外电阻对双阴极微生物燃料电池脱氮产电性能的影响

为提高双阴极MFC的脱氮产电性能,构建了双阴极微生物燃料电池系统,考察了连续进水状态下阳极与缺氧阴极间外阻(R_(A-A))以及阳极与好氧阴极间外阻(R_(A-O))的变化对系统脱氮产电性能的影响。结果表明:只增大一侧电阻会降低厌氧阳极的库仑效率和功率密度,但能提高系统的脱氮效果;当R_(A-O)由200Ω增大到1 000Ω时,TN去除率由43.81%提高到60.71%,当R_(A-A)由200Ω增大到1 000Ω时,TN去除率由38.88%提高到61.52%;当总外阻固定在1 000Ω时,两侧电阻变化不影响阳极的功率密度和库仑效率,其分别保持在305.53 mW·m~(-3)和0.35%左右;电阻组合(R_(A-A)/R_(A-O))由500Ω/500Ω变化为100Ω/900Ω,TN去除率由62.32%提高到64.41%;系统的硝化效果随R_(A-O)的增大而增强,反硝化效果随R_(A-A)的减小而增强,总氮去除效果随总外阻的增大而提升。低R_(A-A)与高R_(A-O)的外阻组合能有效提高双阴极三室MFC的脱氮能力。增大总外阻,系统产电性能降低,阳极表面微生物膜氧化性不断减弱,总外阻不变,阳极表面氧化性变化不大。研究探明了外电阻变化对三室双阴极MFC脱氮产电性能的影响,为进一步提高MFC脱氮产电性能提供参考。     

生物阴极微生物燃料电池中同步产电反硝化菌的分离鉴定与性能

利用反硝化筛选培养基从稳定运行的MFC-AA/O反应器阴极板上分离纯化反硝化细菌,经16S rRNA鉴定后,接种于双室MFC的阴极,测试其产电能力以筛选同步产电反硝化细菌,之后对MFC的运行温度和pH进行优化,最后通过扫描循环伏安曲线分析其产电机理。结果表明:分离获得的一株反硝化菌经鉴定为铜绿假单胞杆菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa),该菌可实现同步产电脱氮,最高输出电压可达168 mV左右,其脱氮反应的最优pH为7.5,最适温度为30℃;在生物阴极起催化产电反硝化作用的可能是Pseudomonas aeruginosa的分泌物,其作为中介体,可从电极获得电子,完成硝酸盐的还原。上述结果说明,Pseudomonas aeruginosa作为接种MFC生物阴极的纯菌,可以实现同步产电反硝化,为反硝化生物阴极MFC的实际应用奠定基础。     

温度、pH对微生物燃料电池产电的影响研究

采用SPSS分析软件,考察了双室微生物燃料电池(MFC)、单室MFC运行过程中,温度、pH与产电性能的相关关系。结果表明,碳纸双室MFC的日均电压与温度、阳极pH均未呈现显著相关关系,而与阴极pH呈极显著相关关系,产电的决定性因素为阴极反应;石墨毡/碳纸双室MFC日均电压与温度未呈现显著相关关系,而与阳极pH、阴极pH均呈极显著相关关系,产电的决定性因素为pH;单室MFC的产电性能受温度的影响较大,而pH对其影响不显著,对于单室MFC的运行调控应主要从温度入手。     

回流式无膜生物阴极微生物燃料电池脱氮

为有效提高脱氮效率、降低MFC运行成本,设计了一种新构型回流式无PEM膜的生物阴极微生物燃料电池,处理生活污水,回收电能。研究了该系统的启动情况及稳定运行时的污水脱氮效果和产电性能。结果表明,系统稳定运行后,输出电压0.53 V,反应器内阻406.8Ω,最大功率密度201.9 mW/m3。连续进水、停留时间12 h、回流比为1及阴极连续曝气条件下,COD去除率85%以上,氨氮去除率93.94%,总氮去除率44.96%,总氮去除较作参比的A2/O系统提高8.17%。     

