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1.
高氨氮对厌氧生物法处理城市垃圾渗沥液的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
研究了高浓度氨氮对厌氧膜生物法处理城市垃圾渗沥液的影响。结果表明,COD去除率、沼气产量、沼气产率、辅酶F420和最大比产甲烷活性均随氨氮浓度的增加而减小;当氨氮浓度<3600mg/L时,不会对厌氧膜生物反应器的运行产生明显的影响;氨氮对厌氧污泥产甲烷活性的50%抑制浓度为4350mg/L;高浓度氨氮会造成系统VFA浓度增加;当氨氮浓度由4800mg/L降低到2000mg/L后,受重度抑制的厌氧微生物的活性可以在20d里恢复到未受抑制时的活性水平。 相似文献
2.
高氨氮对厌氧生物法处理城市垃圾渗沥液的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
研究了高浓度氨氮对厌氧膜生物法处理城市垃圾渗沥液的影响。结果表明,COD去除率、沼气产量、沼气产率、辅酶F420和最大比产甲烷活性均随氨氮浓度的增加而减小;当氨氮浓度〈3600mg/L时,不会对厌氧膜生物反应器的运行产生明显的影响;氨氮对厌氧污泥产甲烷活性的50%抑制浓度为4350mg/L;高浓度氨氮会造成系统VFA浓度增加;当氨氮浓度由4800mg/L降低到2000mg/L后,受重度抑制的厌氧微生物的活性可以在20d里恢复到未受抑制时的活性水平。 相似文献
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研究了城市生活垃圾焚烧厂渗沥液中Ca2+对厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床反应器(EGSB)处理效果的影响,并采用静态实验方法考察了Ca2+对厌氧颗粒污泥产甲烷活性的影响。实验结果表明,进水COD为17000mg/L的条件下,当Ca2+浓度低于6000mg/L时,EGSB对COD去除率达93%以上;当Ca2+浓度高于6000mg/L时,COD去除率随运行时间明显下降,并在污泥中形成大量沉淀。静态实验结果表明,废水中低浓度Ca2+促进了厌氧颗粒污泥的产甲烷活性,但高浓度Ca2+明显抑制了其产甲烷活性,这是导致高Ca2+浓度条件下EGSB对COD去除率降低的主要原因。研究表明,颗粒污泥产甲烷活性恢复程度随Ca2+浓度增加而减弱。 相似文献
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研究了城市生活垃圾焚烧厂渗沥液中Ca2+对厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床反应器(EGSB)处理效果的影响,并采用静态实验方法考察了Ca2+对厌氧颗粒污泥产甲烷活性的影响。实验结果表明,进水COD为17 000 mg/L的条件下,当Ca2+浓度低于6 000 mg/L时,EGSB对COD去除率达93%以上;当Ca2+浓度高于6 000 mg/L时,COD去除率随运行时间明显下降,并在污泥中形成大量沉淀。静态实验结果表明,废水中低浓度Ca2+促进了厌氧颗粒污泥的产甲烷活性,但高浓度Ca2+明显抑制了其产甲烷活性,这是导致高Ca2+浓度条件下EGSB对COD去除率降低的主要原因。研究表明,颗粒污泥产甲烷活性恢复程度随Ca2+浓度增加而减弱。 相似文献
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COD浓度和进水流量比对一体化工艺脱氮除碳的影响 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
保持进水总流量不变,以一定流量比同时从缺氧区和厌氧区进水,探讨了不同进水流量比(R=Q厌/Q缺)和进水COD浓度对中心岛式一体化OCO工艺脱氮除碳的影响。研究结果表明,进水COD浓度和进水流量比Rs对COD的去除效果影响不大,出水COD浓度一直稳定在50 mg/L以下,去除率在92%以上;进水COD浓度和进水流量比Rs共同决定着系统TN的去除效果,进水COD浓度为100 mg/L、200 mg/L时,TN去除率随着进水流量比Rs的减小呈增加的趋势;当进水COD浓度为 300 mg/L时,TN去除率随着进水流量比Rs的减小呈先升高后降低的趋势,在进水流量比Rs为3∶1时TN去除率最高,达到87%。 相似文献
7.
应用自主研制的强化循环厌氧反应器(SCAR)中试规模处理实际印染废水,研究反应器的启动特性。反应器接种厌氧颗粒污泥后启动运行83 d,形成连续内循环并实现了对印染废水处理的高效稳定运行。在进水COD浓度1 000~3 650 mg/L、系统容积负荷0.7~6.4 kg/(m3·d)条件下,废水COD和色度平均去除率分别达到55%和73%。反应器内较高浓度的NH+4-N保证了系统pH的稳定性,350~600 mg/L的NH+4-N浓度没有对强化循环厌氧反应器产生抑制作用,系统内也没有出现VFA(以乙酸计)积累。启动过程中,厌氧颗粒污泥的粒径增大、沉降性能变好。启动实验完成时,反应器内微生物的脱氢酶活性(以TF计)和辅酶F420浓度分别为3.4973 mg/(g·h)和0.1872μmol/g。 相似文献
8.
