Removal of Chromium from Abrasive Blast Media by Leaching and Electrochemical Precipitation

ABSTRACT

Water is effective in leaching out Cr⁶⁺ from a mixture of paint powders and abrasive blast media. However, acids such as HNO₃, HCl, and H₂SO₄ significantly enhance the leaching procedure. Cr ions in the leaching solutions are successfully removed by electrochemical precipitation. The consumable Fe electrodes generate ferrous ions to cause the reduction of Cr⁶+ to Cr³+. Cr³+ ions along with Fe²+ and Fe³+ are then removed mainly by precipitation as Cr(OH)₃, Fe(OH)₂, and Fe(OH)₃ near the cathode where OH^- ions are generated by water electrolysis. The electrochemical process is capable of discharging low levels of Cr⁶+, less than 1 mg/L, without pH adjustment.     

Effect of dissolved metal ions on PCE decomposition by gamma-rays

This study investigates the effect of initial tetrachloroethylene (PCE) concentration, irradiation dose and dissolved metal ions such as Cr3+, Mn2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ on removal of PCE by gamma irradiation. The amount of removed PCE decreased with increase in initial PCE concentration and increased with increase in irradiation dose. PCE removal reached a maximum in the presence of Fe3+, while Cu2+ strongly hindered PCE decomposition. Except for Cu2+, the amount of removed PCE in the presence of metal ions was linearly dependent on the standard reduction potential of the metal ions. The extraordinary inhibition of Cu2+ in PCE removal was caused by the action of Cu2+ as a strong *OH scavenger, that was directly confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.     

Fate of a stilbene-type fluorescent whitening agent (DSBP) in the presence of Fe(III) aquacomplexes: from the redox process to the photodegradation

The behaviour of 4,4′-bis(2-sulfostyryl)biphenyl (DSBP), a fluorescent whitening agent, was investigated in the presence of Fe(III) aquacomplexes at room temperature. In the dark, a two-step reaction was observed when adding Fe(III) to a solution of DSBP: an initial fast redox reaction between DSBP and the monomeric species Fe(OH)²⁺ and a slower reaction leading to the coagulation of oxidised DSBP and iron. This phenomenon is due to the formation of a complex or an ion-pair between Fe(II) and/or Fe(III) with oxidised DSBP and it probably occurs by charge neutralisation in our experimental conditions. The precipitation of DSBP depends on the initial concentration in Fe(OH)²⁺ and is achieved for a ratio [Fe(OH) ²⁺]/[DSBP] of 5 approximately. Under irradiation at 365 nm, a complicated behaviour was observed: a complexation of iron by oxidised DSBP favoured by irradiation and a degradation of DSBP induced by an intramolecular electron transfer in the complex or by a photoredox of Fe(OH)²⁺ species generating OH radicals in the supernatant. The complete degradation of DSBP is reached four times faster in the presence of Fe(III) with respect to the direct photolysis of DSBP alone. Moreover, the total mineralization of DSBP obtained in less than 120 h upon irradiation at 365 nm is only observed in the presence of the ferric ions, enlightening the efficiency of the method involving Fe(III) and UV irradiation.     

电镀污泥回收重金属的新工艺

合理、经济地处理混合电镀污泥,回收其中有价值的金属具有重要意义。以不同的酸作为浸出剂对电镀污泥中的金属进行了浸出效果实验。结果表明,在相同条件下,各酸的浸出效果顺序为:硫酸>盐酸>王水>硝酸;液体水与固体电镀污泥比为3,干污泥为5 g,硫酸加入量为15 mL,时间1 h条件下,混合电镀污泥中金属铜锌的浸出率最大,达到97.38%。分别采用铁和铁锰合金还原剂常温还原低熔点重金属离子铜、锌,浸出液中99%以上含量的铜、锌沉淀,使低熔点重金属与黑色金属铁、锰、铬有效分离。低熔点混合重金属可以用来做铜合金添加剂使用,最后沉淀的混合黑色金属氢氧化物处理后可以用来做炼钢合金添加剂使用。     

