改良型UCT工艺在农村生活污水处理中的应用

我国农村生活污水处理设施的进水COD往往低于设计水质,因而脱氮除磷过程中碳源不足,同时进水中TN、TP波动较大,导致现有工艺难以稳定实现脱氮除磷.针对这一问题,构建了基于改良型UCT工艺的一体化农村生活污水处理系统,并应用在江苏省常州市某村落.该处理系统可使污泥脱氮与混合液脱氮实现分离,在保证脱氮效率的同时,进一步减少...     

农村污水管道堵塞成因分析与解决对策

农村污水管道系统是农村污水收集处理设施的重要组成部分,在采用纳入城镇污水管网处理和村落集中处理模式的农村地区发挥了重要作用。由于农村污水管道在设计、建设、运行、维护等环节存在一些问题,农村污水管道堵塞的现象时有发生。为有效降低农村污水管道堵塞发生率,保证农村污水收集系统的稳定运行,分析了农村污水管道堵塞的成因,提出了农村污水管道防堵和长效运行的建议和对策,包括优化农村污水管道管径设计、补齐管道系统配套设施、提升施工质量、强化正确的排水习惯宣传、加强科学维护管理工作和采用"三位一体"的县域统筹模式等。这些建议和对策可以有效降低农村污水管道堵塞的发生率,为提升农村卫生水平和生态环境质量提供参考。     

浙江省农村生活污水处理技术应用现状及处理效果分析

农村生活污水面广量大,是污水治理中的重点和难点。通过对浙江省农村生活污水处理技术应用现状的调研,系统分析了该省目前应用的农村生活污水处理技术的特点和处理效果,并对已采用的各处理技术的去污效果、抗冲击性能、运维性能等进行了对比。最后结合浙江省农村生活污水处理现状,从建立农村生活污水处理技术评价体系、做好运行效果评估、加强经验推广和技术深入研究、加强设施的运维管理等方面提出了进一步提高农村生活污水处理效果的措施。     

分层填料地下渗滤系统处理农村分散生活污水

为了解决农村生活污水直接排放造成的地表水以及地下水污染问题，本研究采用2种混合填料（5％粉煤灰＋95％土壤和5％腐熟干牛粪＋95％土壤）分层装填的3种不同结构的地下渗滤系统进行农村分散生活污水处理。结果表明，系统对污水中各主要污染因子都有较好的去除作用，且能承受一定的污染负荷波动；除总氮外，系统出水各项指标最低满足《地表水环境质量标准》中Ⅲ类标准，出水外排不会造成地表水污染；添加腐熟牛粪大大提高了系统总氮、硝氮的去除效率，出水稳定后满足地下水环境质量Ⅲ类标准。在应用过程中，建议选择2种填料填充高度各半的填充模式，以便各项指标均能达到最优处理效果。     

农村分散型的生活污水处理工程实例

介绍了农村小城镇分散型的生活污水处理经验，即采用隔油沉淀、水解酸化、接触氧化法的处理工艺；污水处理设施采用埋地式土壤覆盖型；最终废水出水的各项水质指标均达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918—2002）中的一级B类标准。     

无蓄电池风-光能互补驱动生物反应器处理农村生活污水的可行性

农村生活污水处理设施能耗高难以长效运行,目前已有利用太阳能和风能供电驱动污水处理设施的研究和应用,但常规的太阳能和风能发电设施需要用蓄电池组稳定电能的输出,而蓄电池的使用寿命短导致成本增加,也增加了环境污染风险。为降低成本,减少环境污染风险,通过对不同季节太阳能和风能强度变化监测与分析,确定太阳能与风能具有季节互补性。在此基础上,将太阳能辐射强度周期性、农村生活污水排放不连续性、污水生物处理过程对溶解氧需求的差异三者融合,提出了一种无蓄电池组的太阳能与风能互补发电驱动农村生活污水生物处理设施的集成系统,可降低运行和维护费用。167 d的连续运行实验结果表明:通过自动控制系统的调控及建立相应的生物反应器运行工况,可以实现发电单元电能输出稳定,且能源利用率达到80%;生物反应器对COD、NH_4~+-N和TN的平均去除率分别为90.6%、94.7%和61.7%,出水平均浓度分别为29.1、2.1和15.8 mg·L~(-1)。研究结果证明利用无蓄电池风-光能互补驱动生物反应器处理农村生活污水是可行的。     

