浙江省水泥行业脱硝现状调查及运行管理建议

简要介绍了浙江省水泥熟料生产线的区域性分布特征、NOX排放情况及影响NOX排放的主要因素。重点描述了浙江省水泥行业烟气脱硝(以下简称水泥脱硝)现状,其中包括浙江省对水泥行业的脱硝要求,NOX排放标准的选取,以及各地市水泥脱硝设施的建设、运行现状等。若浙江省所有水泥熟料生产线脱硝设施投入运行,预计浙江省水泥行业可形成NOX减排能力3.95万t/a。最后,总结了浙江省水泥脱硝工作在推进过程中存在的问题,并提出了合理建议。     

水泥窑炉烟气催化还原脱硝技术研究进展

水泥工业是NOx的高排放行业,现有的燃烧控制技术难以满足日益提高的环保要求,因此烟气脱硝技术在水泥工业的应用将势在必行.选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝技术是脱硝率最高的烟气脱硝技术,在燃煤电厂已有较大规模的应用,但是在水泥工业中的研究和应用相对滞后.简要介绍了SCR脱硝技术工作原理及其在水泥窑炉的应用现状,总结了催化材料研究和应用进展,探讨了水泥窑炉NOx减排用SCR脱硝技术和催化材料的研究方向.     

中国燃煤电厂脱硝成本核算与影响因素分析

脱硝电价政策是激励中国燃煤电厂开展NOX减排工作的重要政策工具,制定补贴标准是脱硝电价政策的重要内容。脱硝成本影响脱硝电价,科学核算脱硝成本是脱硝电价政策设计的前提。依据脱硝成本与脱硝电价的关系,综合考虑燃煤电厂进行脱硝设施改造产生的建设成本、运行成本、财务成本以及环境损失成本,构建了脱硝成本核算模型,并结合电厂调研数据,核算出中国燃煤电厂脱硝成本。结果表明,燃煤机组脱硝成本均在1 480万~4 475万元;建设成本与运行成本是脱硝成本的重要组成部分,分别占脱硝成本总量的31%、51%;装机容量、建设类型、脱硝工艺是导致不同机组脱硝成本存在差异的主要原因;燃煤电厂脱硝电价政策的改革在于综合考虑所在区域、装机容量、脱硝工艺、建设类型、脱硝效率等因素的基础上,实行脱硝电价差别补贴政策。     

水泥厂氨排放标准存在的问题及氨排放控制

为控制水泥脱硝工程产生的氨排放问题,中国发布《水泥工业大气污染物排放标准》(GB 4915—2013)对水泥企业氨排放限值提出明确要求。但水泥脱硝设施同步配套的氨在线检测仪记录数据表明,多数水泥厂脱硝后的氨排放浓度远超过标准限值。为此,对照火电厂相关标准和技术规范,指出了水泥工业氨排放标准和技术规范文件中存在的问题。结合实际检测数据和国外相关文献,确认水泥工业存在"本底氨"排放,水泥原料、协同处理废弃物、生产工况变化是导致本底氨排放的主要原因。选择性非催化还原(SNCR)脱硝设施产生的氨逃逸将增加氨排放浓度,反应温度窗口、停留时间、氨/氮摩尔比(NSR)、喷射方案等均会影响氨逃逸浓度。优化水泥生产工艺、SNCR脱硝工艺或配套选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝系统等方式可有效控制水泥厂本底氨及氨逃逸。     

浙江省工业烟粉尘总量控制研究

通过对浙江省工业烟粉尘排放总量和排放源现状进行分析,提出工业烟粉尘减排治理对策,对工业烟粉尘4个重点行业(水泥制造行业、火力发电行业、钢铁行业(包括炼钢、钢压延加工和黑色金属铸造行业)、纺织染整行业(包括棉印染精加工、化纤织物染整精加工和棉织造加工行业)排放源的烟粉尘减排途径和潜力进行分析测算,研究提出工业烟粉尘总量控制措施和建议。     

水泥窑烟气SNCR脱硝技术喷射系统的关键问题

喷射系统是水泥窑烟气SNCR脱硝技术的重要组成部分,对日产5 kt新型干法水泥烟气SNCR脱硝项目中的喷射系统进行了设计和实验研究.结果表明,系统压力设计、分配调节设计、喷枪布置和喷枪雾化能力是影响烟气脱硝效率的关键因素.在氨水质量分数为13.5％,喷入点温度904℃,n(NH3) /n(NH3)为1.2条件下,系统压力能够稳定运行在0.3～0.6 MPa之间、喷枪雾化颗粒度平均直径在50μm左右、喷枪在分解炉上的垂直安装角度为75°时烟气NOx浓度由原来的720 mg/Nm3降低到206 mg/Nm3,脱硝效率能达到70％,远低于水泥工业大气污染物排放标准的限定要求.对同类新型干法水泥熟料生产线SNCR脱硝技术有一定的参考意义.     