金属铁去除水中Cr~（6＋）的影响因素研究

研究Fe/Cr6＋比值和不同浓度的NO3-、Cl-和SO42-对金属铁去除Cr6＋效果的影响。结果表明,金属铁对水中Cr6＋有很好的还原去除效果;当金属铁的使用量为Cr6＋量的1/2 000时,铁对Cr6＋的去除效果较差且易失去活性,而当金属铁的使用量为Cr6＋量的8 000倍时,铁对Cr6＋的去除效果较好且其活性的持续性较强;3种阴离子（NO3-、Cl-和SO42-）均能提高金属铁对重金属Cr6＋去除率,但在反应初期,3种阴离子对金属铁去除水中Cr6＋影响的差异性不显著,随着反应时间的增加,SO24-对金属铁去除水中Cr6＋的促进作用逐渐强于Cl-和NO3-,3种阴离子对金属铁去除Cr6＋效率促进作用的大小顺序为SO24-〉Cl-〉NO3-。     

Aniline degradation by Electro-Fenton and peroxi-coagulation processes using a flow reactor for wastewater treatment

The degradation of 10-30 l of a 1000 ppm aniline solution in 0.050 M Na2SO4 + H2SO4 at pH 3.0 and 40 degrees C by Electro-Fenton and peroxi-coagulation processes at constant current until 20 A has been studied using a pilot flow reactor in recirculation mode with a filter-press cell containing an anode and an oxygen diffusion cathode, both of 100 cm2 area. H2O2 is produced by the two-electron reduction of O2 at the cathode, being accumulated with a current efficiency between 60% and 80% at the first stages of electrolyses performed with a Ti/Pt anode. In the presence of 1 mM Fe2+, less H2O2 is accumulated, but it is not detected using an Fe anode. The Electro-Fenton process with 1 mM Fe2+ and a Ti/Pt or DSA anode yields an insoluble violet polymer, while the soluble total organic carbon (TOC) is gradually removed, reaching 61% degradation after 2 h at 20 A. In this treatment, pollutants are preferentially oxidized by hydroxyl radicals formed in solution from reaction of Fe2+ with H2O2. The peroxi-coagulation process with an Fe anode has higher degradation power, allowing to remove more than 95% of pollutants at 20 A, since some intermediates coagulate with the Fe(OH)3 precipitate formed. Both advanced electrochemical oxidation processes (AEOPs) show moderate energy costs, which increase with increasing electrolysis time and applied current.     

A study on the Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solutions by steel wool

The reduction of Cr(VI) by steel wool and the precipitation of reduced chromium by CaCO(3) powder and NaOH solution were investigated in continuous and batch systems, respectively. The effects of acid and initial Cr(VI) concentrations, volumetric rate and temperature of solution on Cr(VI) reduction were studied. The results showed that the reduction of Cr(VI), to a large extent, depended on, and increased with, acid concentration. The Cr(III) and iron ions in the reduced solution were completely precipitated by using NaOH solution at appropriate alkaline conditions. It was concluded that CaCO(3) powder could be used as a cheap precipitant for Cr(III) ions. But the iron ions in the reduced solution could not be fully removed by using this precipitant.     

Investigation of the removal mechanism of Cr(VI) in groundwater using activated carbon and cast iron combined system

Zero-valent iron (Fe⁰) has been widely used for Cr(VI) removal; however, the removal mechanisms of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution under complex hydrogeochemical conditions were poorly understood. In this research, the mixed materials containing cast iron and activated carbon were packed in columns for the treatment of aqueous Cr(VI)-Cr(III) in groundwater with high concentration of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, HCO₃ ⁻, NO₃ ⁻, and SO₄ ²⁻. We investigate the influences of those ions on Cr(VI) removal, especially emphasizing on the reaction mechanisms and associated precipitations which may lead to porosity loss by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The results show that the precipitations accumulated on the material surface were (Fe/Cr) (oxy)hydroxide, mixed Fe(III)-Cr(III) (oxy)hydroxides, Fe₂O₃, CaCO₃, and MgCO₃. During these reactions, the Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) coupled with the oxidated Fe⁰ to Fe(II) through the galvanic corrosion formed by the Fe⁰-C and/or the direct electron transfer between Fe⁰ and Cr(VI). In addition, Cr(VI) could be reduced by aqueous Fe(II), which dominated the whole removal efficiency. The primary aqueous Cr(III) was completely removed together with Cr(III) reduced from Cr(VI) even when Cr(VI) was detected in the effluent, which meant that the aqueous Cr(III) could occupy the adsorption sites. In general, the combined system was useful for the Cr(VI)-Cr(III) treatment based on galvanic corrosion, and the hardness ions had a negative effect on Cr(VI) removal by forming the carbonates which might promote the passivation of materials and decrease the removal capacity of the system.