采用改进的好氧-厌氧方法处理苯胺废水,研究了各个操作变量梯度包括苯胺浓度、硝基苯浓度等对苯胺废水处理的影响,并加入硝基苯作为影响参数。实验结果表明,各个变量均在不同程度上影响苯胺废水的处理。经过厌氧-好氧处理后,COD降到200 mg/L以下;提高苯胺浓度时,COD值增大;进水TOC浓度为167.80 mg/L,去除率为79.6%;加入硝基苯与苯胺的降解具有协同作用。在厌氧温度35~40℃,好氧温度28~32℃条件下,进水COD在4 000~6 000 mg/L,苯胺浓度180~250 mg/L左右,处理后出水COD值达到200~500 mg/L,苯胺4.5~6.5 mg/L左右,去除率约85%以上。出水水质可达到《污水综合排放标准(》GB 8978-1996)的排放标准。 相似文献
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P.R. Fresquez D.H. Kraig M.A. Mullen L. Naranjo Jr. 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(5):885-899
Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for 3H, 90Sr, 137Cs, totU, 238Pu, 239,240Pu, and 241Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of 90Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg‐1]). The differences in 90Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y‐1 (1000 μSv y‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations. 相似文献
12.
Wilkins K Nielsen KF Din SU 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2003,10(3):162-166
We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted. 相似文献
13.
P.R. Fresquez J.R. Biggs K.D. Bennett D.H. Kraig M.A. Mullen J.K. Ferenbaugh 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(5):901-915
Abstract This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (3H, 90Sr, 137Cs, 238Pu, 239,240Pu, 241Am, and totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y‐1 (2.2 μSv y‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y‐1 (38 μSv y‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y‐1 (1.2 μSv y‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y‐1 (17 μSv y‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y‐1 (1000 μSv y‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04. 相似文献
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Eucarlos L. Martins Oscarlina L.S. Weber Eliana F.G.C. Dores Cláudio A. Spadotto 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(8):877-882
This study aimed to evaluate the leaching of pesticides and the applicability of the Attenuation Factor (AF) Model to predict their leaching. The leaching of carbofuran, carbendazim, diuron, metolachlor, α and β endosulfan and chlorpyrifos was studied in an Oxisol using a field experiment lysimeter located in Dom Aquino – Mato Grosso. The samples of percolated water were collected by rain event and analyzed. Chemical and physical soil attributes were determined before pesticide application to the plots. The results showed that carbofuran was the pesticide that presented a higher leaching rate in the studied soil, so was the one representing the highest contamination potential. From the total carbofuran applied in the soil surface, around 6 % leached below 50 cm. The other pesticides showed lower mobility in the studied soil. The calculated values to AF were 7.06E-12 (carbendazim), 5.08E-03 (carbofuran), 3.12E-17 (diuron), 6.66E-345 (α-endosulfan), 1.47E-162 (β-endosulfan), 1.50E-06 (metolachlor), 3.51E-155 (chlorpyrifos). AF Model was useful to classify the pesticides' potential for contamination; however, that model underestimated pesticide leaching. 相似文献
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Endosulfan in China 2—emissions and residues 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Hongliang Jia Yeqing Sun Yi-Fan Li Chongguo Tian Degao Wang Meng Yang Yongshen Ding Jianmin Ma 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(3):302-311
Background, aim, and scope Endosulfan is one of the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and also a candidate to be included in a group of new persistent
organic pollutants (UNEP 2007). The first national endosulfan usage inventories in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution has been reported
in an accompanying paper. In the second part of the paper, we compiled the gridded historical emissions and soil residues
of endosulfan in China from the usage inventories. Based on the residue/emission data, gridded concentrations of endosulfan
in Chinese soil and air have been calculated. These inventories will provide valuable data for the further study of endosulfan.
Methods Emission and residue of endosulfan were calculated from endosulfan usage by using a simplified gridded pesticide emission
and residue model—SGPERM, which is an integrated modeling system combining mathematical model, database management system,
and geographic information system. By using the emission and residue inventories, annual air and soil concentrations of endosulfan
in each cell were determined.
Results and discussion Historical gridded emission and residue inventories of α- and β-endosulfan in agricultural soil in China with 1/4° longitude
by 1/6° latitude resolution have been created. Total emissions were around 10,800 t, with α-endosulfan at 7,400 t and β-endosulfan
at 3,400 t from 1994 to 2004. The highest residues were 140 t for α-endosulfan and 390 t for β-endosulfan, and the lowest
residues were 0.7 t for α-endosulfan and 170 t for β-endosulfan in 2004 in Chinese agricultural soil where endosulfan was
applied. Based on the emission and residue inventories, concentrations of α- and β-endosulfan in Chinese air and agricultural
surface soil were also calculated for each grid cell. We have estimated annual averaged air concentrations and the annual
minimum and maximum soil concentrations across China. The real concentrations will be different from season to season. Although
our model does not consider the transport of the insecticide in the atmosphere, which could be very important in some areas
during some special time, the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil derived from the endosulfan emission
and residue inventories are in general consistent with the published monitoring data.
