阿特拉津在土壤中的环境行为研究进展

概述了阿特拉津在土壤中的迁移、降解及其对植物的影响等环境行为，阐述了土壤组成、土壤pH值以及温度、湿度等因素对各种环境行为过程的影响，并结合目前国内外的研究现状，提出了阿特拉津环境行为新的研究方向。     

生物质炭对污染土壤中的镉生物有效性及阿特拉津消解的影响

通过室内土培实验,研究添加1%在300℃和700℃制备的甘蔗叶生物质炭(BCst-300、BCst-700)和蚕沙生物质炭(BCse-300、BCse-700)对复合污染土壤中镉生物有效性和阿特拉津消解的影响;从土壤p H值、阳离子交换量、有机碳和微生物生物量碳、氮的变化初步探讨添加生物质炭影响土壤镉生物有效性和阿特拉津消解的机理。研究表明,添加生物质炭显著降低了土壤镉的生物有效性,同时加快了阿特拉津的生物降解,培养结束(60 d)时,添加BCst-300、BCst-700、BCse-300和BCse-700土壤中有效镉含量分别比对照降低了23.03%、31.43%、47.84%和38.69%,阿特拉津消解率分别比对照提高了12.45%、7.85%、49.10%和40.76%,其中蚕沙生物质炭对降低土壤镉的有效性以及促进阿特拉津生物降解效果优于甘蔗叶生物质炭,且BCse-300的效果最为显著。相关性分析结果表明,土壤镉的生物有效性与土壤p H值和阳离子交换量呈极显著负相关性,说明提高土壤p H值和阳离子交换量是外源生物质炭降低土壤镉的生物有效性的重要机制;阿特拉津残留量与土壤p H值、阳离子交换量、微生物生物量碳、氮均呈极显著负相关性,表明生物质炭可以通过改变土壤p H值、阳离子交换量、微生物生物量碳、氮从而促进土壤中阿特拉津的降解。     

玉米芯生物炭对河岸带土壤中乙草胺和阿特拉津的吸附性能

为改善农药对河岸带土壤污染状况,进而防控农业面源污染,以玉米芯为原料制备生物质炭,利用模拟实验研究其对河岸带土壤中乙草胺和阿特拉津的吸附性能影响,并探讨了其吸附机理。结果表明:河岸带土壤中添加生物炭可使乙草胺和阿特拉津的吸附容量显著增强,其吸附热力学过程与Freundlich和Langmuir模型拟合均有较好的相关性。与对照土壤相比,添加质量分数为1.0%生物炭的土壤对乙草胺的最大吸附量从13.28μg·g~(-1)升高到769.23μg·g~(-1);添加质量分数为0.3%生物炭的土壤对阿特拉津的最大吸附量从70.92μg·g~(-1)升高到333.33μg·g~(-1)。伪二级动力学速率方程对河岸带土壤吸附乙草胺和阿特拉津的过程拟合效果较好,优于一级动力学速率模型的拟合结果,吸附量以及吸附速率均与土壤中生物炭投加量成正比。玉米芯生物炭可作为河岸带土壤的修复剂,降低乙草胺和阿特拉津的迁移性。     

羟基氧化铁催化臭氧氧化去除水中阿特拉津

以实验室制备的羟基氧化铁(FeOOH)为催化剂,研究了其催化臭氧氧化去除水中痕量阿特拉津的效能,并对影响催化效果因素及降解机理进行了探讨。在本实验条件下,反应8 min时催化氧化阿特拉津的去除率比单独臭氧氧化高出63.2%,而FeOOH对阿特拉津的吸附量很小,结果表明,FeOOH对臭氧氧化水中的痕量阿特拉津具有明显的催化活性。探讨了催化剂投量、pH、阿特拉津初始浓度和重碳酸盐碱度对催化氧化阿特拉津的影响。催化剂最佳投量为150 mg/L,去除率随pH和阿特拉津初始浓度的增加而升高,重碳酸盐浓度为200 mg/L时催化作用受到明显抑制。通过研究叔丁醇对催化反应的影响间接推断了催化反应的机理,叔丁醇作为羟基自由基抑制剂有效地抑制了水中羟基自由基的生成和它对阿特拉津的氧化反应,间接证明这种催化作用遵循羟基自由基的反应机理。     

阿特拉津在土壤中的吸附行为

研究了阿特拉津(AT)在3种岩性土壤中的吸附规律.探讨了离子强度、TOC和pH等因素对AT吸附的影响.结果表明:TOC对AT在土壤中吸附的影响较大;增加离子强度,会提高AT在土壤中的吸附能力;pH与AT的吸附量呈负相关.     