     

Comparison of the characteristics of flow-through and flow-around leaching tests of Solidified heavy metal wastes

This paper introduces a research work on studying the possibility of using a flow-through leaching test method to simulate the leaching behaviour of the cement-based stabilized/solidified (S/S) hazardous wastes. Both the flow-through leaching and the more common flow-around (dynamic leaching) test methods were carried out in the study to compare the leaching behaviour of the solidified waste under different leaching environments. The solidified waste samples were prepared from five kinds of heavy metals with two kinds of binders. The metals were Pb2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Ni2+ (positive ions as nitrate), and Cr6+ (as a negative ion in potassium dichromate), and the binders were type I Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Pulverised Fuel Ash (PFA). The results of two series of flow-through and flow-around leaching experiments are reported and compared in this paper. Mathematical models for simulating the leaching behaviour of the flow-through and flow-around leaching conditions were used to determine the diffusivities of the contaminants. The results show that, since the matrix of the solid waste in a flow-through leaching test is always being degraded, the diffusivities continuously increased during the leaching period. The range of the diffusivities was 10E-8 to 10E-3 cm2/s, which corresponds to the case of liquid phase diffusion. But in the case of the flow-around (dynamic leaching) test, the range of the diffusivities was 10E-18 to 10E-9 cm2/s which was similar to solid phase diffusion, and the variation of the diffusivity with time was not regular.     

Changes in Chlorinated Organic Pollutants and Heavy Metal Content of Sediments during Pyrolysis (7 pp)

Background There has been an increasing concern about the treatment and disposal of contaminated sediment from dredged river, harbor or estuary due to the accumulated toxic organics such as dioxins and inorganics particularly heavy metals like Cr, Pb, Zn, Cu, Hg and Cd. However, considering the huge amount of materials and financial costs involved, any candidate technology must ultimately result to reusable residual by-products. This can only be made possible if the toxic pollutants are removed or stabilized in the raw sediment and then fed back into the materials cycle. Currently, we are developing a pyrolysis process for the commercial-scale cleanup of dioxins and heavy metal-contaminated river sediment to yield reusable char for various economical applications. In this connection, this paper describes our preliminary investigation into the extent of dioxins and heavy metal volatilization from actual contaminated sediment. The stabilization of certain metallic species particularly Cr ions was studied. Methods Laboratory scale pyrolysis experiments were conducted using a special horizontal lab-scale pyrolyzer. Sediment samples from Shanghai Suzhou Creek and Tagonoura Harbor were pyrolyzed in the reactor under nitrogen gas at 800°C and different retention times of 30, 60 and 90 min. A constant heating rate of 10°C min-1 was employed. The pyrolysis gas was first allowed to pass through a cold trap to condense the tar. Uncondensed gases were then channeled through a column containing an adsorbent (XAD-2 Resin) for dioxins. Heavy metal concentrations in the initial and final sediment residues were analyzed by ICP (Nippon Jarrel-Ash) following their acid and alkali (for Cr6+) digestion. Dioxins content of the pyrolysis char, tar, and exhaust gases in the dioxin adsorbent were also determined. For comparative purpose, thermal treatment under air flow was conducted. Results The data for the removal of heavy metals from Suzhou Creek sediment showed very significant reductions in Pb, Zn and Cr6+ content of the sediment at this condition. Percentage removals were 42.4%, 60.8% and 42.2%, respectively. The disappearance of Cr6+ was due to reduction reactions rather than volatilization since the total Cr content remained almost unchanged. Other heavy metals such as Cu, Fe and Ni showed very minimal reductions. Nonetheless, Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure (TCLP) tests confirmed that these residual heavy metals were rather stable in the pyrolysis char. Reduction of toxic Cr6+ at 42.2% has also been achieved by pyrolysis (with N2) as opposed to the more than 580 % increase in Cr6+ observed during thermal oxidation (with air). Discussion Pyrolysis also remove toxic organics particularly dioxins from the sediment. For the total dioxins, removal percentage of 99.9999% was achieved even at the lowest retention time of 30 min. Almost all polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxine (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs) were removed at any retention time. The TEQs detected from the solid residues were mainly contributed by dioxin-like PCBs, yet these were present in relatively trace quantities. At the shortest retention time of 30 min, only 0.000085 pg-TEQ g-1 of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was detected in the pyrolysis char. Furthermore, the residual PCBs have very low toxicity ratings and none of the highly toxic PCBs, which were initially present in the sediment such as 3,3',4,4',5-PeCB and 3,3',4,4'5,5'-HxCB, were detected in the char. Results further confirmed that most of the dioxins that were removed were transferred to the gas phase so that volatilization may be considered as the main mechanism for their removal. Conclusion Some heavy metals particularly Pb and Zn can be volatilized under N2 pyrolysis at 800oC. Pyrolysis also prevented the formation of more toxic Cr6+ ions and at the same time resulted to its reduction by around 42.2% contrast to the 580% increase during thermal oxidation. PCDDs and PCDFs have been removed and were not formed in the solid products over the retention time range of 30-90 min at 800°C. Dioxin-like PCBs mostly remained and a retention time of 30 min was found sufficient for its maximum removal. Recommendations and Perspective . With the above results, a temperature of 800oC at a retention time of 30 min is sufficient for the removal of total dioxins and some heavy metals by volatilization. It is however necessary to destroy the dioxins as well as recover heavy metals in the gas phase. Stability of remaining heavy metals in the char also needs to be confirmed by leaching tests. These are the major concerns, which we are currently evaluating to establish the feasibility of our proposed large scale pyrolysis system for sediment treatment.     

