples inoculated strain without pDNS10 (strain DNS10-PE) was only 0.138 ± 0.018. No atrazine was detected in the inoculated strain DNS10 and strain DNS10-ST samples at this period. Contrarily, the atrazine-degrading rate of strain DNS10-PE was only 5.23 ± 0.71%. Furthermore, both the two types of strains containing pDNS10 confirmed the presence of known degrading genes such as trzN, atzB, and atzC. It suggests that pDNS10 is an atrazine catabolic plasmid. In drop assays experiments, the wild-type strain DNS10 cells were chemotactically attracted to atrazine, whereas strain DNS10-PE showed no chemotaxis to atrazine and hydroxyatrazine. There was some relationship between atrazine degradation and the chemotactic response towards atrazine in strain DNS10.

Conclusions

The biochemical characteristics of pDNS10 and the chemotaxis characteristics of strain DNS10 could help us in better understanding of the mechanism of atrazine degradation by strain DNS10.     

Modeling and optimization of reductive degradation of chloramphenicol in aqueous solution by zero-valent bimetallic nanoparticles

Purpose

The present study aims to investigate the individual and combined effects of temperature, pH, zero-valent bimetallic nanoparticles (ZVBMNPs) dose, and chloramphenicol (CP) concentration on the reductive degradation of CP using ZVBMNPs in aqueous medium.

Method

Iron?Csilver ZVBMNPs were synthesized. Batch experimental data were generated using a four-factor statistical experimental design. CP reduction by ZVBMNPs was optimized using the response surface modeling (RSM) and artificial neural network-genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) approaches. The RSM and ANN methodologies were also compared for their predictive and generalization abilities using the same training and validation data set. Reductive by-products of CP were identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technique.

Results

The optimized process variables (RSM and ANN-GA approaches) yielded CP reduction capacity of 57.37 and 57.10?mg?g^?1, respectively, as compared to the experimental value of 54.0?mg?g^?1 with un-optimized variables. The ANN-GA and RSM methodologies yielded comparable results and helped to achieve a higher reduction (>6%) of CP by the ZVBMNPs as compared to the experimental value. The root mean squared error, relative standard error of prediction and correlation coefficient between the measured and model-predicted values of response variable were 1.34, 3.79, and 0.964 for RSM and 0.03, 0.07, and 0.999 for ANN models for the training and 1.39, 3.47, and 0.996 for RSM and 1.25, 3.11, and 0.990 for ANN models for the validation set.

Conclusion

Predictive and generalization abilities of both the RSM and ANN models were comparable. The synthesized ZVBMNPs may be used for an efficient reductive removal of CP from the water.     

Assessment of the ecological security of immobilized enzyme remediation process with biological indicators of soil health

This study used the enzymes extracted from an atrazine-degrading strain, Arthrobacter sp. DNS10, which had been immobilized by sodium alginate to rehabilitate atrazine-polluted soil. Meanwhile, a range of biological indices were selected to assess the ecological health of contaminated soils and the ecological security of this bioremediation method. The results showed that there was no atrazine detected in soil samples after 28 days in EN?+?AT (the soil containing atrazine and immobilized enzyme) treatment. However, the residual atrazine concentration of the sample in AT (the soil containing atrazine only) treatment was about 5.02?±?0.93 mg?kg^?1. These results suggest that the immobilized enzyme exhibits an excellent ability in atrazine degradation. Furthermore, the immobilized enzyme could relieve soil microbial biomass carbon and soil microbial respiration intensity to 772.33?±?34.93 mg?C?kg^?1 and 5.01?±?0.17 mg?CO₂?g^?1?soil?h^?1, respectively. The results of the polymerase chain reaction–degeneration gradient gel electrophoresis experiment indicated that the immobilized enzyme also could make the Shannon–Wiener index and evenness index of the soil sample increase from 1.02 and 0.74 to 1.51 and 0.84, respectively. These results indicated that the immobilized enzymes not only could relieve the impact from atrazine on the soil, but also revealed that the immobilized enzymes did no significant harm on the soil ecological health.     

Effective utilization of dichloromethane by a newly isolated strain Methylobacterium rhodesianum H13

An effective dichloromethane (DCM) utilizer Methylobacterium rhodesianum H13 was isolated from activated sludge. A response surface methodology was conducted, and the optimal conditions were found to be 4.5 g/L Na₂HPO₄·12H₂O, 0.5 g/L (NH₄)₂SO₄, an initial pH of 7.55, and a temperature of 33.7 °C. The specific growth rate of 0.25 h^?1 on 10 mM DCM was achieved, demonstrating that M. rhodesianum H13 was superior to the other microorganisms in previous investigations of DCM utilization. DCM mineralization paralleled the production of cells, CO₂, and water-soluble metabolites, as well as the release of Cl^?, whereas the carbon distribution and Cl^? yield varied with DCM concentrations. The facts that complete degradation only occurred with DCM concentrations below 15 mM and repetitive degradation of 5 mM DCM could proceed for only three cycles were ascribed to pH decrease (from 7.55 to 3.02) though a buffer system was employed.