绍兴市大气污染特征及其变化趋势分析

以绍兴市１９９５年大气环境监测数据为基础，评价了大气环境质量的现状，分析了大气污染特征和产生原因，指出了绍兴市大气环境存在的主要问题。同时还对绍兴市大气环境质量的变化趋势进行了分析。     

大气降水化学组份分析方法

大气污染直接反映在大气环境干、湿沉降物的水平上,弄清楚干、湿沉降物的有害组分的变化规律及其发展趋势,对开展大气污染的预测、预报工作很重要.为了准确提供大气环境质量的可靠数据及资料,本文仅就大气环境中降水化学组份的分析方法,作一梗要介绍. 大气污染与雨水的组份往往决定于由地     

平衡球探测大气扩散参数的原理、方法及现场试验应注意的问题

随着人类对自己赖以生存的环境的认识不断加深,人们对环境质量的要求也越来越高.大气环境对人类至关重要,因人类无时无刻不生活在它的包围之中,与其息息相关.大中型工矿企业的各种熔炼炉窑及各类锅妒排出的烟气数量大,所含大气污染物质种类复杂,对大气环境质量的影响十分严重.因此,在新建或扩建大中型工矿企业前,研究建厂地区的大气扩散规律,求算出     

对城市不同燃料供热系统方案的分析评价方法研究

针对土地资源的商品化和传统燃煤供热方面的价值观及其对大气环境的影响,综合环境影响分析、建筑方案、动态投资费用和动态成本等四方面因素,提出了对城市不同燃料供热方案的分析评价方法,为推广使用清洁燃料,改善城市大气环境质量,实现环境、经济、社会三个效益的统一提供了依据.     

对城市不同燃料供热系统方案的分析证评价方法研究

针对土地资源商品化和传统燃煤供热方面的价值规律及其对大气环境的影响，综合环境影响分析、建筑方案，动态投资费用和动态成本等四方面因素，提出了对城市不同燃料供热方案的分析评价方法，为推广使用清洁燃料，改善城市大气环境质量，实现环境，经济，社会三个效益的统一提供了依据。     

杭州市大气环境质量的Fuzzy聚类分析及其评价

一、前言大气是环境的重要组成部份,近世纪以来,随着工农业生产的不断发展和人口密度的增高,大气污染对环境危害的严重性也越来越受到人们的关注。目前对大气环境质量的评价方法很多,本文采用了 Fuzzy 编网聚类分析法对杭州市大气环境质量进行了区域划分和评价。二、杭州市地理概况和大气污染现状杭州市位于浙江省北部,钱塘江下游北岸,京杭大运河南端,东经120度16分,北纬30度15分。南北长约33公里,东西宽约12公里。     

上海市空气质量变化的多重分形分析

以上海市2000年7月至2006年6月的污染指数时间序列为基础数据,引入多重分形分析方法对上海市的大气污染特征及其变化趋势进行了研究.研究表明,上海市的3种主要大气污染物(SO2、NO2和PM10)在整个时间尺度上均表现出标度不变性,具有完全不同的多重分形特征.多重分形分析方法不仅能确认序列中的标度不变性,而且能说明3种大气污染物序列中概率分布的标度变化,这对于描述大气污染物时间序列的动力学变化具有现实意义.另外,进一步应用3个多重分形谱参数(B、△a和△f),研究了3种大气污染物各年的多重分形谱的变化,并结合上海市采取的大气环境治理措施,对其变化的原因进行了分析.结果表明,多重分形谱参数可作为一个评价城市空气质量演变程度的综合定量指标.为分析城市空气质量的演变提供了一条新的途径,对于认识上海市城市空气质量的变化过程和科学制订环境保护决策具有重要意义.     

灰色聚类在大气环境质量评价中的应用

本文试图用灰色系统理论中的灰色聚类方法,对桂林市1985年的大气环境质量进行评价,并将该方法和模糊数学方法进行比较。结果表明:灰色聚类法既继承了模糊数学法的优点,又补充了其不完善之处。用灰色聚类法来评价大气环境质量,较为科学并较接近客观实际。灰色聚类可作为一种新的评价方法。     

AERMOD与EIAA大气预测模型在环境影响评价中的应用比较

大气环境影响预测是环境影响评价的一项重要内容,为准确评价项目实施后对周围大气环境的影响,需采用合适的大气预测模型.从大气预测模型系统组成原理、应用范围、应用过程、预测结果等方面对AERMOD和EIAA大气预测模型进行比较,分析两种模型在大气环境影响预测中的优缺点.     