基于绿色合成法的纳米铁/活性炭复合材料降解阿特拉津的动力学

为了综合处理水中的阿特拉津,以绿茶萃取液为还原剂,以活性炭为载体,采用液相还原法绿色合成了纳米铁/活性炭复合材料,研究了活性炭投放量、阿特拉津的初始浓度、溶液初始pH值及反应时间对阿特拉津去除率的影响,探讨了不同影响因素下阿特拉津的降解动力学。结果表明:阿特拉津降解反应近似符合二级反应动力学,反应速率常数0.001 08~0.002 73 L·(mg·min)~(-1)。在纳米铁/活性炭复合材料去除阿特拉津过程中,纳米铁的还原和活性炭的吸附共同作用。     

2种低温等离子体降解土壤中乙草胺和阿特拉津

研究了沿面放电和平板介质阻挡放电处理土壤中阿特拉津和乙草胺的效果。主要以沙子作为研究体系,考察了水分、氧气流速、活性炭和过硫酸钠对降解的影响。结果表明:沿面放电装置和平板介质阻挡放电都能高效降解沙子中的乙草胺、阿特拉津;水分和氧气流速对降解的影响较大,在一定限度内,它们的增加能迅速提高降解效果,但过多的水分反而会抑制污染物的降解。活性炭显著抑制沿面放电降解乙草胺和阿特拉津效果,过硫酸钠与沿面放电、平板介质阻挡放电联用方法没有表现出协同效应。     

除草剂阿特拉津生物降解研究进展

本文综述了近年来国内外在阿特拉津降解菌及降解途径方面的研究进展 ,及在微生物产生的阿特拉津降解酶、其操作基因方面的研究现状 ,并提出了阿特拉津生物降解的研究趋势     

活性炭纤维对水中典型除草剂的吸附行为

实验研究了活性炭纤维对水中敌草隆、阿特拉津的吸附行为,考察了温度、酸碱度、流速对这两种除草剂的吸附影响,采用碱液进行了活性炭纤维的再生。实验结果表明,在实验条件下,温度越高,吸附量越大,敌草隆最佳吸附pH范围在弱酸性区间,阿特拉津最佳吸附pH范围在中性区间。在动态吸附中,流速增大,吸附效果越来越差。采用浓度较小的碱液处理,活性炭纤维再生效果明显。     

水中腐殖酸可见光降解阿特拉津的动力学研究

探讨了天然水体中存在的腐殖酸(HA)可见光降解水中阿特拉津的动力学特征和影响因素。结果表明,pH对HA可见光降解阿特拉津具有明显影响,水中HA质量浓度为5.0mg/L时,pH为3、5、7、9的条件下,受可见光照6.00h后阿特拉津(初始质量浓度5mg/L)的去除率分别为75.5%、77.3%、91.7%、84.9%,中性条件下阿特拉津可见光降解效果最佳;当HA质量浓度分别为1.5、3.0、5.0、10.0mg/L时,HA对水中阿特拉津的可见光降解均表现为促进作用,且降解过程符合一级反应动力学方程,其一级反应动力学常数分别为0.337 0、0.361 4、0.445 4、0.314 6h-1,HA为5.0mg/L时阿特拉津的可见光降解效果最佳。实际应用中,可以通过优化HA与阿特拉津的浓度比值,发挥HA促进阿特拉津可见光降解的最佳效能。     

Controlled release and retarded leaching of pesticides by encapsulating in carboxymethyl chitosan /bentonite composite gel

A novel composite gel composed of carboxymethyl-chitosan (CM-chit) and bentonite (H-bent) was used as the carrier for encapsulating atrazine and imidacloprid to control their release in water and retard their leaching in soil. Strong interactions between CM-chit and H-bent in the composite were confirmed by FT-IR, and good dispersion of pesticides in the carrier was observed by SEM. According to the results of release experiments in water, the CM-chit/H-bent composite carrier showed double advantages of both encapsulation by the polymer and sorption by the bentonite. The time taken for 50 % of active ingredients to be released, t??, was prolonged to 572 h for atrazine and 24 h for imidacloprid, respectively. The difference between the two pesticides on release behavior was related to their hydrophobicity and water solubility. Leaching experiments through a soil layer showed that this novel carrier reduced the amount of pesticides available for leaching, and would be useful for diminishing the environmental pollution of pesticides.     