农村生活污水处理设施省级管理体系探索——以浙江省为例

农村生活污水治理是我国提升农村人居环境行动的重要一环.在国家有关政策的推动下,近年来我国农村生活污水处理设施大量建成,但由于法规标准、管理保障机制等的相对滞后,影响了现有设施的长效运行,亟待探索并建立因地制宜的农村生活污水处理设施省级管理体系.浙江省作为全国首个全面开展农村生活污水治理并对其专门立法的省级行政区,经过十...     

流域水源地污染成因分析与保护对策——以潭江牛湾段水源地保护为例

通过对潭江流域水污染源的分析 ,提出了保护水源地水质安全的对策 :实施污染物总量控制 ;调整产业结构 ;加快城市生活污水处理设施建设 ,提高生活污水的处理率 ;加强禽畜养殖管理 ,严格控制养殖规模     

农村生活污水分散处理技术研究进展

对农村生活污水的特点进行了分析，总结了国内外农村生活污水分散处理技术的研究及应用状况，介绍了三种典型的分散处理技术，并指出这三种技术的有机组合，将成为未来农村生活污水分散处理技术发展的趋势。     

日本污水脱氮除磷深度处理工艺分析

为提高进入琵琶湖水体水质和有效恢复并保持琵琶湖流域水生态环境,日本滋贺县10家下水道污水处理厂全部采用脱氮除磷深度处理工艺。湖南中部净化中心目前规模为26.85万t/d,采用缺氧-好氧循环硝化/反硝化(AO)、厌氧-缺氧-好氧(AAO)和多段进水多级缺氧-好氧硝化/反硝化(SMAO)3种深度处理工艺。AAO工艺是国内城镇污水处理厂广泛采用的二级生化工艺,AO、SMAO工艺在国内还没有应用实例。AO、AAO工艺采用内循环硝化/反硝化反应脱氮,SMAO工艺采用无内循环的多段进水多级硝化/反硝化反应脱氮。AO、SMAO工艺采用化学方式除磷,PAC添加浓度约50mg/L。AAO工艺采用化学和生物组合方式除磷,PAC添加浓度降低到约30 mg/L。AO、AAO工艺出水BOD、CODMn、SS、TN和TP均值分别约为0.9 mg/L、5.2 mg/L、1 mg/L、6.5 mg/L和0.06 mg/L,相应的去除率约为99.5%、94.2%、99.5%、78.0%和98.1%。SMAO工艺出水TN约为2.5 mg/L,TN去除率提高到91.6%,其他指标和AO、AAO工艺基本相同。     

Impact assessment of human diet changes with rapid urbanization on regional nitrogen and phosphorus flows—a case study of the megacity Shanghai

Regional material flows are strongly influenced by human diets. To diagnose and prevent environmental problems that threaten urban sustainability, the impact of human diet changes with rapid urbanization on the regional nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) flows were quantitatively evaluated. A survey of day-to-day activities was conducted of 450 individuals surveyed (adults over 18 years old) in three representative areas (the central district, the new district, and the suburban/rural areas) of Shanghai, a megacity which has attracted worldwide attention. The lifestyle (eating habits, domestic sanitation, drainage facilities, etc.) pattern was determined and the potential N and P loads from human diets on the environment were calculated. The daily potential nitrogen and phosphorus loads from human diets was 19.36 g-N, 1.80 g-P in the central district, 16.48 g-N, 1.52 g-P in the new district, and 13.04 g-N, 1.20 g-P in the suburban/rural areas of Shanghai. Respondents in all three areas, especially those in the suburban/rural areas reported a preference for increasing the intake of animal-derived as well as processed foods, which means that the potential N and P load from human diets to the environment will increase further. In addition, most respondents consider industrial wastewater discharge as the main cause of eutrophication of waterbodies, though in recent years water pollution caused by domestic wastewater has increased rapidly, but this has received much less attention. Environment-friendly eating habits and improvements in the environmental awareness will be required.     

