酸碱改性对活性焦烧结烟气脱硫性能的影响

选取一定目数范围的活性焦,用3种酸(HCl、H2SO4和HNO3)、3种碱(KOH、NaOH和NH3·H2O)和酸碱两步(HNO3和KOH)对其进行改性处理,对比这几种方法改性的活性焦对烧结烟气的脱硫性能,实验结果表明,20~40目范围的活性焦脱硫性能最好;HCl改性活性焦的脱硫性能基本无变化,HNO3改性后有促进作用但作用不大,H2SO4改性反而降低了活性焦的脱硫活性;KOH和NaOH溶液改性活性焦对其脱硫性能有很大的提升作用,其中KOH改性效果更好,NH3·H2O改性基本无影响;先KOH后HNO3两步改性的活性焦效果最佳,并且能维持一定时间100%的脱硫效率。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液产甲烷潜力

为研究城市生活垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液的产甲烷潜力及其影响因素,在常规水质分析的基础上,采用瑞典AMPTSⅡ系统进行中温((37±1)℃)厌氧消化实验,探究稀释倍数和污泥投加量对城市生活垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液的甲烷产率和可生物降解性的影响。结果表明:城市生活垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液的甲烷产率(以CH4/CODadd计)高于326.0 mL·g~(-1)(理论甲烷产率为350 mL·g~(-1)),可生物降解性高于93.1%;城市生活垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液是一种高COD、高NH3-N的有机废水,但可生化性较好;无论污泥投加量还是稀释倍数对城市生活垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液的甲烷产率和可生物降解性影响都很小,但稀释倍数的增加可明显降低污泥驯化时间和厌氧消化时间。在工程应用中,采用生化出水回流稀释城市生活垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液的方法,可降低厌氧反应器启动时间和厌氧消化时间,提高城市生活垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液处理效率。     

添加腐熟污泥对生活垃圾堆肥氮素转化与损失的影响

研究添加腐熟污泥对垃圾好氧堆肥过程中氮素转化与损失的影响,实验设置生活垃圾与腐熟污泥质量比分别为1∶1、2∶1和4∶1,以单独生活垃圾为对照,主要监测堆肥过程中固相(TN、氨氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮)和气相(NH_3和N_2O)中氮素转化规律。结果表明:与单独生活垃圾相比,生活垃圾与腐熟污泥比例为1∶1和4∶1时,有机氮与TN损失明显减少;至堆肥结束4组堆体铵态氮与硝态氮相较于堆肥初期均有不同程度提高,其中4∶1组铵态氮与硝态氮提高最多,分别为32.3%和86.1%;亚硝态氮含量在整个堆肥过程中一直处于下降趋势;腐熟污泥的添加使物料堆肥过程中氨气和N_2O的释放量随着腐熟污泥添加量的增加而减小。总体而言,由于腐熟污泥对氨气良好的吸附性能和其含有的大量亚硝酸盐氧化菌,加入堆肥后减少反硝化途径N_2O的产生,从而减少生活垃圾堆肥过程中氮素损失和温室气体的释放。     

微生物强化MBR工艺剩余污泥的好氧消化过程

为了考察原位污泥减量技术产生的长污泥龄污泥好氧消化可能性,以某污水处理厂MBR工艺产生的剩余污泥为研究对象(污泥龄为60 d),将实验筛选得到的强化效果最佳的3种菌种(分别为B4、H4和N2)分别投加到MBR剩余污泥好氧消化反应器中。经过58 d的好氧消化后,投加B4、H4和N2的3个反应器MLSS消解率分别比污泥对照提高了13.2%、11.7%和6.2%,其中投加B4菌种MLSS消化效率提高最多。MLVSS消解率分别比污泥对照提高18.8%、20.0%和11.0%。研究表明原位污泥减量技术产生的长污泥龄污泥具有污泥好氧消化的可能性,同时筛选出来的3种菌种在消化过程中有明显的强化效果。随着消化反应的进行到52 d,反应器中出现大量的硝酸盐氮和总磷的积累。观察反应过程中氨氮、硝酸盐氮、p H和总磷的变化,大量的硝酸盐存在时诱导以硝酸盐为电子受体的反硝化除磷的进行。在消化过程中,磷溶出情况取决于污泥的水解程度,投加菌种加速了总磷溶出和提高了污泥的水解程度。同时投加菌种强化好氧消化显著降低污泥的SVI,投加菌种在强化好氧消化过程中能更多地消耗污泥中有机物,进而提高消化效率。     