Mineralization and degradation of glyphosate and atrazine applied in combination in a Brazilian Oxisol

The aim of this study was to investigate the behavior of the association between atrazine and glyphosate in the soil through mineralization and degradation tests. Soil treatments consisted of the combination of a field dose of glyphosate (2.88 kg ha?1) with 0, ?, 1 and 2 times a field dose of atrazine (3.00 kg ha?1) and a field dose of atrazine with 0, ?, 1 and 2 times a field dose of glyphosate. The herbicide mineralization rates were measured after 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56 and 63 days of soil application, and degradation rates after 0, 7, 28 and 63 days. Although glyphosate mineralization rate was higher in the presence of 1 (one) dose of atrazine when compared with glyphosate alone, no significant differences were found when half or twice the atrazine dose was applied, meaning that differences in glyphosate mineralization rates cannot be attributed to the presence of atrazine. On the other hand, the influence of glyphosate on atrazine mineralization was evident, since increasing doses of glyphosate increased the atrazine mineralization rate and the lowest dose of glyphosate accelerated atrazine degradation.     

Controlled release and retarded leaching of pesticides by encapsulating in carboxymethyl chitosan /bentonite composite gel

A novel composite gel composed of carboxymethyl-chitosan (CM-chit) and bentonite (H-bent) was used as the carrier for encapsulating atrazine and imidacloprid to control their release in water and retard their leaching in soil. Strong interactions between CM-chit and H-bent in the composite were confirmed by FT-IR, and good dispersion of pesticides in the carrier was observed by SEM. According to the results of release experiments in water, the CM-chit/H-bent composite carrier showed double advantages of both encapsulation by the polymer and sorption by the bentonite. The time taken for 50 % of active ingredients to be released, t ₅₀, was prolonged to 572 h for atrazine and 24 h for imidacloprid, respectively. The difference between the two pesticides on release behavior was related to their hydrophobicity and water solubility. Leaching experiments through a soil layer showed that this novel carrier reduced the amount of pesticides available for leaching, and would be useful for diminishing the environmental pollution of pesticides.     

Influence of Lead on Atrazine Uptake by Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Seedlings from Nutrient Solution (7 pp)

Background Atrazine is a widely used herbicide, and its persistence in soil and water causes environmental concerns. In the past, plat uptake processes are mainly investigated for single contaminants. However, in many cases, contaminants co-exist in environmental matrix, such as soil, and plant uptake of one contaminant may be influenced by its co-existing ones.Methods The uptake of atrazine by rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) from nutrient solution through the roots was investigated in a solution culture, over an exposure period of 4 weeks. Atrazine accumulation in plant tissues was determined by gas chromatography, and lead was determined using atomic absorption spectrometry.Results and Discussion With different ratios of atrazine and Pb2+ concentrations in solution, the observed atrazine concentrations in shoots and roots varied significantly. In atrazine-Pb2+ mixture systems, the added Pb2+ either increased or decreased the concentrations or BCFs of atrazine in seedlings (relative to those without Pb2+), depending on the atrazine-Pb2+ ratio in nutrient solution. The enhanced atrazine uptake results presumably from atrazine-Pb2+ complex formation. The reduced atrazine uptake, which occurred mainly at high atrazine concentrations, is attributed to atrazine toxicity that inhibited seedling growth and transpiration. Conclusion The formation of atrazine-Pb2+ complex both in the solution and within plant tissues may affect the accumulation of both contaminants by rice plants.     

Long-term dynamics of the atrazine mineralization potential in surface and subsurface soil in an agricultural field as a response to atrazine applications

The dynamics of the atrazine mineralization potential in agricultural soil was studied in two soil layers (topsoil and at 35-45 cm depth) in a 3 years field trial to examine the long term response of atrazine mineralizing soil populations to atrazine application and intermittent periods without atrazine and the effect of manure treatment on those processes. In topsoil samples, ¹⁴C-atrazine mineralization lag times decreased after atrazine application and increased with increasing time after atrazine application, suggesting that atrazine application resulted into the proliferation of atrazine mineralizing microbial populations which decayed when atrazine application stopped. Decay rates appeared however much slower than growth rates. Atrazine application also resulted into the increase of the atrazine mineralization potential in deeper layers which was explained by the growth on leached atrazine as measured in soil leachates recovered from that depth. However, no decay was observed during intermittent periods without atrazine application in the deeper soil layer. atzA and trzN gene quantification confirmed partly the growth and decay of the atrazine degrading populations in the soil and suggested that especially trzN bearing populations are the dominant atrazine degrading populations in both topsoil and deeper soil. Manure treatment only improved the atrazine mineralization rate in deeper soil layers. Our results point to the importance of the atrazine application history on a field and suggests that the long term survival of atrazine degrading populations after atrazine application enables them to rapidly proliferate once atrazine is again applied.     