Effect of humic substance on thermal treatment of chromium(VI)-containing latosol soil

Latosol soils contaminated with chromium(VI) [Cr(VI)], which is hazardous, can be recycled as raw materials for porcelain and construction sectors if a proper thermal stabilization process is implemented. This study investigates how thermal treatment affects Cr behavior during the sintering of latosol and deorganic latosol samples; both samples are artificially contaminated with CrO3. Approaches including X-ray absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, N2-based Brunauer Emmett Teller surface analyzer, thermogravimetric analyzer/differential scanning calorimeter, and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure promulgated by Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration are used in this study. After drying the Cr(VI)-contaminated latosol (i.e., containing 37,120 mg of Cr/kg sample) at 105 degrees C, approximately 80% of the doped CrO3 is chemically reduced to Cr(OH)3 by a humic substance naturally existing in the soil. In contrast, in the organics-free CrO3-contaminated latosol dried at 105 degrees C, only 9% of the doped CrO3 is reduced to Cr(OH)3. Heating the samples at 500 and 1100 degrees C transforms hazardous Cr(VI) into Cr(III) that is negligibly toxic; Cr2O3, which is insoluble, is detected as the most abundant Cr species. Moreover, formation of Cr2SiOs, which is suggested to relate to low Cr leaching, is only detected in the sample heated at 1100 degrees C. Surface morphology, surface area, and thermogravimetric analyzer/differential scanning calorimeter results demonstrate that thermal treatment at 1100 degrees C can incur considerable soil sintering/ melting if the humic substance in the soil has been heated off previously. Finally, Cr concentrations in the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure leachates collected from the samples thermally treated at 1100 degrees C for 4 hr are < or =0.21 mg of Cr L(-1) that are much less than the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration regulatory limit (<5 mg of Cr L(-1)); consequently, these two samples are nonhazardous, and they have the potential for resource recycling. Conversely, Cr concentrations in the leachates from all 500 degrees C and 105 degrees C samples are in the 25.6-1279 mg L(-1) range.     