金属纳米材料在厌氧条件下对脱氮副球菌反硝化作用的影响

以脱氮副球菌YF1为实验菌株,研究纳米Fe0和纳米Fe/Ni 2种金属纳米材料对菌体生长及其反硝化作用的影响。实验结果表明:添加纳米材料到反应体系中会降低实验菌株的生长量和生物反硝化作用,纳米Fe/Ni对实验菌株的毒性比纳米Fe0大。在含硝态氮初始浓度为100 mg/L的反硝化培养基中接种脱氮副球菌,于30℃培养20 h,脱氮率为89.47%,而菌+1 000 mg/L纳米Fe/Ni的体系脱氮率仅为64.33%;菌+1 000 mg/L纳米Fe0体系的脱氮率为76.36%。不同体系的反硝化过程均可采用零级动力学模型进行拟合(相关系数R2>0.92)。这2种金属纳米材料对实验菌株的生长量及其反硝化作用的影响程度,与体系的pH和温度有较大关系。     

生物质活性炭纤维笼电极微生物燃料电池产电性能

首次构建了以生物质活性炭纤维笼电极为空气阴极的微生物燃料电池(biomass activated carbon fiber cageshaped air-cathode microbial fuel cell,BACFC-ACMFC),并以厌氧污泥接种,以葡萄糖作为碳源,研究了该MFC在连续运行条件下的产电性能、电池内阻情况和最优运行条件。结果表明:在一个运行周期内,该MFC最佳运行条件为:体积浸没比为50%、p H=8、污泥投加量为1.8 g·L-1。当外接电阻为1 000Ω时,该MFC最大输出电压为257.89 m V,最大输出功率密度为4 082.99 m W·m-3,电池内阻为419.88Ω,与目前其他阴极材料的微生物燃料电池相比,该新型生物质活性炭纤维笼空气阴极微生物燃料电池功率密度较高,内阻较低。SEM分析可知,阴极具有较大的比表面积和孔隙率,有利于与氧气的充分接触。在浸入溶液中的半面阴极上发现大量微生物附着,这可能和氧气还原有关。     

剩余污泥微生物燃料电池的产电性能及有机物降解与阳极生物分析

构建了以二沉池剩余污泥厌氧发酵上清液为阳极底物的微生物燃料电池(MFC),考察了电池的产电性能、污染物去除效率及阳极微生物种群特征。结果表明,厌氧发酵污泥MFC作为污泥资源化的一种新途径,具有可行性。在厌氧发酵的预处理条件下,MFC体系稳定运行期间输出电压最高可达0.65 V,最大功率密度达86.89 m W·m~(-2),库伦效率为(5.12±0.5)%;与此同时TCOD去除率为(50.6±3.5)%。污泥在厌氧发酵阶段产生大量挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs),它们作为产电微生物易于摄取的阳极底物,能够促进污泥中有机质的去除,进而提高污泥MFC的产电效果。由阳极微生物群落结构可推断:产电和非产电细菌具有协同作用,共同维持MFC的稳定运行。     

微生物燃料电池藻阴极性能比较及膜污染分析

为考察藻种类及阴极材料对藻阴极型微生物燃料电池性能的影响,以微藻及水绵为阴极生物,分别采用碳毡,碳纸,载铂碳纸为阴极材料,构建了微生物燃料电池。结果显示,以碳毡作为阴极材料时,2种藻阴极微生物燃料电池最大功率密度均高于以碳纸为阴极材料时相应的功率密度。采用载铂碳纸为阴极材料、天然湖水为阴极液,微生物燃料电池最大功率密度分别达到165.1 m W/m2(微藻阴极)和119.9 m W/m2(水绵阴极)。电化学测试表明,藻类生长形态影响了阴极的电化学特征,进而影响到了微生物燃料电池的性能。藻阴极MFC长期运行时,膜污染是藻阴极微生物燃料电池功率密度下降的关键因素之一。SEM-EDS分析显示,膜两侧污染主要原因分别是微生物生长和磷酸盐晶体沉积。     