上海中心城区大气环境面临的主要问题及对策探讨

以上海城区及其中心城区之一的卢湾区为例，分析中心城区大气环境所面临的主要问题为ＮＯｘ、ＴＳＰ、除尘、ＳＯ２油烟气等污染，主要污染源为燃车辆、能源利用、建筑及餐饮业，结合卢湾区在大气环境保护的主要对策和经验，提出通过调整产业结构、能源结构和强化环境管理等措施，以改善大气环境质量，促进生态城区建设。     

上海市中长期发展的水环境制约分析

根据上海市水环境污染物排放的现状及有关统计数据,采用Sigmoid模型,对未来的变化趋势进行了预测。并通过上海市污水治理设施状况及其水环境质量状况的调查数据,研究了水环境质量与社会经济发展的关系,进一步分析了水环境质量对上海中长期发展的制约。在此基础上,对改善水环境质量以减少对未来发展的制约,提出了相应的对策与建议。     

基于集装化外运与综合型处理的上海城市生活垃圾管理对策

分析了上海市区生活垃圾收运处理现状与问题,借鉴国外特大城市生活垃圾收运处理管理经验和教训,提出了将现有垃圾水运系统升级改造为集装化水陆联运系统、将现有老港废弃物处置场扩建为生活垃圾分类、生化处理、焚烧发电、填埋等多种技术有机组合的综合型处理基地的方案,为改善上海市生活垃圾收运与处理处置系统提出可行的对策建议.     

Progress in developing an ANN model for air pollution index forecast

An air pollution index (API) reporting system is introduced to selected cities of China for public communication on air quality data. Shanghai is the first city in China providing daily average API reports and forecasts. This paper describes the development of an artificial neural network (ANN) model for the API forecasting in Shanghai. It is a multiple layer perceptron (MLP) network, with meteorological forecasting data as the main input, to output the next day average API values. However, the initial version of the MLP model did not work well. To improve the model, a series of tests were conducted with respect to the training method and structure optimization. Based on the test results, the training algorithm was modified and a new model was built. The new model is now being used in Shanghai for API forecasting. Its performance is shown reasonably well in comparison with observation. The application of the old model was only weakly correlated with observation. In 1-year application, the correlation coefficients were 0.2314, 0.1022 and 0.1710 for TSP, SO₂ and NO_x, respectively. But for the new model, for over 8 months application, the correlation coefficients are raised to 0.6056, 0.6993 and 0.6300 for PM₁₀, SO₂, and NO₂. Further, the new algorithm does not rely on manpower intervention so that it is now being applied in several other Chinese cities with quite different meteorological conditions. The structure of the model and the application results are presented in this paper and also the problems to be further studied.     

上海市霾污染判别指标体系初步研究

随着全球变暖及工业污染排放的蔓延式发展,由空气污染带来的区域能见度恶化越来越成为中国东部经济发达地区所面临的严重区域性问题,常出现大范围的雾霾天气,造成区域空气质量的恶化及能见度水平的下降.基于对能见度及相对湿度、颗粒物浓度和组分的观测分析及影响能见度的相对湿度和空气污染因子的理论分析,提出了环保范畴内的霾污染概念,并制定了包括能见度、颗粒物浓度及其组分的上海市霾污染判别指标体系,基于颗粒物组分观测数据,对相对湿度因子进行了参数化.根据所提出的指标体系,通过上海市某点位一年观测数据的跟踪分析发现,根据霾污染判别指标体系计算得到的霾污染天数与气象学意义上的霾天数具有很好的对应关系,且新的判别指标体系能很好地区分霾污染和浮尘过程.     

工业点源大气污染扩散空间信息系统

开发了一个基于高斯扩散的大气污染扩散空间信息系统,用于模拟工业点源污染对区域大气质量的影响。该工业点源污染模型包括工业点源数据库、扩散参数、气象条件和大气质量评价4个主要数据库。用该模型计算上海市主要工业区的SO2排放,结果表明,该模型为模拟SO2污染扩散提供了一个有效便捷的方法。     

Particle-bound Dechlorane Plus and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in ambient air around Shanghai, China

In present study, atmospheric particles from Shanghai, the biggest city and the most important industrial base in China, were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and Dechlorane Plus (DP). Concentrations of ∑(20)PBDEs and DP both exhibited the changing trend of industrial area > urban areas. Jiading District had the highest levels of particulate PBDEs and DP with values of 744 ± 152 pg/m(3) and 5.48 ± 1.28 pg/m(3), respectively. Compared with similar data in other areas of the world, PBDEs in Shanghai were at medium pollution level, while DP was at lower level, which reflected their different production and use in Shanghai. The results from multiple linear regression analysis suggested that deca-BDE mixture was the most important contributor of particulate PBDEs in Shanghai. The fractions of anti-DP showed no significant differences to those of the technical mixtures (p > 0.05), which suggested that no obviously stereoselective process occurred in ambient air around Shanghai.     