Characterization of primary precipitate composition formed during co-removal of Cr(VI) with Cu(II) in synthetic wastewater

BACKGROUND, AIMS AND SCOPE: Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] cannot react with either carbonate or hydroxide to form chromium precipitates. However, by using a precipitation technology to treat plating wastewater containing Cr(VI), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II), approximately 78% of Cr(VI) (initial 60 mg/L) was co-removed with the precipitation of Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) (each 150 mg/L) by dosing with Na2CO3 (Sun 2003). Direct precipitation by forming Cu(II)-Cr(VI) precipitates followed by adsorption of Cr(VI) onto freshly formed Cu-precipitates was subsequently found to be the main mechanism(s) involved in Cr(VI) co-removal with Cu(II) precipitation by dosing Na2CO3 stepwise to various pH values (Sun et al. 2003). This study was. carried out to further characterize the formation of primary precipitates during the early stages of copper precipitation and simultaneous removal of Cr(VI) with Cu(II). METHODS: Test metal-solutions were prepared with industrial grade chemicals: CuCl2 x 2H2O, Na2SO4 and K2Cr2207. NaCO3 was added drop-wise to synthetic metal-solution to progressively increase pH. For each pH increment, removal of soluble metals was detected by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) and surface morphology of precipitates was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). To further characterize the formation of primary precipitates, a series of MINEQL+ thermodynamic calculations/analyses and equilibrium calculations/ analyses were conducted. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: MINEQL+ thermodynamic calculation indicated that, for a system containing 150 mg/L Cu(II) and 60 mg/L Cr(VI) with gradual Na2CO3 dosing, if any precipitates can be formed at pH 5.0 or lower, it should be in the form of CuCrO4. Comparison tests using systems containing the same equivalent of Cu(II) plus Cr(VI) and Cu(II) plus SO4(2-) showed that the precipitation occurred at a pH of around 5.0 in the Cu(II)-Cr(VI) system and around 6.0 in the Cu(II)-SO4(2-) system. The discrepancy of the precipitation was indeed caused by the formation of Cu-Cr precipitates. The initiation of copper removal at pH around 5.0 for the Cu-Cr co-removal test was not attributable to the formation of Cu-CO3 precipitates, instead, it was most likely through the formation of insoluble Cu-Cr precipitates, such as CuCrO4 and CuCrO4 x 2Cu(OH)2. Experimental tests, equilibrium calculations, MINEQL+ thermodynamic calculations and surface morphologies for systems using higher concentrations of Cu(II) and Cr(VI) further verified the most probable composition of primary precipitates is copper-chromate. CONCLUSION: In the Cu-Cr co-removal test with Na2O3 dosing to increase pH and induce metal precipitation, copper-chromate precipitates are the primary precipitates produced and contribute to the initial simultaneous removal of copper and chromium.     

Leaching behavior of Cr(III) in stabilized/solidified soil

The leaching behavior of chromium was studied using batch leaching tests, surface complexation modeling and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. A contaminated soil sample containing 1330 mg-Cr kg(-1) and 25600 mg-Fe kg(-1) of dry soil was stabilized/solidified (S/S) with 10% cement, 25% cement, 10% lime and a mixture of 20% flyash and 5% lime. The XANES analysis showed that Cr(III) was the only Cr species in untreated soil and S/S-treated samples. The leachate Cr concentration determined using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) was reduced from 5.18 mg l(-1) for untreated soil to 0.84 mg l(-1) for the sample treated with 25% cement. The Cr leachability in untreated and treated soil samples decreased dramatically as the pH increased from 3 to 5, remained at similar levels in the pH range between 5 and 10.5, and further decreased at pH>10.5. Modeling results indicated that the release of Cr(III) was controlled by adsorption on iron oxides at pH<10.5, and by precipitation of Ca(2)Cr(2)O(5).6H(2)O at pH>10.5.     