A/O工艺处理城市生活工业综合污水的耐受性研究

针对目前城市污水处理厂进水水质以生活污水为主转向以难生物处理的工业废水为主的现状,进行了A/O工艺的耐受性试验.结果表明:随着工业废水比例的增加,厌氧、好氧污泥活性都显著下降,厌氧污泥的耐受性较高;随着运行时间的延长,两类污泥的活性逐步得到不同程度的恢复;工业废水比例越高,活性恢复所需时间越长;两类污泥的协同代谢作用保证了出水效果.A/O工艺所能耐受的进水中制药废水、印染废水和生活污水的分配比(体积比)为3∶3∶4.     

高铁酸盐氧化-A/O工艺污泥减量及强化脱氮

为了减少传统生物处理工艺剩余污泥排放量及强化脱氮效果,设计了高铁酸盐氧化-A/O工艺。以模拟生活污水为处理对象,研究对比了破解后不同回流比对高铁酸盐氧化-A/O工艺的污泥减量和强化脱氮效果的影响,并对出水水质和污泥性能进行了综合评价。实验结果表明:剩余污泥破解回流比r为50%时,污泥产率系数YOBS为0.05 g·g~(-1),剩余污泥量减少最多,为46%;高铁酸盐氧化-A/O工艺对TN和NH_4~+-N去除率分别达到71.7%和88.8%,CFS污泥破解液具有较好的可生化性,可被反硝化菌有效利用,脱氮效果明显提高;该运行工况下,污泥浓度、污泥活性均有所提高,污泥沉降性得到改善。此外,污泥破解液引入系统的Fe~(3+)可在一定程度上提高了TP的去除率。高铁酸盐氧化-A/O工艺能够提高污染物去除率,实现污泥减量同步强化脱氮的目的。     

污泥用量对生活垃圾堆肥氮素转化与损失的影响

为了探讨生活垃圾堆肥的氮素损失问题,对生活垃圾（A组）、污泥和生活垃圾混合B组（w/w=1∶6）、C组（w/w=1∶4）组等3组物料进行高温好氧堆肥,研究污泥用量对生活垃圾堆肥化过程中温度、pH值、各氮素转化与损失的影响。结果表明：投加污泥会影响生活垃圾的通风性能,减慢物料的升温速率,延长堆肥周期。污泥用量对生活垃圾堆...     

改性给水污泥对高磷酸盐废水的吸附研究

针对引起水体富营养化的磷,以自来水厂给水污泥为基础原料,按O∶1、0.2∶1、1∶1、2∶1的比率添加Al(OH)3,采用静态吸附法对改性给水污泥的吸附磷酸盐性能进行研究,分析了Al(OH)3投加量、磷酸盐初始浓度、初始pH值、停留时间等对污泥吸附性能的影响.结果表明,当Al(OH)3与污泥的添加比为O.2∶1、反应时...     