碳氮比对低温投加介体生物反硝化脱氮的影响

污水的生物脱氮效果受低温抑制,投加氧化还原介体有利于反硝化过程。采用规格相同的序批式反应器,使用人工配制硝酸盐废水和经过驯化的活性污泥,考察了不同碳源浓度(碳氮比)对低温(10℃)投加氧化还原介体1, 2-萘醌-4-磺酸(NQS)污水生物反硝化脱氮过程的影响。结果表明:当碳源浓度(以COD计)为150～400mg·L~(-1) (碳氮比为1.8～4.7)时,脱氮效率随碳氮比的升高而升高;当碳源浓度为400～550 mg·L~(-1) (碳氮比为4.7～6.5)时,脱氮效率随着碳氮比的升高而降低;当碳源浓度为400 mg·L~(-1) (碳氮比为4.7)左右时效果最好,总氮去除率最高为64.7%。对于脱氮速率,介体强化脱氮速率随着碳氮比的升高而升高。同时,探讨了投加介体污水生物反硝化脱氮的机理,发现投加介体降低了体系的氧化还原电位(ORP),有利于反硝化脱氮反应的进行。     

新型一体化生物反应器脱氮的影响因素研究

采用中心岛式一体化OCO工艺处理模拟生活污水，考察了溶解氧(DO)、碳氮比(C/N)、水力停留时间(HRT)和pH值对其脱氮效率的影响。试验结果表明：在好氧区DO为2.0 mg/L左右，C/N为8.5左右，HRT为12 h左右，pH值为7.4～7.8时，该工艺具有较为理想的脱氮效果，达到85%。试验还表明，该工艺的一体化沉淀池具有沉淀效能高、抗水力冲击能力强的特点。     

不适宜生长条件对混菌降解苯胺的影响

分别从台州和衢州某化工厂的好氧池中分离筛选得到2株苯胺降解菌TZ1和JH1,经16S rDNA测序鉴定为Comamonas sp.TZ1和Pseudomonas sp.JH1,均具有较强的苯胺降解能力,培养24 h后,可使初始浓度为800 mg/L的苯胺去除率达到96.4%~98.4%。在此基础上,按体积比1∶1将2株菌液进行混合构建了混合菌体系,进而对比考察了苯胺初始浓度、pH、盐度和重金属等环境因子对单一菌和混合菌生长量及降解苯胺效果的影响,重点探讨混合菌对不适宜生长环境的适应性及其对苯胺的降解特性。通过单一菌和混合菌对比实验发现,在适宜苯胺初始浓度、pH和盐度条件下,混合菌的生长量略高于单一菌;在不适宜生长的高浓度苯胺、pH和盐度条件下,混合菌也表现出了更强的适应性和苯胺矿化能力。Zn2+和Cr6+耐受实验则表明,对于Cr6+,混合菌表现出了更强的耐受能力,而对于Zn2+并没有表现出更强的耐受能力。     

电化学脱硝过程参数的响应曲面优化研究

以Ti/IrO2-TiO2-RuO2为阳极,Cu/Zn合金电极为阴极,在无隔膜电解池中对这一新构造电极对的脱硝氮性能进行了研究。为了有效结合阴极硝氮还原能力和阳极氧化能力,采用响应曲面法中的Box-Behnken设计优化了对电化学脱硝过程有显著影响的4个重要因素:氯化钠含量、电流密度、pH和初始硝氮浓度。优化结果表明,相对于pH和初始硝氮浓度,氯化钠含量和电流密度对脱硝性能影响更大,而阴极硝氮还原性能主要受初始硝氮浓度、pH的影响。以6 h内电极对脱氮百分率为响应量,优化得最佳电化学脱硝过程参数为:氯化钠含量,1 g/L;电流密度,24.99 mA/cm2;pH,1.81;初始硝氮浓度100 mg/L。在此实验条件下,6 h内电极对脱氮百分率预测值为99.84%。通过3次重复验证实验,确认实际6 h内电极对脱氮百分率为91.34%。预测值与实测值两者相差不大,由此可知,Box-Behnken设计是一种优化电化学脱氮实验参数的有效方法,经过优化后的电极对具有较佳的脱氮效率。     

Effect of Fe-chelating complexes on a novel M2FC performance with ferric chloride and ferricyanide catholytes