Erratum

The influence of soil macro-porosity and manure on atrazine (6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) transport was investigated under laboratory conditions using disturbed and undisturbed soil columns. The macro-porosity in the soil column was obtained with CT scanning technique. Liquid manure was applied at the surface of soil column, 19 cm long and 8 cm in diameter, at a rate of 60 m³/ha. Experimental results revealed that atrazine moves faster through the soils in the presence of manure compared to soil without application of manure. The average time for elusion and the relative peak concentration in the disturbed soil column without manure was 14.5 h and 3.1%, respectively compared to 11.0 h and 6.9% in the presence of manure, respectively. Similar behavior was observed in the case of disturbed soil columns. Soil macro-porosity has shown large impact on atrazine transport, especially in the presence of manure.     

Macroporosity and manure influence on atrazine transport through soil

The influence of soil macro-porosity and manure on atrazine (6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) transport was investigated under laboratory conditions using disturbed and undisturbed soil columns. The macro-porosity in the soil column was obtained with CT scanning technique. Liquid manure was applied at the surface of soil column, 19 cm long and 8 cm in diameter, at a rate of 60 m3/ha. Experimental results revealed that atrazine moves faster through the soils in the presence of manure compared to soil without application of manure. The average time for elusion and the relative peak concentration in the disturbed soil column without manure was 14.5 h and 3.1%, respectively compared to 11.0 h and 6.9% in the presence of manure, respectively. Similar behavior was observed in the case of disturbed soil columns. Soil macro-porosity has shown large impact on atrazine transport, especially in the presence of manure.     

Clearance of atrazine in soil describing xenobiotic behavior

The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the “clearance concept” as a tool for describing the behavior of xenobiotic movement into and through soils. As an example, degradation of 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine (atrazine) with the formation of metabolites 2-chloro-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine (desethylatrazine) and 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-s-triazine (desisopropylatrazine) was investigated. Atrazine was sprayed post-emergently in doses of 0.125 or 0.5 g active ingredient/m² each on four test plots. Soil type was a sandy-loam, on which corn (Zea mays L.) was cultivated. Soil samples were taken as cores of 0.2 m depth 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks after application of atrazine, and analyzed by HPLC. Soil concentrations of atrazine were highly correlated (r=0.993, p< 0.001) between the two applications of 0.125 g/m² and 0.5 g/m². Up to 50% of the atrazine was measured as metabolites during the whole vegetation period. Clearance of atrazine from soil was calculated as the total load of atrazine divided by the area under the soil atrazine concentration time curve. Soil atrazine clearance was calculated as 5.13 +/? SD 1.10 and 5.17 +/? SD 1.02 liter of soil per day for doses of 0.125 g/m² and 0.5 g/m², respectively (from a “soil unit” of 1 × 1 × 0.2 meter). The clearance concept might be a tool for risk assessment of xenobiotics.     

Degradation of atrazine in mineral salts medium and soil using enrichment culture

Atrazine degrading enrichment culture was prepared by its repeated addition to an alluvial soil and its ability to degrade atrazine in mineral salts medium and soil was studied. Enrichment culture utilized atrazine as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen in mineral salts medium and degradation slowed down when sucrose and/or ammonium hydrogen phosphate were supplemented as additional source of carbon and nitrogen, respectively. Biuret was detected as the only metabolite of atrazine while deethylatrazine, deisopropyatrazine, hydroxyatrazine and cyanuric acid were never detected at any stage of degradation. Enrichment culture degraded atrazine in an alkaline alluvial soil while no degradation was observed in the acidic laterite soil. Enrichment culture was able to withstand high concentrations of atrazine (110 μg/g) in the alluvial soil as atrazine was completely degraded. Developed mixed culture has the ability to degrade atrazine and has potential application in decontamination of contaminated water and soil.     

Phytoremediation potential of the novel atrazine tolerant Lolium multiflorum and studies on the mechanisms involved

Atrazine impact on human health and the environment have been extensively studied. Phytoremediation emerged as a low cost, environmental friendly biotechnological solution for atrazine pollution in soil and water. In vitro atrazine tolerance assays were performed and Lolium multiflorum was found as a novel tolerant species, able to germinate and grow in the presence of 1 mg kg⁻¹ of the herbicide. L. multiflorum presented 20% higher atrazine removal capacity than the natural attenuation, with high initial degradation rate in microcosms. The mechanisms involved in atrazine tolerance such as mutation in psbA gene, enzymatic detoxification via P₄₅₀ or chemical hydrolysis through benzoxazinones were evaluated. It was demonstrated that atrazine tolerance is conferred by enhanced enzymatic detoxification via P₄₅₀. Due to its atrazine degradation capacity in soil and its agronomical properties, L. multiflorum is a candidate for designing phytoremediation strategies for atrazine contaminated agricultural soils, especially those involving run-off avoiding.