气升回流一体化中试反应器的污泥减量化

为了减少分散型污水处理设施中剩余污泥的产量以及解决其维护频率高和运行设备复杂等问题,开发了一种集去除有机物、脱氮及污泥减量于一体的气升回流一体化反应器。该反应器由缺氧区、好氧区、沉淀区及气升区组成。中试反应器规模为10.31 m~3,以实际生活污水为处理对象,研究其污泥减量机理。结果表明,当进水容积负荷在0.14~1.39 kg COD·(m~3·d)~(-1)之间时,系统对COD、NH_4~+-N、TN及SS的平均去除率分别为88.6%、93%、66.9%和93%,其污泥表观产率系数Yobs为0.139 g TSS·(g COD)~(-1),表明该工艺具有良好的污泥减量化效果。根据稳态—ASM3号模型及氨氮的物料衡算分析可得:通过细胞裂解—隐性生长作用去除的污泥量占反应器污泥减少总量的77.6%,而原生动物和后生动物捕食的污泥量约占系统污泥减少总量的22.4%。该系统污泥自消解速率为0.44 kg TSS·d~(-1)。     

连续流同步硝化反硝化(SND)体系不同HRT对脱氮及N_2O释放特性的影响

采用连续流气升环流生物反应器,考察水力停留时间(HRT)对同步硝化反硝化(SND)体系下污泥聚集状态与脱氮及N_2O释放特性影响。对不同HRT下污泥的聚集状态及脱氮特性、N_2O释放速率和来源等进行了分析。结果表明,HRT的调控对污泥聚集体的形成及状态有重要影响。HRT为14、7和4 h下,反应体系内形成了以粒径区间0.2~0.45 mm、0.6~0.9 mm和0.2 mm占优的3种的污泥聚集体体系。HRT为7 h的条件下,污泥在保持良好脱氮效果(氨氮平均去除率、总氮平均去除率及SND平均效率分别为96.7%、56.0%和60.0%)基础上,可实现N_2O减量化释放11.1%(相较于HRT为14 h的条件)。3种条件下,N_2O释放的主要来源存在差异。HRT为14 h时,N_2O主要来源于AOB反硝化,其对N_2O的贡献为异养菌反硝化的1.1倍;HRT为7 h和4 h时,N_2O主要来源于异养菌反硝化,其对N_2O的贡献分别为AOB反硝化的1.1和1.3倍。     

Change of PCBs and forms of heavy metals in sewage sludge during thermophilic anaerobic digestion

Determination of seven congeners of PCBs was carried out for sewage sludge before, during and after thermophilic digestion. The overall content of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, Cr) in sludge before and after digestion was determined. Moreover the concentration of heavy metals in particular chemical fractions of the sludge was analyzed. After the thermophilic digestion total concentration of seven PCBs was reduced by 47%, which suggests that thermophilic digestion affects PCB reduction positively. On the 10th d of the process, concentration of lower chlorinated PCBs increased, whereas those of higher chlorinated PCBs decreased. The thermophilic digestion process showed no accumulation of the studied heavy metals in the mobile fractions (exchangeable and carbonate) of the stabilized sewage sludge, except for nickel. The highest increase in zinc, copper, cadmium, and chromium concentration was observed in the organic-sulfide fraction, whereas the highest increase in lead was found in the residual fraction of the sludge. In case of nickel both fractions of organic-sulfide and exchangeable-carbonate fractions were enriched.     

Influence of ozone pre-treatment on sludge anaerobic digestion: removal of pharmaceutical and personal care products

The effect of an oxidative pre-treatment with ozone on the removal of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) during the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge has been investigated. Besides, the digested sludge characteristics in terms of pathogens content, dewatering properties, heavy metals content and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) were determined. During ozonation (20mg O(3)/g TSS), about 8% of volatile solids (VS) and 60% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) were solubilized. However, no mineralization was observed. The elimination of VS and total COD during anaerobic digestion were not affected by ozone treatment with efficiencies ranging from 60% to 65%. All PPCPs considered were removed during anaerobic treatment of sludge, with efficiencies ranging from 20% to 99%. No significant influence of ozone pre-treatment was observed on PPCPs elimination except for carbamazepine. Pathogens, heavy metals and LAS contents after conventional and pre-ozonation treatment of sewage sludge were below the legal requirements. However, the dewatering properties of sludge were deteriorated when the ozone pre-treatment was applied.     