As an effort to better utilize the microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology, we previously proposed an innovative MFC system named M2FC consisting of ferric-based MFC part and ferrous-based fuel cell (FC) part. In this reactor, ferric ion, the catholyte in the MFC part, was efficiently regenerated by the FC part with the generation of additional electricity. When both units were operated separately, the ferric-based MFC part produced approximately 1360 mW m⁻² of power density with FeCl₃ as catholyte and Fe-citrate as anolyte. The ferrous-based FC part with FeCl₃ as catholyte and Fe-EDTA as anolyte displayed the highest power density (1500 mW m⁻²), while that with ferricyanide as catholyte and Fe-noligand as anolyte had the lowest power density (380 mW m⁻²). The types of catholytes and chelating complexes as anolyte were found to play important roles in the reduction of ferric ions and oxidation of ferrous ion. Linear sweep voltammetry results supported that the cathode electrolytes were electrically active and these agreed well with the M2FC reactor performance. These results clearly showed that ligands played critical role in the efficiency and rate for recycling iron ion and thus the M2FC performance.     

不同阴极对微生物燃料电池产电性能的影响比较

阴极催化性能及材料对微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cells,MFCs)的产电特性及制造成本有很大影响。本研究选用金属铂(Pt)、活性炭作为催化剂、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)和道康宁1-2577作为阴极的扩散层、碳布和不锈钢网作为阴极的基体材料制备得4种阴极,分别考察了相应MFC的产电性能和阴极特性。结果表明,采用传统Pt催化剂+PTFE扩散层+碳布制备成的阴极(Pt-PTC),MFC的最大输出电压为560 mV,最大功率密度为808 mW/m2,而采用活性炭+道康宁1-2577+不锈钢网制备成的阴极(AC-DCS),MFC的最大输出电压为510 mV,最大功率密度为726 mW/m2,两者的MFC产电性能极为接近。SEM结果表明,活性炭催化层表面和道康宁1-2577扩散层分别比Pt催化层及PTFE扩散层的更均匀光滑。阴极线性伏安测定结果表明,AC-DCS与Pt-PTC的电化学氧化性能较为接近。AC-DCS阴极成本仅为Pt-PTC的1/300左右,是一种低成本扩大化生产MFC阴极的新方法。     

Simultaneous bioelectricity generation and decolorization of methyl orange in a two-chambered microbial fuel cell and bacterial diversity

The objectives of this study were to investigate the simultaneous bioelectricity generation and decolorization of methyl orange (MO) in the anode chamber of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) in a wide concentration range (from 50 to 800 mg L^?1) and to reveal the microbial communities on the anode after the MFC was operated continuously for more than 6 months using MO-glucose mixtures as fuel. Interestingly, the added MO played an active role in the production of electricity. The maximum voltage outputs were 565, 658, 640, 629, 617, and 605 mV for the 1 g L^?1 glucose with 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, and 500 mg L^?1 of MO, respectively. The results of three groups of comparison experiments showed that accelerated decolorization of methyl orange (MO) was achieved in the MFC as compared to MFC in open circuit mode and MFC without extra carbon sources. The decolorization efficiency decreased with an increase of MO concentration in the studied concentration range for the dye load increased. A 454 high-throughput pyrosequencing revealed the microbial communities. Geobacter genus known to generate electricity was detected. Bacteroidia class, Desulfovibrio, and Trichococcus genus, which were most likely responsible for degrading methyl orange, were also detected.     

Development of a hybrid microbial fuel cell (MFC) and fuel cell (FC) system for improved cathodic efficiency and sustainability: the M2FC reactor

In an effort to improve the efficiency and sustainability of microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology, a novel MFC reactor, the M2FC, was constructed by combining a ferric-based MFC with a ferrous-based fuel cell (FC). In this M2FC reactor, ferric ion, the catholyte in the MFC component, is regenerated by the FC system with the generation of additional electricity. When the MFC component was operated separately, the electricity generation was maintained for only 98 h due to the depletion of ferric ion in the catholyte. In combination with the fuel cell, however, the production of power was sustained because ferric ion was continually replenished from ferrous ion in the FC component. Moreover, the regeneration process of ferric ion by the FC produced additional energy. The M2FC reactor yielded a power density of up to 2 W m⁻² (or time-averaged value of approximately 650 mW m⁻²), density up to 20 times (or approximately six times based on time-averaged value) higher than the corresponding MFC system.     