Specific accumulation of 20 trace elements in great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) from Japan

This study is to elucidate the specific accumulation of 20 trace elements in tissues/organs of great cormorants from two different colonies (Lake Biwa and Mie) in Japan. In the body distribution of trace elements, some elements revealed tissue-specific accumulation such as most of the burden of Mo, Ag and Cd in liver, Tl and Cd in kidney, Cu, Rb and Cs in muscle, and V, Sr and Ba in bone. Gender-related variation was not observed in both populations for most of the trace elements, except for higher hepatic Sr in males from Lake Biwa. Hepatic V, muscular Hg and Tl, and Cd in liver, kidney and muscle increased with growth. Comparison of trace element levels in tissues between the two colonies showed that Cr, Rb, Sr, Cd, Cs, Ba and Tl levels were higher in Lake Biwa than in Mie, whereas Zn, Co and Hg in Mie samples were greater than Lake Biwa. Variations of elemental levels in stomach contents also showed similar patterns, thus, showing that dietary sources tended to be the main factor for these regional variations. Toxic Hg and Cd concentrations in the liver of cormorants from the two colonies were lower than those from other areas, implying relatively low exposure to these metals in the present study sites. Concentrations of V, Co, Ag, Cd, Cs, Hg, Tl, Pb and Bi in liver remained more or less at the same level between 1993 and 2003, while hepatic Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr and Ba showed apparent decrease, which might be related to the biological factors.     

Mercury and cadmium in common cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo)

Mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd) in common cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) collected in Lake Biwa, Japan and Tokyo, Japan, were investigated to elucidate the biological behaviors of these elements, and to assess exposure to these pollutants of wild, fish-eating birds. Hg and Cd concentrations were highest in the liver and kidneys, respectively. The lowest levels of both elements were observed in chicks. Hg concentrations in all tissues except brain increased significantly with growth from chicks to juveniles (p<0.05, U-test). Cd concentrations in the kidneys and liver also increased significantly during growth from juvenile to adult (p<0.005, U-test). When comparing hepatic Hg and Cd in adult birds between 10 samples from Lake Biwa and nine samples from Tokyo, the Cd concentrations in the Lake Biwa samples (1.4+/-0.37 microg/g dry wt) (mean+/-SD) were significantly higher than those from Tokyo (0.32+/-0.16 microg/g dry wt) (p<0.005, U-test), while no statistically significant difference was found in the Hg concentrations. Possible causes of these differences were discussed in relation to their prey.     

Methane Emissions from Domestic Waste Management Facilities in Jordan—Applicability of IPCC Methodology

ABSTRACT

In this paper, methane emissions from municipal wastewater treatment plants and municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills in Jordan for 1994 have been estimated using the methodology developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). For this purpose, the 14 domestic wastewater treatment plants in the country were surveyed. Generation rates and characterization of MSW components as well as dumping and landfilling practices were surveyed in order to estimate 1994 CH₄ emissions from these sites. Locally available waste statistics were used in cases where those of the IPCC guidelines were not representative of Jordan's statistics.

Methane emissions from domestic wastewater in Jordan were estimated at 4.66 gigagrams (Gg). Total 1994 CH₄ emissions from MSW management facilities in Jordan are estimated at 371.76 Gg—351.12 Gg (94.45%) from sanitary landfills, 19.83 Gg (5.33%) from MSW open dumps, and 0.81 Gg (0.22%) from raw sewage-water dumping ponds. Uncertainties associated with these estimations are presented.     