Partitioning of nutrients and micropollutants along the sludge treatment line: a case study

A 2-year sampling campaign was conducted in three wastewater treatment plants of various sizes in the Rome area to assess the occurrence of nutrients and micropollutants among primary, secondary and digested sludge. The primary purpose was to evaluate the quality of different sludge types and their suitability for agricultural use. Primary sludge was consistently more polluted than secondary in terms of organic micropollutants, whereas heavy metals partitioned equally among the sludge types. In digested sludge, the heavy metal concentrations were always below limit values proposed for agricultural utilisation. In contrast, organic micropollutants concentrated during anaerobic digestion and affected the quality of the digested sludge. Secondary sludge resulted less polluted and richer in nitrogen and phosphorus (up to three times) than primary sludge and is hence more suitable for agricultural use. Separate processing of primary and secondary sludge might therefore be an innovative option for sludge management that could maximise the possibilities of agricultural use of secondary sludge and limit disposal problems only to primary sludge. In fact, primary sludge could be easily treated and disposed of by conventional processes including thickening, anaerobic digestion, centrifugation and incineration, whereas the difficult digestibility of secondary sludge could be improved by disintegration pre-treatment before stabilisation.     

污水污泥中重金属污染物的溶出过程研究

污水污泥中污染物尤其是重金属的水体浸出作为重要的二次污染途径备受关注。为了探讨污水污泥中重金属的溶出规律,对上海7个污水处理厂的污水污泥进行了重金属总量分析,并采用水平振荡法对上述污水污泥中重金属进行了溶出动力学研究。结果表明,污水污泥中Cu、Cr和Zn的含量均较高,之后依次是Pb、As、Cd和Hg;污水污泥中重金属溶出动力学过程分为快速反应和慢速反应两个过程,可以用Elovich方程进行模拟;污水污泥中各重金属的溶出负荷差异较大,Cu、Cr和Zn的溶出负荷较大,其他较小,但各重金属相对于污水污泥中重金属总量的溶出百分比差异不大,基本处于10%以下。     

调理剂对堆肥产品重金属生物有效性的影响

城市污泥中重金属含量及其生物有效性是限制污泥农用的主要因素,因此,研究污泥堆肥化处理过程中重金属生物有效性,对污泥的农用具有重要意义。实验以城市污泥为原料,以菌菇渣和秸秆为调理剂,设置4个处理:A(污泥∶菌菇渣∶秸秆=1∶0.4∶0.025)、B(污泥∶菌菇渣∶秸秆=1∶0.3∶0.025)、C(污泥∶秸秆=1∶0.12)和D(污泥∶秸秆=1∶0.09),进行好氧堆肥实验,采用BCR顺序提取法测定各种形态的重金属,研究堆肥前后重金属形态的变化规律。结果表明,城市污泥中Cu、Ni、Pb和Cr主要以可氧化态及残渣态存在,生物有效性较低,而Zn和Cd主要以酸溶态和可还原态存在,生物有效性较高;堆肥过程显著降低了Cu、Zn、Ni和Pb的生物有效性,并改变了Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、Cr和Cd的形态分布,使污泥中的Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb和Cd向着更稳定的可氧化态或残渣态转变;污泥经过堆肥处理后,Cu、Zn和Ni 3种重金属生物有效性关系为:ABCD,与其他处理相比,处理A残渣态的Pb和Cr增加比例较多,综合来看,处理A对重金属生物有效性的降低最为明显,重金属钝化效果最佳。     

The behaviour of phosphorus and heavy metals in sewage sludge ashes

The effect of the combustion atmosphere and the additives (CaO and HCl) on the behaviour of phosphorus and heavy metals during sewage sludge combustion was investigated. The results demonstrated that the reduction combustion promoted the vapourisation of phosphorus and heavy metals during sewage sludge combustion. Moreover, the concentrations of phosphorus and heavy metals in the bottom ash decreased with increasing HCl ratio, and the addition of CaO can stabilise heavy metals and phosphorus. It was also observed that phosphorus and heavy metals increased with increasing CaO ratio. Lastly, the difference of the TG-DTA curves with and without additives is discussed.     