新型干法水泥窑氮氧化物排放及控制因素分析

以3个新型干法水泥窑为研究对象,探讨了水泥窑的氮氧化物(NOX)排放情况及主要影响因素。水泥窑窑尾烟气中,NO占NOX总排放的80%(质量分数)以上。水泥窑排放的NOX以燃料型NOX为主。采用分级燃烧有利于降低水泥窑窑尾烟气中的NOX排放浓度,NOX下降比例为23%~29%。水泥窑吨熟料NOX排放量高于1.30kg,且不同水泥窑吨熟料NOX排放量存在较大差异。分解炉温度高于950℃时,烟气中的NOX排放浓度明显偏高,控制分解炉温度对水泥窑烟气脱硝至关重要。研究成果能为现阶段中国水泥行业烟气脱硝过程控制提供理论参考与实践指导。     

上海市初期雨水调蓄设施评估体系的构建

初期雨水污染是城市排水系统面源污染的重要来源,调蓄池等减排设施的应用对缓解初期雨水污染效果显著。由于缺乏科学完善的评估体系,相关调蓄设施的运行和评估工作无章可循,问题日益凸显。以上海市苏州河沿线初期雨水减排调蓄池设施为研究对象,建立规范化的评估体系并针对性地提出评估工作的实施程序,旨在解决当前评估体系不健全、指标不合理、方法不科学等问题,提高设施运行效率。     

水泥生料中的微量组分对预分解炉SNCR脱硝性能的影响

采用石英制固定床反应器,在模拟水泥预分解炉气氛条件下考察了微量Al_2O_3、Mg O、Fe_2O_3、CaSO_4和CaF_2对SNCR脱硝性能的影响。结果表明,水泥生料中微量的Al_2O_3和Mg O对脱硝性能没有影响;Fe_2O_3会显著降低低温区的脱硝效率;CaSO_4对脱硝性能有轻微促进作用。CaF_2的存在能提高脱硝效率。Al_2O_3、Mg O、Fe_2O_3和CaSO_4共存时所表现的作用主要是对低温区脱硝的抑制,此时CaSO_4作用被掩盖。因此在新型干法水泥生产中,若要尽可能减轻生料里的微量组分对脱硝的不利影响,需要在不影响水泥性能的前提下,尽量降低生料中Fe_2O_3含量,且避免将预分解炉上的喷氨点设置在低温区域。     

水泥行业清洁生产与节能减排分析

通过对湖南石门某水泥有限责任公司清洁生产工作的总结回顾和对清洁生产审核成果的分析,进一步说明了传统的水泥行业通过实施清洁生产是实现企业节能减排的重要手段之一,也是推进企业可持续发展的必由之路,提高了企业的市场竞争力。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

产油微藻培养与回收的关键技术研究进展

寻找廉价而高效的替代原料是实现生物柴油产业化的关键所在.微藻以含油量高、生长周期短、环境适应能力强、生物产量高等优点,有望成为一种极具潜力的生物柴油生产原料.然而,目前尚存在微藻培养低效成本高和微藻回收效率低两大难题.综述了微藻培养与回收过程中的关键技术,并对存在的两大难题及其改进技术进行了详细的探讨.最后,总结并展望了微藻培养、回收技术未来的发展趋势.     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.     

Mechanisms of biodegradation of dibenzoate plasticizers

Biodegradation mechanisms were elucidated for three dibenzoate plasticizers: diethylene glycol dibenzoate (D(EG)DB), dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (D(PG)DB), both of which are commercially available, and 1,6-hexanediol dibenzoate, a potential green plasticizer. Degradation studies were done using Rhodococcus rhodochrous in the presence of pure alkanes as a co-substrate. As expected, the first degradation step for all of these systems was the hydrolysis of one ester bond with the release of benzoic acid and a monoester. Subsequent biodegradation of the monobenzoates of diethylene glycol (D(EG)MB) and dipropylene glycol (D(PG)MB) was very slow, leading to significant accumulation of these monoesters. In contrast, 1,6-hexanediol monobenzoate was quickly degraded and characterization of the metabolites indicated that the biodegradation proceeded by way of the oxidation of the alcohol group to generate 6-(benzoyloxy) hexanoic acid followed by β-oxidation steps. This pathway was blocked for D(EG)MB and D(PG)MB by the presence of an ether function.The use of a pure hydrocarbon as a co-substrate resulted in the formation of another class of metabolites; namely the esters of the alcohols formed by the oxidation of the alkanes and the benzoic acid released by hydrolysis of the original diesters. These metabolites were biodegraded without the accumulation of any intermediates.     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

混凝试验搅拌器的研制

影响混凝效果的因素众多,混凝沉淀烧杯试验是进行水的混合、絮凝、沉淀工艺研究、设计和生产指导的最有效方法之一,阐述了智能型混凝试验搅拌器的设计原理和技术性能.     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%（质量百分比）.反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究

中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染