Advanced oxidation treatment of physico-chemically pre-treated olive mill industry effluent

In this study, the applicability of physico-chemical methods was investigated for the pre-treatment of the olive mill effluents prior to the discharge into the common sewerage ending with a municipal wastewater treatment plant. The samples were taken from an olive oil industry operated as three-phase process located in Turkey. Various pre-treatment methods including acid craking, polyelectrolyte and lime additions were applied. Advanced oxidation study using Fenton's process was also investigated following pre-treatment by acid cracking and cationic polyelectrolyte. Acid cracking alone gave satisfactory treatment efficiencies and polyelectrolite additions to the acid-cracked samples enhanced treatment efficiency. Since a complete treatment plant is available at the end of the sewer system, results indicated that the effluents of the investigated industry could be discharged into the municipal sewerage in the case of total chemical oxygen demand (COD_tot), suspended solid (SS) and volatile suspended solid (VSS) concentrations according to the Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulation after pre-treatment with 5 ppm anionic polyelectrolyte following acid cracking. The minimum COD_tot, SS and VSS removals were observed when raw wastewater was pre-treated with lime and the discharge standards to the municipal sewer system could not be met. Advanced oxidation with Fenton's process was applied after acid cracking and cationic polyelectrolyte treatment in order to investigate further reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration for minimizing the influence of this industrial discharge on the existing municipal wastewater treatment plant. Results indicated that COD_tot removal increased up to 89% from 74% after Fenton's oxidation for the acid cracked samples in which cationic polyelectrolite (10 ppm) was added.     

Methane emissions from domestic waste management facilities in Jordan--applicability of IPCC methodology

In this paper, methane emissions from municipal wastewater treatment plants and municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills in Jordan for 1994 have been estimated using the methodology developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). For this purpose, the 14 domestic wastewater treatment plants in the country were surveyed. Generation rates and characterization of MSW components as well as dumping and landfilling practices were surveyed in order to estimate 1994 CH4 emissions from these sites. Locally available waste statistics were used in cases where those of the IPCC guidelines were not representative of Jordan's statistics. Methane emissions from domestic wastewater in Jordan were estimated at 4.66 gigagrams (Gg). Total 1994 CH4 emissions from MSW management facilities in Jordan are estimated at 371.76 Gg--351.12 Gg (94.45%) from sanitary landfills, 19.83 Gg (5.33%) from MSW open dumps, and 0.81 Gg (0.22%) from raw sewage-water dumping ponds. Uncertainties associated with these estimations are presented.     

Adaptation of urine source separation in tropical cities: Process optimization and odor mitigation

Source-separating urine from other domestic wastewaters promotes a more sustainable municipal wastewater treatment system. This study investigated the feasibility and potential issues of applying a urine source-separation system in tropical urban settings. The results showed that source-separated urine underwent rapid urea-hydrolysis (ureolysis) at temperatures between 34–40^oC, stale/fresh urine ratios greater than 40%, and/or with slight fecal cross-contamination. Undiluted (or low-diluted) urine favored ureolysis; this can be monitored by measuring conductivity as a reliable and efficient indicator. The optimized parameters demonstrated that an effective urine source-separation system is achievable in tropical urban areas. On the other hand, the initial release of CO₂ and NH₃ led to an elevated pressure in the headspace of the collection reservoir, which then dropped to a negative value, primarily due to oxygen depletion by the microbial activity in the gradually alkalized urine. Another potential odor source during the ureolysis process was derived from the high production of volatile fatty acids (VFA), which were mainly acetic, propanoic, and butyric acids. Health concerns related to odor issues might limit the application of source separation systems in urban areas; it is therefore vital to systematically monitor and control the odor emissions from a source separation system. As such, an enhanced ureolysis process can attenuate the odor emissions.