Conclusions To our knowledge, this work is the first inventory of this kind for endosulfan published on a national scale. Concentrations
of the chemical in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were calculated for each grid cell. Results show that the estimated
concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil agree reasonably well with the monitoring data in general.
Recommendations and perspectives The gridded endosulfan emission/residue inventories and also the air and soil concentration inventories created in this study
will be updated upon availability of new information, including usage and monitoring data. The establishment of these inventories
for the OCP is important for both scientific communities and policy makers. 相似文献
16.
Denisha Gounden Kimona Kisten Roshila Moodley Shakira Shaik 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2016,51(1):1-7
This study is aimed at investigating the impact of water quality on the uptake and distribution of three non-essential and toxic elements, namely, As, Cd and Pb in the watercress plant to assess for metal toxicity. The plant was hydroponically cultivated under greenhouse conditions, with the growth medium being spiked with varying concentrations of As, Cd and Pb. Plants that were harvested weekly for elemental analysis showed physiological and morphological symptoms of toxicity on exposure to high concentrations of Cd and Pb. Plants exposed to high concentrations of As did not survive and the threshold for As uptake in watercress was established at 5 ppm. Translocation factors were low in all cases as the toxic elements accumulated more in the roots of the plant than the edible leaves. The impact of Zn on the uptake of toxic elements was also evaluated and Zn was found to have an antagonistic effect on uptake of both Cd and Pb with no notable effect on uptake of As. The findings indicate that phytotoxicity or death of the watercress plant would prevent it from being a route of human exposure to high concentrations of As, Cd and Pb in the environment. 相似文献
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Kurunthachalam Senthilkumar Carolyn A. Duda Daniel L. Villeneuve Kurunthachalam Kannan Jerzy Falandysz John P. Giesy 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1999,6(4):200-206
Concentrations of mono- (MBT), di- (DBT), and tri-(TBT) butyltin compounds were measured in eggs, liver, and muscle of nine
species of fish from four regions of the Baltic Sea - the Firth of Vistula, the Gulf of Gdańsk, Puck Bay, and the mouth of
the Vistula River. The overall concentration ranges among all the fish sampled from the four sites were: < 7 to 79 ng/g for
MBT, 6 to 1100 ng/g for DBT, 7 to 3600 ng/g for TBT, and 16 to 4800 ng/g for total BTs, on a wet wt basis. The highest concentration
of total BTs was found in herring liver from the Firth of Vistula (4800 ng/g, wet wt) and in roach muscle from Puck Bay (3300
ng/g, wet wt), while the least concentration was found in burbot eggs and liver from the Vistula River (39 and 32 ng/g, wet
wt, respectively). TBT was the major form of BTs present in most samples analyzed. Sediment samples collected from shipyards
in the Gulf of Gdańsk contained butyltin concentrations ranging from 1.2 to 46 μg/g (dry wt) for MBT, 2.0 to 42 μg/g for DBT,
and 2.6 to 40 μg/g for TBT. As with the fish, the majority of the BTs in sediment were present as TBT, which suggested recent
exposure of the aquatic environment of the region to TBT. 相似文献
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Chayya Roy Kundu Shubhadeep Roychoudhury 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(7):673-680
The effect of malathion [diethyl(dimethoxythiophosphorylthio)succinate] at sublethal concentration (0.006 ppm) on hematological parameters of the cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis) was studied for 24 hrs to 240 hrs of exposure and remarkable hematological alterations were observed. The study on hematological parameters revealed a highly significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the total erythrocytes count in malathion-exposed animals from 24 hours to 96 hrs of exposure as compared to control. Significant decreases (P < 0.01) of hemoglobin and packed cell volume were also observed from 48 hrs to 240 hrs. A significant increase (P < 0.01) in leucocytes count was noted throughout the exposure period. Elevated numbers of lymphocytes and eosinophils as found in the present study revealed lymphocytosis as well as eosinophilia, suggesting that this was a result of direct stimulation of the immunological defense due to the presence of a toxic substance or may be associated with tissue damage. The cytomorphological and cytopathological study of erythrocytes and leucocytes in malathion-exposed frogs at 0.006 ppm concentration revealed various cytotoxic effects at different exposure times. It was noted that the size and the shape of the erythrocytes were subjected to variation in different blood disorders. 相似文献
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Several monitoring programs have been set up to assess effects of atmospheric deposition on forest ecosystems. The aim of the present study was to evaluate effects on the understorey vegetation, based on the first round of a regional (the Netherlands) and a European forest monitoring program. A multivariate statistical analysis showed surprisingly similar results for both data sets; the vegetation appeared to be largely determined by the ‘traditional’ factors soil, climate, and tree species, but there was a small but statistically significant effect of atmospheric deposition. The effects of deposition include a slight shift towards nitrophytic species at high N deposition in the European network, and towards acidophytic species at high S-deposition in the Dutch network. The relatively small effect of atmospheric deposition is understandable in view of the very large natural variation in environmental conditions. Time series of both vegetation and environment are needed to assess deposition effects in detail. 相似文献