阴极液及底物浓度对AFB-MFC同步废水处理及产电性能影响

为了提高厌氧流化床微生物燃料电池（AFB-MFC）的性能，并为双室MFC寻找价廉、易得、无污染的阴极液，在曝气量16～24 L/h、温度（35±2）℃、回流量10.2 L/h、阴极底边距阴极室内底部17.3 cm、外电阻250 Ω、水力停留时间（HRT）14.0～14.9 h以及进水pH 7.81～8.37下，研究了阴极液及底物浓度对系统产电及废水处理性能的影响。结果表明，使用缓冲溶液、阳极室出水和自来水作阴极液时，自来水的产电性能最佳，阴极液种类不影响系统有机基质的去除。以自来水为阴极液时，阴极液pH及电导率随运行时间增加而增加，COD去除率为80.11%～89.29%，输出电压及功率密度开始随运行时间增加而增加，之后稳定在440～452 mV和48.40～51.08 mW/m²之间。增加底物浓度对COD去除率影响不大，而输出电压及功率密度随底物浓度增加而下降；底物COD浓度由3 307.09 mg/L增至9 520 mg/L时，COD去除率在85.77%～94.44%之间，输出电压及功率密度则分别由449 mV和50.40 mW/m²下降至406 mV和41.21 mW/m²。自来水作阴极液可避免二次污染及阴极液对阳极室微生物的影响，并得到高的产电能力。     

Reduction of perchlorate and nitrate by salt tolerant bacteria

Spent regenerant brine from ion-exchange technology for the removal of perchlorate and nitrate produces a high salt waste stream, which requires remediation before disposal. Bioremediation is an attractive treatment option. In this study, we enriched for salt tolerant bacteria from sediments from Cargill salt evaporation facility (California, USA), the Salton Sea (California, USA), and a high density hydrocarbon oxidizing bacterial cocktail. The bacterial cocktail enrichment culture reduced ClO4- from 500 to 260 mg 1 in 4 weeks. Salt tolerant bacterial isolates from the enrichment cultures and two denitrifying salt tolerant bacteria, Haloferax denitrificans and Parococcus halodenitricans, substantially reduced perchlorate. The highest rate of perchlorate removal was recorded with the isolate, Citrobacter sp.: 32% reduction in 1 week. This bacterium substantially reduced perchlorate in 0-5% NaCl solutions and maximally at 30 degrees C and at an initial pH 7.5. In simulated brines containing 7.5% total solids, the Citrobacter sp. significantly reduced both perchlorate and nitrate with 34.9 and 15.6% reduction, respectively, in 1 week. Coculture of a potent perchlorate reducing, non-salt tolerant (non-saline) bacterium, perclace and the Citrobacter sp. proved most effective for perchlorate removal in the brine (46.4% in 1 week). This study demonstrates that both anions can be reduced in treatment of brines from ion exchange systems.     

Factors influencing silver recovery and power generation in bio-electrochemical reactors

The recovery of silver from Ag⁺ solution coupled with power generation was investigated in bio-electrochemical system (BES). In this system, chemical energy existing in the organic matter in the anode chamber can be converted biologically to electrical energy which can be used for the reduction of Ag⁺ ions in the cathode chamber. Results showed that type of substrate influenced the metabolic pathway and affected the cell voltage progression, and columbic efficiency. Silver recovery was not affected by increasing initial pH (2.0 to 7.0) and Ag⁺ concentration (100 to 1000 mg/L) in the catholyte, whereas power generation was improved. A maximum power density of 8258 mW/m³ and a columbic efficiency of 21.61% could be achieved with 1000 mg/L of Ag⁺. Ag⁺ ions were reduced to form metallic deposits as Ag⁰ crystals on the cathode surface, which were then confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) image and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrum. The BES reactor had high silver removal (i.e., >96%) after 24 h of operation. When considering the crossover of Ag⁺ ions through the cation exchange membrane, the removal was in the range of 83.73–92.51%. This crossover was not considerable as compared to the Ag⁺ initial concentration. At higher initial Ag⁺ concentration (2000 mg/L), the silver removal decreased to 88.61% and the maximum power density decreased to 5396 mW/m³. This study clearly showed that BES can be employed for silver recovery, wastewater treatment, and also electricity generation.