城市绿地降低空气中含菌量的生态效应研究

按照大气生物监测的方法和要求，选择了上海市区的交通干通。公园和居住区的主要类型的绿地，对绿地降低气挟菌数量的生态效应进行了初步研究，结果表明，绿地结构，植物种类配置和粉尘污染是影响绿地降低气挟菌数量效应的主要因素。     

Ethylene: An Urban Air Pollutant

Ethylene is an unusual air pollutant in that it is a plant hormone. Motor vehicle exhaust is a primary source. In the Washington, D. C, area, ethylene concentrations ranged from 700 ppb in the city center to 39 ppb in areas outside the circumferential beltway. Plants grown in these concentrations of ethylene, using controlled environment chambers, exhibited typical symptoms of ethylene toxicity: reduced growth, premature senescence, and reduced flowering and fruit production. When plants were grown in carbon-filtered ambient air, which was also filtered through KMnO₄ to remove ethylene by oxidation, growth, flowering, and fruit production increased. These observations demonstrate that ethylene air pollution is a continual source of stress for plant growth and development in an urban environment.     

Measurement of black carbon aerosols near two Chinese megacities and the implications for improving emission inventories

Knowledge of the distribution and sources of black carbon (BC) is essential to understanding its impact on radiative forcing and the establishment of a control strategy. In this study, we analyze atmospheric BC and its relationships with fine particles (PM_2.5) and trace gases (CO, NO_y and SO₂) measured in the summer of 2005 in two areas frequently influenced by plumes from Beijing and Shanghai, the two largest cities in China. The results revealed different BC source characteristics for the two megacities. The average concentration of BC was 2.37 (±1.79) and 5.47 (±4.00) μg m^?3, accounting for 3.1% and 7.8% of the PM_2.5 mass, in Beijing and Shanghai, respectively. The good correlation between BC, CO and NO_y (R² = 0.54–0.77) and the poor correlation between BC and SO₂ suggest that diesel vehicles and marine vessels are the dominant sources of BC in the two urban areas during summer. The BC/CO mass ratio in the air mass from Shanghai was found to be much higher than that in the air mass from Beijing (0.0101 versus 0.0037 ΔgBC/ΔgCO), which is attributable to a larger contribution from diesel burning (diesel-powered vehicles and marine vessels) in Shanghai. Based on the measured ratios of BC/CO and annual emissions of CO, we estimate that the annual emissions of BC in Beijing and Shanghai are 9.51 Gg and 18.72 Gg, respectively. The improved emission rates of BC will help reduce the uncertainty in the assessment of the impact of megacities on regional climate.     

Tree bark as a passive air sampler to indicate atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in southeastern China

The different barks were sampled to discuss the influence of the tree species, trunk circumference, and bark thickness on the accumulation processes of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from air into the bark. The results of different PBDE concentrations indicated that barks with a thickness of 0–3 mm collected from weeping willow, Camphor tree, and Masson pine, the trunk circumferences of which were 100 to 150 cm, were better PBDEs passive samplers. Furthermore, tree bark and the corresponding air samples were collected at Anji (AJ), Hangzhou (HZ), Shanghai (SH), and Wenling (WL) to investigate the relationship between the PBDE concentrations in bark and those in air. In addition, the significant correlation (r ²?=?0.906; P?<?0.05) indicated that atmospheric PBDEs were the principle source for the accumulation of PBDEs in the barks. In this study, the log K _BA (bark–air partition coefficient) of individual PBDE congeners at the four sites were in the range from 5.69 to 6.79. Finally, the total PBDE concentration in WL was 5 to 20 times higher than in the other three cities. The result indicated that crude household workshops contributed a heavy amount of PBDEs pollution to the environment, which had been verified by the spatial distribution of PBDEs levels in barks collected at Wenling (range, 26.53–1317.68 ng/g dw). The good correlation between the PBDE concentrations in the barks and the air samples and the variations of the PBDE concentrations in tree barks collected from different sites reflected that the bark could be used as a passive sampler to indicate the atmospheric PBDEs.