Potential application of highly reactive Fe(0)/Fe3O4 composites for the reduction of Cr(VI) environmental contaminants

We describe the use of highly reactive Fe(0)/Fe3O4 composites for the reduction of Cr(VI) species in aqueous medium. The composites were prepared by simple mechanical alloying of metallic iron and magnetite in different proportions, i.e. Fe(0) 25, 50, 75 and 90wt%. While after 3h of reaction pure Fe(0) and pure Fe3O4 showed only a low reduction efficiency of 15% and 25% Cr(VI) conversion, respectively, the composites, in particular Fe(0)(25wt%)/Fe3O4, showed a remarkable activity with ca. 65% Cr(VI) conversion. Kinetic experiments showed a high reaction rate during the first 3h, which subsequently decreased strongly, probably due to a pH increase from 6 to 8. Experiments with composites based on Fe(0)/alpha-Fe2O3, Fe(0)/gamma-Fe2O3 and Fe(0)/FeOOH showed very low activities, suggesting that Fe(oct)2+ in the magnetite structure plays an important role in the reaction. Scanning and high resolution electron microscopies and M?ssbauer spectra (transmission and conversion electron M?ssbauer spectroscopy) indicated that the mechanical alloying process promotes a strong interaction and interface between the metallic and oxide phases, with the Fe(0) particles completely covered by Fe3O4 particles. The high efficiency of the composite Fe(0)/Fe3O4 for Cr(VI) reduction is discussed in terms of a special mechanism where an electron is transferred from Fe(0) to magnetite to reduce Fe(oct)3+ to Fe(oct)2+, which is active for Cr(VI) reduction.     

Characterization of adsorbent composition in co-removal of hexavalent chromium with copper precipitation

Mechanisms of hexavalent chromium co-removal with copper precipitation by dosing Na2CO3 were studied with a series of well-designed batch tests using solutions containing 150 mg l-1 Cu(II) and 60 mg l-1 Cr(VI). It was found that direct precipitation of chromium through formation of copper-chromium bearing precipitates (in the form of CuCrO4) was one of the main mechanisms contributing to chromium co-removal at pH close to 5.0, and adsorption of chromium at a higher pH by freshly formed copper-carbonate precipitates (adsorbent) contributed to further chromium co-removal. Since, according to solubility products, neither copper-carbonate nor copper-hydroxide precipitates can be produced at pH around 5.0 for a pure 150 mg l-1 copper precipitation, characterization of copper-carbonate precipitates (adsorbent) was carried out through developing pC-pH curves of the systems by both equilibrium calculations and MINEQL+ 4.5 (a chemical equilibrium modeling software), and also through laboratory determination of the precipitate composition, such as gravimetric analyses, inorganic carbon percentage and EDAX spectrum analyses. CuCO3.Cu(OH)2, or a combination of CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 (in majority) and Cu(OH)2 (in minority) were suggested to be the major constituent of the precipitates obtained from the copper solution with Na2CO3 dosing.     

Performance evaluation of granular iron for removing hexavalent chromium under different geochemical conditions

Long-term column experiments were conducted under different geochemical conditions to estimate the longevity of Fe 0 permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) treating hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). Secondary carbonate minerals were precipitated, and their effects on the performance, such as differences in the mechanism for Cr removal and the changes in system hydraulics, were assessed. Sequestration of Cr(VI) occurred primarily by precipitation of Fe(III)-Cr(III) (oxy)hydroxides. Trace amounts of Cr were observed in iron hydroxy carbonate presumably due to substitution of Cr3+ for Fe3+. The formation of Fe(III)-Cr(III) (oxy)hydroxide greatly decreased the reactivity of the Fe 0 and thus resulted in migration of the Cr removal front. Carbonate minerals did not appear to contribute to further passivation with regard to reactivity toward Cr removal; rather, the column receiving high contents of dissolved calcium carbonate showed slightly enhanced Cr removal by means of a higher corrosion rate of Fe 0 and because of sequestration by an iron hydroxy carbonate. Precipitation of carbonates, however, governed other geochemical parameters. The porosity and hydraulic conductivity in the column receiving high contents of dissolved calcium carbonate did not indicate a great loss in system permeability because the accumulation of carbonates declined as the Fe 0 was passivated over time. However, the accumulated carbonates and associated Fe(III)-Cr(III) (oxy)hydroxide could cause problems because the presence of these solids resulted in a decline in flow rate after about 1400 pore volumes of operation.     