Implications: Urine source separation is promising to improve the management of domestic wastewater in a more sustainable way. The work demonstrates the achievability of an effective urine source-separation system in tropical urban areas. The installation of urine-stabilization tanks beneath high-rise buildings lowers the risk of pipe clogging. Conductivity measurement can be utilized as a reliable process indicator for an automated system. However, urine hydrolysis raises a strong potential of odor emission (both inorganic and organic), which might limit the application of source separation systems in urban areas. An enhanced ureolysis process could shorten and attenuate the odor emissions.     

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products found in the Great Lakes above concentrations of environmental concern

The monitoring of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) has focused on the distribution in rivers and small lakes, but data regarding their occurrence and effects in large lake systems, such as the Great Lakes, are sparse. Wastewater treatment processes have not been optimized to remove influent PPCPs and are a major source of PPCPs in the environment. Furthermore, PPCPs are not currently regulated in wastewater effluent. In this experiment we evaluated the concentration, and corresponding risk, of PPCPs from a wastewater effluent source at varying distances in Lake Michigan. Fifty-four PPCPs and hormones were assessed on six different dates over a two-year period from surface water and sediment samples up to 3.2 km from a wastewater treatment plant and at two sites within a harbor. Thirty-two PPCPs were detected in Lake Michigan and 30 were detected in the sediment, with numerous PPCPs being detected up to 3.2 km away from the shoreline. The most frequently detected PPCPs in Lake Michigan were metformin, caffeine, sulfamethoxazole, and triclosan. To determine the ecological risk, the maximum measured environmental concentrations were compared to the predicted no-effect concentration and 14 PPCPs were found to be of medium or high ecological risk. The environmental risk of PPCPs in large lake systems, such as the Great Lakes, has been questioned due to high dilution; however, the concentrations found in this study, and their corresponding risk quotient, indicate a significant threat by PPCPs to the health of the Great Lakes, particularly near shore organisms.     

Advanced oxidation treatment of physico-chemically pre-treated olive mill industry effluent

In this study, the applicability of physico-chemical methods was investigated for the pre-treatment of the olive mill effluents prior to the discharge into the common sewerage ending with a municipal wastewater treatment plant. The samples were taken from an olive oil industry operated as three-phase process located in Turkey. Various pre-treatment methods including acid craking, polyelectrolyte and lime additions were applied. Advanced oxidation study using Fenton's process was also investigated following pre-treatment by acid cracking and cationic polyelectrolyte. Acid cracking alone gave satisfactory treatment efficiencies and polyelectrolite additions to the acid-cracked samples enhanced treatment efficiency. Since a complete treatment plant is available at the end of the sewer system, results indicated that the effluents of the investigated industry could be discharged into the municipal sewerage in the case of total chemical oxygen demand (COD(tot)), suspended solid (SS) and volatile suspended solid (VSS) concentrations according to the Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulation after pre-treatment with 5 ppm anionic polyelectrolyte following acid cracking. The minimum COD(tot), SS and VSS removals were observed when raw wastewater was pre-treated with lime and the discharge standards to the municipal sewer system could not be met. Advanced oxidation with Fenton's process was applied after acid cracking and cationic polyelectrolyte treatment in order to investigate further reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration for minimizing the influence of this industrial discharge on the existing municipal wastewater treatment plant. Results indicated that COD(tot) removal increased up to 89% from 74% after Fenton's oxidation for the acid cracked samples in which cationic polyelectrolite (10 ppm) was added.     

Impact of plant harvesting on nitrogen and phosphorus removal in constructed wetlands treating agricultural region wastewater

Agricultural region wastewater near Dianchi Lake, China increases eutrophication of the lake. Thus nitrogen and phosphorus removal from the wastewater by Phragmites australis and Zizania caduciflora in two Constructed Wetlands (CWs) was studied. South CW and North CW have areas of 2800 and 4200 m², respectively. From January 2003 to December 2003, the input loads were 5.31 (2.89) and 0.68 (0.37) kg P ha⁻¹ day⁻¹ in SCW (NCW). The removal amounts of N and P via plant harvesting accounted for 32 (58) and 37 (51)% of the corresponding removal load in SCW (NCW).