电动力学技术去除剩余污泥中铜、锌条件优化

电动力学去除剩余污泥中重金属受到多种因素的影响,其中电解电压、电极面积、电极材料等都有较大的影响,很有必要进行条件优化研究。针对存在的问题,系统的研究了电解电压、电极面积、电极材料对电动力学修复过程的影响。研究表明,影响污泥中重金属Cu和Zn去除率的因素大小顺序为:电压电极面积电极材料;采用等于或低于氢析出电压进行电动力学修复时,更有利于提高污泥中重金属去除率;增大电极面积,提高了电流强度,有利于污泥中重金属的转化、迁移,从而提高污泥中重金属去除率;研究表明,采用低于氢析出电压和惰性电极可以有效避免电极被腐蚀。     

污泥中重金属的去除及回收试验

论述了利用离子交换技术循环使用柠檬酸去除污泥中重金属,并置换回收重金属的适宜工艺条件.经柠檬酸处理后,污泥中90%以上的重金属被去除;柠檬酸处理液中的重金属用离子交换法回收,考察了树脂种类、流速、操作方式等因素对离子交换、再生效果的影响;在适宜工艺条件下,重金属的交换率均为100%,而洗脱率均接近90%;柠檬酸及离子交换树脂循环使用,重金属也得到回收,降低了处理成本.     

污泥与煤、木屑燃烧过程中重金属排放特性研究

为了考察燃料燃烧过程中重金属的迁移转化规律，对污泥、煤与木屑及其混合物在不同温度下氧气中燃烧灰渣中的重金属元素进行分析。结果表明，燃料中重金属在高温燃烧时表现出不同的挥发特性，大部分元素随着温度的升高挥发率增加，其中Cd、Pb和Zn元素挥发性较强，Cr、Cu和Ni挥发性较弱。污泥与木屑混合燃烧灰渣仍以污泥灰为主，重金属含量与污泥灰相近，污泥中混入煤后使灰中大部分重金属含量有所降低。燃烧过程会改变重金属存在形态，污泥与煤原料中以酸溶态和可还原态存在的重金属含量较高，具有较强的生物有效性和迁移性，而燃烧灰渣中酸溶态和可还原态含量显著下降，混合燃烧灰渣中除As外的其他重金属几乎全部以残渣态存在，其含量达到90％以上，焚烧过程有效降低了燃料灰渣中重金属的生物毒性。     

Stabilization of heavy metals in municipal sewage sludge by freeze–thaw treatment with a blend of diatomite,FeSO4, and Ca(OH)2

In this work, the effects of diatomite with 15% FeSO₄?7H₂O and 7.5% Ca(OH)₂ on sludge stabilization were investigated using batch leaching tests. The influence of cell rupture caused by freezing and thawing on stabilization was also evaluated. The results indicated that the optimal diatomite percentage was 2%. Cell rupture by freezing and thawing reduced heavy metal leachability, followed by cell death and decrease of organic groups. The concentration of heavy metals in sludge leachate increased after cell rupture, indicating that the heavy metal leachability was reduced after freezing and thawings. Moreover, the stabilization effects were generally improved after freezing and thawing. As compared with the stabilization of the original sludge, the unstable fractions decreased and the residual fractions of the heavy metals increased in the stabilized sludge after cell rupture.

Implications: This study developed a method to stabilize heavy metals in municipal sewage sludge. Diatomite combined with FeSO₄·7H₂O and Ca(OH)₂ improved the treatment of sewage sludge contaminated by heavy metals. Cell lysis by freeze–thaw treatment reduced the risk of leaching heavy metals caused by cell death and decreased major organic groups in the sludge.