交联菌丝体吸附剂的制备及其对Cr3+的吸附特性

深入研究了交联菌丝体吸附剂的制备工艺及其对Cr3+的吸附特性.交联菌丝体吸附剂制备工艺简单,但在制备过程中,活化剂NaOH和交联剂的用量对吸附特性影响较大.与纯菌丝体吸附剂相比,交联菌丝体吸附剂表观吸附容量提高48%,达到49.83 mg/g(pH=2.53,水溶液中的Cr3+浓度为600mg/L),同时其机械强度明显增强.交联菌丝体吸附剂对Cr3+的吸附特点是将沉淀法与吸附法相结合,将沉淀与吸附两过程合二为一,从而简化了处理工艺,降低了处理成本.     

Superior photodecomposition of pyrene by metal ion-loaded TiO₂ catalyst under UV light irradiation

BACKGROUND: The photocatalytic degradation of pyrene under UV (125 W Hg-Arc, 10.4 mW/cm2) irradiation of TiO2 aqueous suspension has been found to be highly improved with the dissolved transition metal ions like Cu2+, Fe3+, Ag+, and Au3+, etc. As the reduction potential of these metals lies below the conduction band (CB) position (?0.1 eV) of TiO2, the photoexcited electron transfer occurs more readily and reduces electron–hole recombination rate. Therefore, it has a beneficial influence on the photocatalytic ability of TiO2 because of rapid Fermi energy equilibrium between the CB of TiO2 and its surface adsorbed metal ions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The Fermi level is referred to as the electrochemical potential and plays an important role in the band theory of solids. When metal and semiconductor are in contact, electron migration from photoirradiated semiconductor to the deposited metal occurs at the interface until two Fermi levels equilibrate and enhanced the photocatalytic activity of semiconductor photocatalyst. Ni2+ having more negative reduction potential (?0.25 eV) than the CB of TiO2 imparts negligible co-catalytic activity to TiO2 photoreaction. It also revealed that loading of Au3+ ions displayed higher degradation rate of pyrene than Au photodeposition. Furthermore, when the amount of dissolved Fe+3 and Au3+ ions gradually increases from 0.1 to 2 wt.%, the pyrene photodecomposition rate also become faster.     

Fe(III) promoted LAS (linear alkylbenzenesulfonate) removal from waters

The mechanisms of the interactions between Fe(III) aquacomplexes and surfactants were investigated; three alkylbenzenzsulfonates, two surfactants (octylbenzenesulfonate (OBS) and dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS)), and a shorter derivative (ethylbenzenesulfonate (EBS)) were studied. The results with OBS show evidence for three different ways in which Fe(III) interferes with the surfactant: the widely described flocculation process, complexation of Fe(OH)2+ (aquacomplexes) by the surfactant, and a redox reaction. The formation of a weak complex is maximum for a ratio of three between the monomeric aquacomplex [FeOH(H2O)5]2+ and OBS. In the presence of oxygen, an intramolecular redox reaction occurs inside the complex. The interaction between commercial DBS and Fe(III) was also investigated. Immediate precipitation occurred, mainly involving derivatives of higher molecular weights that are contained in the DBS samples. The constituents with the shortest alkyl chain were not affected by the presence of Fe(III) as it was also observed with EBS.     

Influence of redox mediators and metal ions on synthetic acid dye decolourization by crude laccase from Trametes hirsuta

In this paper, the effect of redox mediators on synthetic acid dye decolourization (Sella Solid Red and Luganil Green) by laccase from Trametes hirsuta cultures has been investigated. All the redox mediators tested, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT) and Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR), led to higher activities than those obtained without mediators addition showing the suitability of the laccase/mediator system (LMS) in the decolourization of acid dyes. HBT was by far the most effective mediator, showing a decolourization percentage of 88% in 10 min for Sella Solid Red and of 49% in 20 min for Luganil Green. On the other hand, the stability of laccase against several metal ions, normally found in textile wastewater, was assessed. Laccase was stable at a concentration of 1mM for 7d against all the metal ions tested except for Zn+2, CrO4(-2), Cd+2, Cr2O7(-2), Fe+2, Cu+2 and especially Hg+2. When the concentration was increased to 10mM laccase stability decreased against all the metals assayed, in particular against Fe+2. In addition, the effect of metal ions on the decolourization process was also studied. It was found that Hg+2 inhibited the dye decolourization process, being the presence of HBT absolutely required for dye decolourization.